Distribution Patterns Of Metals Research Articles

Biomonitoring of heavy metal contamination with roadside trees from metropolitan area of Hefei, China.

Air and dust borne heavy metals can be deposited and bioaccumulated by plants; therefore, biomonitoring employing plants is an effective tool for environmental impact assessment in urban environments. In this study, in addition to road dust, leaves and bark were collected from four common tree species at roadside and urban park sampling sites within the metropolitan area of Hefei, China. A range of heavy metals were analyzed by ICP-MS and AFS. The metal accumulation index (MAI) was adopted to compare the bioaccumulation capacity. Results showed that Cd was highly enriched in road dust although its abundance was low in comparison with that of other elements. The MAI values presented a narrow range (1.8-2.7); however, significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for Al, Cu, Zn, and As among the tree species. Moreover, deciduous Platanus orientalis bioaccumulated more nonessential As than the other species and deserved further risk management. In addition, bark samples from Cinnamomum camphora bioaccumulated more heavy metals than the other species as a result of its morphological and anatomical characteristics. The distribution patterns of heavy metals in tree tissues showed obvious spatial heterogeneity, as impacted by anthropogenic activities to varying degrees. This study examined the biomonitoring potential of roadside trees and the distribution pattern of heavy metals in an urban area under rapid development. Results from the present study could provide baseline data for urban environmental impact assessment and the design of green belts.

HMCA-Contour: A Visual Basic Program Based on Surfer Automation for Soil Heavy Metal Spatial Distribution and Contamination Assessment Mapping

Soil heavy metal contamination has become a major concern in many parts of the world. Grasping the spatial distribution patterns of heavy metals and evaluating soil heavy metal contamination are of great significance to policy makers for land use planning and pollution identification. However, these processes usually involve repetitive calculation and plotting, which are time-consuming and laborious, especially in a geochemical survey. In this paper, HMCA-Contour, which is a program written in Visual Basic based on Surfer 13.0, has been designed to simplify the pollution indices recalculation and plotting routines. This software is comprised of three functions, i.e., data processing, plotting, and template setting. With user-friendly interfaces, the user can easily and efficiently calculate pollution indices and generate batch publication-quality maps of heavy metal spatial distribution and pollution levels. To demonstrate the advantage of HMCA-Contour, a case study from the Gaerqin Mine area is used in this paper. HMCA-Contour, as a brand new software, is promising and will become a useful tool for environmental management.

Metal distribution patterns in tissues from implanted Sprague-Dawley rats

Background: Injuries with fragments of embedded metal are a common occurrence in armed conflicts. Unfortunately, the list of metals encountered on the modern battlefield are practically endless while the short- and long-term health effects, especially when embedded as in a shrapnel wound, are not well understood. One of the major concerns with these types of injuries is the solubilization of the embedded metal and the translocation and deposition to various organs of the body. Methods: Using a rodent model system developed in our laboratory to assess the health effects of embedded metal fragments, we surgically implanted metal pellets into the gastrocnemius muscles of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Test metals were chosen from a list promulgated by the U.S. Department of Defense as “metals of concern” with respect to embedded fragment wounds and included tungsten, nickel, cobalt, iron, copper, aluminum, lead, and depleted uranium. Tantalum was used as a control metal. Cohorts of the metal-implanted rats were humanely euthanized at 1, 3, 6, and 12-months post-implantation and a variety of tissues collected and analyzed for metal content using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Results: With few exceptions, the embedded metal fragments eventually released solubilized metal ions, with the metals deposited in numerous tissues in the rats. Not all of the embedded metals localized to all tissues at significant levels. Copper, iron, and aluminum were not found in statistically significant levels, versus control, in any of the tissues analyzed. The other metals tested all appeared in elevated levels in the kidney which is not surprising since previous research has shown that they are also excreted in the urine at appreciable amounts. Tungsten and nickel were found in only a small number of tissues, tungsten in spleen, and nickel in liver and testes. Cobalt, lead, and depleted uranium showed the widest distribution with significant levels in liver, spleen, testes, lung, tibia, fibula, and femur. Conclusion: In this study, we showed that embedded metal fragments, such as those suffered in a shrapnel wound, could solubilize and metals become deposited in tissues far from the original site of implantation. Tissue deposition was metal-specific and many of the metals were found to cross the blood-testes barrier and were also found in bone. Since standard surgical guidance recommends leaving embedded fragments in place except for certain circumstances, this report will expand the understanding of tissue deposition of the solubilized metals and will hopefully aid healthcare professionals in developing long-term treatment strategies for dealing with these types of wounds.

A method for cultivation, fractionation, and metal determination to evaluate metal removal by the combination of NPs and bacteria

Metals being released into the environment are posing an increasing risk to both environments and public health. Developing improved approaches to remove these metals from the environment is urgent. A current publication discovered that metal bioremediation was significantly improved by nanoparticles (NPs), and the remediation duration was shortened. However, there is no relevant method for the preparation and evaluation of this novel idea. Hence, we developed this method for bacteria in-situ-EPS (Extracellular Polymeric Substances) cultivation, bacteria sub-cellular fractionation, and metal determinations in cultivating solution, EPS and different fractions of bacteria to evaluate metal removal by the combination of NPs and bacteria, including (1) the enhancement of metal bioremediation by NPs, (2) the influence of NPs on bacteria growth and metal toxicity alleviation, (3) the ability of EPS to adsorb metals and the influence of NPs on the EPS metal adsorption, (4) the contribution of bacteria to metal removal in different part, the effects of NPs on metal distribution patterns in bacteria, and the role of NPs in this process.•The design and experimental procedure for the evaluation of metal removal by combing bacteria and NPs.•In-situ EPS cultivation and separation in the study of bioremediation for metals.

Distribution pattern of trace metals in selected surface soils of Palakkad district, South India

This study focussed on the extent of contamination caused by metals (Cd, Co, Pb, Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mg) in selected sites of Palakkad district, a major agrarian zone in Kerala, India. Soils sampled during summer and monsoon were processed for metal analysis using standard protocol and AAS. The metal data was compared with the threshold values proposed by the European Commission (EC), Indian Standard (IS), Lindsay Standard (LS) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The extent of pollution caused by these metal contaminants was deduced using enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and pollution load index (PLI). Details regarding sources and their interaction with soil parameters were effectively deduced by Pearson’s correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). The intensity and extend of monsoon play a prominent role in the distribution of trace metals in the study area which is evident from the distribution pattern during summer and monsoon. Even though most metals were found within the threshold limit, Cd (range: 0.25 to 3.00 mg Kg−1), and Co (range: ND to 22.56 mg Kg−1) was above the permissible limit. Spatial adsorption pattern along with the anthropogenic sources, specifically, agrochemicals, metals leaching and emitting from geological matrix and automobiles prevailing in these zones play a prominent role in regulating the levels of contamination caused by trace metals.

Mobilization mechanisms and toxicity risk of sediment trace metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb) based on diffusive gradients in thin films: A case study in the Xizhi River basin, South China

Identifying the mobilization mechanisms and predicting the potential toxicity risk of metals in sediment are essential to contamination remediation in river basins. In this study, a sequential extraction procedure and diffusive gradients in thin film (DGT) were employed to investigate the mobilization mechanisms, release characteristics, and potential toxicity of sediment metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb). Acid-soluble and reducible fractions were the dominant geochemical species of Cu, Zn, Ni, and Pb in sediments, indicating high mobility potentials for these metals under reducing conditions. In summer, the sediment acted as a source of water-column metals due to mineralization of organic matter and reductive dissolution of iron/manganese oxides in surface sediments, and the formation of metal sulfide precipitates markedly lowered DGT-labile metal concentrations with depth, while localized sulfide oxidation was responsible for fluctuating labile metal concentrations. Stable distribution patterns of labile metals resulted from the weak reducing conditions of sediment in winter, when the sediment shifted to a metal sink. The interstitial water criteria toxicity unit (IWCTU), calculated from DGT measurements, indicated no and low-to-moderate toxic risk of sediments in summer and winter seasons, respectively, and Pb was the major contributor to the predicted toxic effects in the soft interstitial water.

Assessment of the metal pollution in surface sediments of coastal Tasaul Lake (Romania)

Forty-three surface sediment samples were collected in September 2019 from Tasaul Lake (Black Sea coast, Romania) to examine the metal distribution patterns, assess the level of metal contamination, and identify the pollutant sources. The determined mean metal concentrations were as follows: Al 49,772 mg/kg, Zn 84.40 mg/kg, Cr 83.70 mg/kg, V 76.45 mg/kg, Ni 42.53 mg/kg, Cu 34.27 mg/kg, Pb 26.30 mg/kg, As 12.49 mg/kg, and Hg 0.06 mg/kg. The metals in the surface sediments of Tasaul Lake displayed moderate spatial variation, with higher metal concentrations mainly occurring in the south and southeast (As, Pb, and Hg), southwest (Cu and Zn), and west of the lake (Cr, Ni, and V). Heavy metal contamination in sediments is assessed using pollution indices such as enrichment factor, contamination factor, and pollution load index. The highest CFs and EFs were determined for As (moderate to high pollution), followed by Pb (low to moderate pollution). The Cu, Zn, and Hg pollution indices showed values corresponding to low pollution levels, while Ni, Cr, and V presented the lowest indices, suggesting unpolluted sediments. Multivariate statistical analyses were performed to identify the origin of the analyzed heavy metals. Cr was predominantly sourced from lithogenic components, Ni and V originated from both natural and anthropogenic sources, and As, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Hg showed mainly anthropogenic sources such as agricultural runoff, domestic and industrial wastewater discharges, and quarrying activities.

Epigenetic geochemical dynamics and driving mechanisms of chemical elemental distribution patterns in soil in Southwest China

The Earth’s surface is a complex system involving mutual interactions of its many components, including mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasses. The interaction and mutual feedback of chemical elements in Earth's surface layer can drive changes in chemical elemental distribution patterns. In this study, we evaluated the mechanisms and interactions driving the distribution patterns of macroelements, probiotics, halogens and heavy metals in soils in Southwest China, based on a systematic geochemical land-quality survey at a scale of 1:250000. The results showed that the parent material determines the natural state of chemical elements in land resources. Epigenetic geochemical dynamics reshapes the distribution patterns of chemical elements in top soil; biogeochemical processes drive the evolutionary trends of land quality; and human activities, such as mining, disrupt the natural evolution of chemical elemental distribution patterns. The establishment of an epigenetic geochemical dynamics theory allows the construction of a framework for understanding the Earth's surface layer and promoting technological innovations for the comprehensive geochemical investigation of land resources.

Ecological and geological soil assessment of the Loshamye Lake catchment area (national park “Smolensk Lakeland”)

The authors conducted the ecological and geochemical study of Lake Loshamye and adjacent territories (national park “Smolensk Lakeland”) to identify the distribution patterns of heavy metals and their associations (Hg, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Sr, etc.) in soils of the lake’s catchment area. In 2008, the annual monitoring by the national park revealed abnormally high concentrations of mercury in the water of Lake Loshamye (20 MPC). In subsequent years, the mercury concentration decreased to the minimum natural level. A set of studies in the catchment area and in the lake itself established a probable technogenic source and determined the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the impact. Scientists studied the soil of the catchment area of the lake to verify the version of the pollutant intake from outside. The article presents the results of the study, a set of mathematical methods of information processing. Authors conducted a correlation, factor and cluster analysis to identify patterns of distribution of heavy metals in soils. Peculiarities of the distribution of most elements in the soil today indicate the presence of a low technogenic impact on the soils of the Lake Loshamye basin regarding the formation of low-contrast anomalies Cu, As, Mn, Pb and Cr, Hg. Patterns of the distribution of heavy metals including mercury in soils and their concentration have natural character. The gross mercury content in soils is significantly lower than the MPC (2100 μg/kg), the median of the sample is 42 μg/kg, which practically corresponds to the world Clark of mercury in soils (40 μg/kg). The research results show that the soils of the lake’s catchment area do not bear traces of anthropogenic impact. This suggests that there are no sources of contamination with mercury and other heavy metals in the study area, and this area is not a transit hub for the movement of the pollutant from the outside, and in 2008 there was probably salvo-type pollution directly into the lake’s water.

Pb heavy metal distribution patterns in seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) cultivation locations by season in Bantaeng Waters, South Sulawesi

Heavy metals found in the waters can be absorbed and accumulated in the seaweed thallus. Heavy metals affect plants by changing the position of essential ions in cells. Seaweed is useful in absorbing heavy metals so that the heavy metals contaminating the water can enter the seaweed thallus. This research was conducted at the seaweed cultivation location in the coastal waters of Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi. The method used is a survey and laboratory testing. Each location is determined by 3 substations (short, medium, and long-distance). Water and seaweed sampling at each station are carried out twice a month. Pb heavy metal analysis from water and seaweed samples was carried out in the laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of Hasanuddin University. Distribution pattern of Pb heavy metal content with spatial analysis of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based on a mapping approach. The results showed that the concentration of Pb heavy metals in waters during the rainy season ranged from 0.25 to 0.98 ppm and during the dry season ranged from 0.20 to 1.13 ppm, whereas seaweed in the wet season ranged from 4.64 to 7.00 ppm and in the dry season ranged from 1.20 to 20.87 ppm. Pb heavy metal distribution patterns in waters and seaweed are high in areas close to the coast and low in areas far from the coast. The average concentration of Pb heavy metals in waters and seaweed is higher in the dry season than in the rainy season. The content of Pb heavy metal in water has exceeded the threshold for the designation of fishery water 0.08 ppm (KEP. MENLH N0 51, 2004). The content of Pb heavy metals in seaweed has passed the threshold for food 2.0 ppm.

Bioaccumulation and distribution pattern of heavy metals in aquaculture systems found in Arusha and Morogoro regions of Tanzania

ABSTRACT The assessment of the current distribution and concentrations of As, Pb, Hg, Cd, and Cr in farmed catfish and tilapia, fish feed, and pond sediment in Tanzania is important in order to establish the potential dietary exposure to heavy metals from aquaculture sources. Thirteen fish ponds were selected from each of the 10 sites (villages) studied in Arusha and Morogoro regions. Representative samples collected were analysed using polarised energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (PED-XRF) spectrometer. Human health risk from fish consumption was established by calculating the estimated daily intakes (EDI), target hazard quotients (THQ), total hazard indices (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR) of the heavy metals. Arusha had the highest concentrations (dry weight) of As (2.49–4.75 mg/kg) in the fish feed. Morogoro had the highest concentrations of Hg (1.65–2.69 mg/kg), Pb (4.59–5.64 mg/kg), and Cd (1.99–3.97 mg/kg) for sediment, fish feed, and fish muscles, respectively. Cr was the most accumulated heavy metal in the fish muscles sampled in Arusha (4.61–9.50 mg/kg) and Morogoro (2.53–5.57 mg/kg). Concentrations and EDI calculated based on mean fish consumption of 22.1 g per person per day by a 60 kg Tanzanian adult found heavy metal intakes were below the recommended daily dietary allowance (RDA) while THQ values were lower than 1, indicating no health risk related to consumption of the fish. The estimated HI was greater than 1, suggesting a potential significant non-carcinogenic health risk. The CR values were below 10−4, indicating no carcinogenic health risk in humans from fish consumption. This study recommends continued surveillance given potential bioaccumulation of these heavy metals in fish.

Heavy Metals in Citrus Fruits as Affected by Primary Treated Sewage Irrigation

Water recycling and reuse of adequate treated wastewater can be considered as supplementary water resources and an alternative for irrigation, particularly in the arid and semi-arid countries for improving the fertility of the sandy soi1and to fulfill the Millennium Development Goals. In Egypt, sewage irrigation farms are only allowed for irrigating woody trees. In the present study very limited experimental area in this experimental farm was planted with Citrus fruits for a short period. This work aims to investigate the distribution pattern of heavy metals in the different parts of citrus trees. Monthly samples of different types of irrigation water (treated wastewater, groundwater, and fresh canal water) were collected. Both physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal concentration were evaluated. Different citrus plant samples and fruits from three different species of citrus trees were collected from the sewage farm as well as the farms irrigated with groundwater and Canal water. All citrus tree samples were partitioned into: leaves, stem and citrus fruit. The fruits were divided to the outer crust, and squeezed juice. The results showed that the level of metals in treated wastewater was within the permissible limits; however the citrus trees irrigated by this water were the highest in metals accumulation. One important notice is that the toxic metals including Cd, Pb, Ni, Cr in all cases were at the lowest and/or below detection limit, particularly, in the citrus juice. The outer crust of the citrus fruits contained the second lowest level of all metal. Thus, the citrus fruits showed no accumulation of heavy metals. This could be explained by the fact that heavy metals were up taken by the roots and only smaller fractions were trans-located to the other parts of the tree. The essential nutrient metals including Fe, Mn, and Zn were accumulated mostly by leaves and stems. It was concluded that heavy metal accumulated differently according to the plant species, and the part of the tree and fruit. Such fluctuations are governed by the irrigating water, pH of the soil, plant uptake and/or water-soil-to-plant transfer factors. Other factors include temperature, moisture, organic matter, phosphorous content and the availability of the other nutrient elements and/or water-soil-to-plant transfer factors. The present experimental study showed that the primary treated wastewater should not be used for irrigating any edible plant.

Seasonal distribution of cadmium, lead, nickel, and magnesium in several tissues of mussels from the Algerian coasts.

This study aims to investigate the distribution of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Ni, and Mn) in different organs of two marine mussel species, Perna perna collected from Figuier site and Mytilus galloprovincialis sampled from Sercouf and Algiers port sites of the Algerian coast. Thirty individuals (>5cm length) were seasonally sampled over a 1-year period from each site, and condition index (CI) and gonado somatic index (GSI) of mussels were calculated. The gill, digestive gland, rest of soft tissues, and gonad were accurately isolated and heavy metal contents were analyzed by ICP-MS. Heavy metal results, expressed on μg/g dry weight, ranged from 0.1 to 2.6 Cd, 0.1 to 17.15 Pb, 0.36 to 25.7 Ni, and 3.68 to 74.76 Mn. Thus, typical distribution of studied metals in various organs of mussels was found. In fact, the digestive gland followed by gill revealed significantly high metal concentrations. However, gonad showed low heavy metal contents. Different patterns of heavy metal distribution in various organs of mussels were found at the three sampling sites. High levels of Cd, Pb, Ni, and Mn were detected in mussels of Sercouf, Algiers port, and Figuier sites, respectively. According to the Algerian and European norms, mussels collected from all sites were healthy except those of Algiers port sampled in autumn and winter seasons where lead contamination was found.

Pollution indices and distribution pattern of heavy metals in Qarun Lake water, Egypt

Pollution indices and distribution pattern of heavy metals in Qarun Lake water, Egypt

Assessment of Environmental Geochemistry of Lead-Zinc Mining at Ishiagu Area, Lower Benue Trough, Southeastern Nigeria

Mining activities have long been recognized as a major source of environmental contamination associated with heavy metals and metalloids. This study evaluated the relationship between the occurrence and mining of lead-zinc sulphide ores at Ishiagu, Nigeria, and heavy metal and metalloid contamination. A comparative study of two zones in the area, with and without mining activities was also made Water, soil, stream sediment and ore samples were analyzed, after acid digestion, using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS).&amp;nbsp; The concentration levels of seven heavy metals and a metalloid namely Pb, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Co, Cd and as were evaluated. While the highest concentration levels of As, Co and Pb (5.20 mg/l, 0.54 mg/l and 3.40 mg/l respectively) were found in water, those of Ni and Mn (2.26 mg/l and 5.48 mg/l respectively) occurred in soil.&amp;nbsp; For Cu and Zn, highest levels of concentration (2.80 mg/l and 0.41 mg/l respectively) occurred in stream sediments. The variations in the concentration levels of these elements in varying geologic media (soil, water and sediment) indicate influence of rock types, human activities and media physiochemical characteristics. Geostatistical analyses using QQPlot, semivariogram and kriging showed normal distribution of these elements. Distribution and dispersion patterns of the heavy metals indicated increase in concentration levels in the local stream flow direction. Pb, Cu, As, Cd, Mn, and Ni concentrations had reached pollutant levels in water based on WHO standards, while Zn level is below. Since the local people use untreated surface water and groundwater for drinking and other domestic purposes, soil for farming and lead for cosmetics, long term exposure poses significant health risk for humans, animals and plants.

Geochemical features of soils from the Mid-Ural ore deposit

This paper deals with the contemporary state of soil cover around the Mid-Ural iron ore deposit, focusing on geochemical features. Sample plots were laid based on the technogenic impact in the study area. Soil samples were taken in the zone of the iron ore deposit, in the zones of overburden and gold mining waste dumps influence, and in the rock blasting site. A total of 64 sample plots were laid. Soil samples were sampled incrementally by an envelope method from a depth of 0.00–0.03 m. Soil texture, physicochemical features, and total heavy metal content (V, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) were defined for the soil samples. As a result, the evaluation of heavy metal soil pollution under the influence of iron ore deposit mining is given. Chemical contamination of soil was assessed by a cumulative chemical contamination index. Geochemical series of elements formed under the influence of iron ore deposit mining, as well as overburden and gold mining are given. Here, geochemical patterns of heavy metal distribution in the soil of iron ore deposit and under the gold mining influence are considered. The analysis of gold mining influence on the elementary composition of soil revealed the anomalous content of Mn and Ni.

Metal status in soils within a developing education park: Potential risk of land development

AbstractMany countries have developed university/college towns with specific characteristics (temporal, spatial, structural, and functional aspects). During the land development, there were obvious changes in soil metal levels and distribution patterns attributed to anthropogenic activities, thus having induced comparable results in university/college towns due to similar anthropogenic activities. Until now, specific studies on the metal status in university/college towns, especially the variation inside and outside of a campus were rarely involved. Herin we report on 109 soil samples around a new campus within a developing education park, in which the levels, spatial distributions, and possible sources of (alkali, alkaline‐earth, transition, and main group) metals and metalloids (Cd, Cr, As, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ba, Ni, Ti, Be, Bi, Sb, Sn, Co, V, and Zr) were systematically investigated. The Nemerow pollution indexes, spatial analysis, principal components analysis, and cluster analysis were calculated and analyzed. The results showed that the level of most metals within the campus with different functional areas (college, activity, and greening areas) was 1–1.3‐times as much as that outside in four directions and had greater variations. Moreover, the level of most metals was 1–1.5‐times as much as their background value and they distributed in the areas under specific developments and might mainly be attributed to anthropogenic sources. These findings provide the knowledge about effects of land development and anthropogenic activities on soil metal status that could be used by university/college towns in the similar context around the world.

Benthic trace metal fluxes in a heavily contaminated bay in China: Does the sediment become a source of metals to the water column?

Over three different seasons, seawater, porewater and sediment samples were collected from Jinzhou Bay, a previously heavily contaminated bay, to quantitatively assess the benthic flux of trace metals after a reduction in fluvial/sewage discharge for almost three decades. The spatial distribution patterns of trace metals in seawater, surface sediment, as well as the vertical distribution patterns of metals in porewater and solid phases in short sediment cores were reported. Metal concentrations in seawater and sediment all showed much higher Cd and Zn concentrations inside the Jinzhou Bay compared to the rest of Bohai Sea area. Zn, Ni, Pb and Co all had average benthic fluxes coming out of the sediments to the water column, contributing about 0.5%, 0.3%, 1.4% and 14% to their current standing stock in Jinzhou Bay. Seasonal difference was also identified in seawater and porewater, as well as in the benthic fluxes. In general, benthic fluxes and porewater concentrations all tended to be higher in summer, implying a close relationship between benthic flux and the temperature-dependent organic matter degradation process at the sediment-water interface.Currently, there are clearly still other sources, possibly fluvial/sewage discharge, as the main source of trace metals in Jinzhou Bay waters. For Cd and Cu, concentrations in the water column remain high on an annual basis indicating that sediment still acts as a sink. Conversely, for Pb, Zn, Co, and Ni, the sediment is beginning to act as a source to the water column. Although this may not yet be significant, it will become more and more important with time, and can last for hundreds to thousands of years.

Origin of Au-Rich Carbonate-Hosted Replacement Deposits of the Kassandra Mining District, Northern Greece: Evidence for Late Oligocene, Structurally Controlled, and Zoned Hydrothermal Systems

Abstract The Au-rich polymetallic massive sulfide orebodies of the Kassandra mining district belong to the intrusion-related carbonate-hosted replacement deposit class. Marble lenses contained within the Stratoni fault zone host the Madem Lakkos and Mavres Petres deposits at the eastern end of the fault system, where paragenetically early skarn and massive sulfide are spatially associated with late Oligocene aplitic and porphyritic dikes. Skarn transitions into predominant massive and banded replacement sulfide bodies, which are overprinted by a younger assemblage of boulangerite-bearing, quartz-rich sulfide and late quartz-rhodochrosite vein breccias. The latter style of mineralization is most abundant at the Piavitsa prospect at the western end of the exposed fault system. The sulfide orebodies at the Olympias deposit are hosted by marble in association with the Kassandra fault, where textural and mineralogical similarities to the sulfide bodies within the Stratoni fault zone suggest a genetic relationship. Estimated trapping temperatures and pressures based on fluid inclusion data indicate that carbonate replacement mineralization took place at depths less than about 5.9 km. Carbon and oxygen isotope patterns in carbonate from the Stratoni fault zone support isotopic exchange principally through fluid–wall-rock interaction, whereas decarbonation and fluid-rock exchange reactions were important at the Olympias deposit. Carbonate minerals associated with skarn and replacement sulfide throughout the district have isotopic compositions that are consistent with formation from a hydrothermal fluid of magmatic origin. Lower homogenization temperatures and salinities in the younger quartz-rich sulfide assemblage and quartz-rhodochrosite vein breccias, together with low δ18O values of gangue carbonate, suggest dilution of a primary magmatic fluid with meteoric water late in the evolution of the hydrothermal system in both the Olympias area and the Stratoni fault zone. The replacement sulfide orebodies in the district likely inherited their uniform Pb isotope composition from a late Oligocene igneous source and the isotopically heterogeneous metamorphic basement units. Metal distribution patterns at the scale of the Stratoni fault zone show diminishing Cu concentration with decreasing Pb/Zn and Ag/Au ratios from Madem Lakkos to Mavres Petres and the Piavitsa prospect in the west. The sulfide orebodies at the Olympias deposit exhibit elevated Cu values in the east with increasing Pb/Zn and Ag/Au ratios down-plunge to the south-southwest. Metal concentration and ratios support zoning related to temperature and solubility changes with increasing distance from a probable magmatic source. Structural and igneous relationships, together with fluid inclusion microthermometric and carbon-oxygen isotope data and metal distribution patterns, are supportive of a zoned hydrothermal system that exceeded 12 km along the Stratoni fault zone, sourced by an igneous intrusion to the southeast of the Madem Lakkos deposit. The Olympias replacement sulfide orebodies, associated with the Kassandra fault, resulted from a local hydrothermal system that was likely derived from a concealed igneous intrusion to the east of the deposit.

Environmental Geochemistry of Heavy Metals and Plagioclase Background Enrichment Factor in Coastal Sediments at Lumpue - Parepare, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Lumpue Beach is an urban area in Parepare Bay with a harbour, tourism, and a landfill site. The purpose of this research was to determine the provenance, level and distribution of heavy metals in coastal sediments. Surface sediment samples were analysed for grain size, mineragraphy, petrography and total heavy metal content (Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Ni, Fe). The minimum-maximum background enrichment factor (EF) range was calculated from the plagioclase mineral content of trachyte porphyry and andesite. Weathering alteration was quite high in trachyte porphyry rocks; andesite mineragraphy produced predominantly sedimentary plagioclase (25-45%), hornblende (10-40%), and rock fragments (40-45%). The grab sampling method produced samples dominated by plagioclase (30-50%), hornblende (15-40%) and alkaline chemical conditions were important in Fe, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu enrichment. Enrichment of heavy metals was supported by the mesokurtic-very leptokurtic dynamic sorting characteristics of Lumpue beach, becoming very leptokurtic - platykurtic to the north (Parepare Bay). The enrichment factor (EF) of Pb > 1 was calculated from the concentration of various non-earth sources. The order of heavy metal concentration based on EF 0.5 ≤ EF ≤ 1.5 was Pb> Zn> Cr> Fe> Cu> Ni, with Cu ≤ 0.5, indicating heterogeneous heavy metal sources correlated with urban area, river and ultrabasic regional lithology, with Trachyte-andesite alteration, especially enrichment in heavy metals Ni, Cr, Cu. Index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) was in the ranges: uncontaminated to heavily contaminated for Fe; uncontaminated to moderately contaminated for Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr and Cd; and uncontaminated for Pb. The intensity of heavy metal contamination followed the direction of sedimentation from various sources. Euclidian Cluster distance showed heavy metal distribution patterns correlated with rivers passing through urban areas and with regional geological lithology.