Distribution Of Types Research Articles

Spatial Single-Cell Mapping of Transcriptional Differences Across Genetic Backgrounds in Mouse Brains.

Genetic variation can alter brain structure and, consequently, function. Comparative statistical analysis of mouse brains across genetic backgrounds requires spatial, single-cell, atlas-scale data, in replicates-a challenge for current technologies. We introduce A tlas-scale T ranscriptome L ocalization using A ggregate S ignatures (ATLAS), a scalable tissue mapping method. ATLAS learns transcriptional signatures from scRNAseq data, encodes them in situ with tens of thousands of oligonucleotide probes, and decodes them to infer cell types and imputed transcriptomes. We validated ATLAS by comparing its cell type inferences with direct MERFISH measurements of marker genes and quantitative comparisons to four other technologies. Using ATLAS, we mapped the central brains of five male and five female C57BL/6J (B6) mice and five male BTBR T+ tf/J (BTBR) mice, an idiopathic model of autism, collectively profiling over 40 million cells across over 400 coronal sections. Our analysis revealed over 40 significant differences in cell type distributions and identified 16 regional composition changes across male-female and B6-BTBR comparisons. ATLAS thus enables systematic comparative studies, facilitating organ-level structure-function analysis of disease models.

Comparative Analysis of the Intrinsic Disorder Within the Layers of the Human Cornea.

The human cornea is essential for vision, providing structural integrity and refractive power to the eye. Recent advancements have deepened our understanding of the corneal molecular composition, yet the role of intrinsically disordered proteins within the cornea is unexplored. We analyzed 3,250 corneal proteins identified by Dyrlund et al, focusing on the epithelium, stroma, and endothelium layers. We performed a bioinformatics analysis to characterize the amino acid composition, the propensity for intrinsic protein disorder, and the distribution of protein types in 3 corneal layer proteome. Our study demonstrates that each corneal layer exhibited unique patterns in amino acid composition related to protein disorder. Order-promoting amino acids were generally depleted except for leucine, whereas disorder-promoting amino acids like arginine and glutamic acid were enriched across all layers. Significant variations were observed in the levels of intrinsic disorder among the different corneal layers, with substantial proportions of highly disordered proteins present in each. Analysis of protein class type in each layers revealed that no significant differences were detected in the distribution of protein classifications across the layers, suggesting a consistent population of the protein types across all corneal layers. Our findings reveal a sophisticated landscape of protein structures where intrinsic disorder varies across layers, suggesting an adaptation of the corneal proteome to the unique physiological demands of each layer. These structural variations may reflect the intricate requirements for corneal transparency, biomechanical stability, and environmental responsiveness.

Cell and transcriptomic diversity of infrapatellar fat pad during knee osteoarthritis

ObjectivesIn this study, we employ a multiomic approach to identify major cell types and subsets, and their transcriptomic profiles within the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP), and to determine differences in...

ANALYSIS OF GRANITE ROCK WEATHERING IN THE PARMONANGAN AREA USING LANDSAT 8 SATELLITE IMAGERY

A research has been conducted to analyze the weathering of granite rocks in the Parmonangan area using Lansat 8 satellite imagery which aims to determine the distribution of rocks, weathering processes, and types of rock forming elements in Parmonangan District, North Tapanuli Regency. The method used is using shp geologic map data and Lansat-8 image data processed using Arcgis Map 10.6.1 to determine the distribution of rocks and land cover. XRF is used to identify compounds and rock-forming elements. The results obtained by the rock distribution of the parmonangan area are in the form of the Kluet Formation, Sibolga Complex and Toba Tuff. Land cover in the parmonagan area has differences from 2016 to 2024. Open land in 2024 has increased and the cloud cover obtained has also increased. The rock elements found are Al2O3 (25.31), SiO2 (24.97), K2O (1.56), TiO2 (0.81), Mn2O (30.66), Fe2O3 (4.66), ZrO2, (0.21), Sb2O3 (0.16), and BaO (0.17).

The Application of Computed Tomography to Study the Soil Porosity of Mountain Red Earth

Mountain red soil, as a special type of soil in the South, has received widespread attention for its soil erosion problems. Its pore structure restricts water infiltration, thereby affecting the occurrence and development of soil erosion. In order to systematically obtain the distribution characteristics of the pore structure within the surface mountain red soil, this paper uses non-destructive CT detection technology to scan the soil column samples taken from the typical mountain red soil distribution area in Chenggong District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province. Image processing technology is applied to CT slices, and ImageJ (1.46r) software is used to obtain the distribution characteristics of pores within the soil column, including pore sizes and the number of pores at each depth, the proportion of pore area, roundness, and box-counting dimension. The results show that with the increase in depth, the proportion of pore area decreases linearly from the maximum value of 52.25% at the top to the minimum value of 2.02% at the bottom; the roundness of pores fluctuates between 0.8 and 0.9, overall increasing; the total number of pores generally first increases then decreases, and small pores are predominant, with the least number of large pores in the topsoil layer; the box-counting dimension shows a gradual linear decrease, with a maximum value of 1.7980 and a minimum value of 0.9878. The number of pores affects both roundness and the box-counting dimension, and the proportion of pore area also affects the box-counting dimension. There is a negative correlation between roundness and the box-counting dimension. The 3D visualization reconstruction of pores shows that most are interconnected, with the pore size significantly reducing with increasing depth. The quantitative analysis of parameters and 3D visualization reveal, to some extent, the impact of pore structure on the occurrence and development of soil erosion in mountain red soil. These research findings form the foundation for studying soil erosion in this region and provide a basis for systematically understanding its processes and mechanisms.

Epidemiological study of human papillomavirus infection in 105,679 women in Wuhan, China

BackgroundQuality assessment of the prevalence and distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes could support additional targeted HPV vaccinations. However, the characteristics of HPV infection in Wuhan city are limited in the past decade. We aimed to assess the epidemiology of HPV infection among women and provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer in this region.MethodsA retrospective study employing 105,679 women attending Wuhan Medical and Health Center for Women and Children for cervical cancer screening from January 2015 to December 2022 was conducted. The HPV genotype was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and diversion hybridization. The overall incidence and age-specific type distribution of HPV infection and the relationship between HPV infection and cervical cytology were analyzed.ResultsThe overall HPV infection rate was 16.87% in Wuhan city, and the prevalence rates of high-risk, low-risk and mixed high- and low-risk HPV infections were 13.64%, 1.77% and 1.46%, respectively. The five most prevalent genotypes were HPV52 (4.24%), HPV58 (2.42%), HPV16 (2.34%), HPV53 (1.87%), and HPV39 (1.66%). The prevalence of HPV in women exhibited a “two-peak” pattern, the peaks of which were observed in the < 21 years group (37.4%) and the 61–65 years group (41.72%). Logistic regression analysis revealed no significant difference in the rate of high-grade lesion positivity between single and multiple high-risk HPV infections. Among patients with a high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion+ (HSIL+) ThinPrep cytologic test (TCT) diagnosis, HPV58 was the most common type, followed by HPV52, HPV16, HPV39 and HPV53.ConclusionsHPV types 52, 58, 16, 53, and 39 were the most common types in the general female population in Wuhan, and the prevalence of HPV infection varied among different age groups. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiological characteristics of HPV infection in women, which could support the development of targeted prevention and control strategies for cervical cancer in the region.

Effects of age on human skeletal muscle: A systematic review and meta-analysis of myosin heavy chain isoform protein expression, fiber size and distribution.

Human studies examining the cellular mechanisms behind sarcopenia, or age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, have produced inconsistent results. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to determine the aging effects on protein expression, size and distribution of fibers with various myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms. Study eligibility included MyHC comparisons between young (18-49 years) and older (≥ 60 years) adults, with 27 studies identified. Relative protein expression was higher with age for the slow-contracting MyHC I fibers, with correspondingly lower fast-contracting MyHC II and IIA values. Fiber sizes were similar with age for MyHC I, while smaller for MyHC II and IIA. Fiber distributions were similar with age. When separated by sex, the few studies that examined females showed atrophy of MyHC II and IIA fibers with age, but no change in MyHC protein expression. Additional analyses by measurement technique, physical activity, and muscle biopsied provided important insights. In summary, age-related atrophy in fast-contracting fibers lead to more of the slow-contracting, lower force-producing isoform in older male muscles, which helps explain their age-related loss in whole muscle force, velocity, and power. Exercise or pharmacological interventions that shift MyHC expression towards faster isoforms and/or increase fast-contracting fiber size should decrease the prevalence of sarcopenia. Our findings also indicate that future studies need to include or focus solely on females, measure MyHC IIA and IIX isoforms separately, examine fiber type distribution, sample additional muscles to the vastus lateralis, and incorporate an objective measurement of physical activity.

How the characteristics of land cover changes affect vegetation greenness in Guangdong, a rapid urbanization region of China during 2001-2022.

To evaluate the quantitative impacts of land cover change on vegetation greenness in the significantly human-impacted subtropical region, the characteristics of land cover change were explored by land use dynamic degree, transition matrix and normalized entropy. Various methods including Standardized coefficient, LMG (Lindeman-Merenda-Gold), GEN (Genizi measure) and CAR (Correlation-Adjusted Marginal Correlation) were employed to estimate the contributions of land cover changes on vegetation greenness using MODIS data during 2001-2022 in Guangdong. The conclusions revealed that land cover changes exhibited obvious temporal characteristics in Guangdong with a significantly increasing trend of normalized entropy indicating a more balanced distribution of land cover types under human intervention. NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) tended to increase likely due to the large-scale increase in evergreen forest. With regard to the contributions of impact factors on vegetation greenness, the contributions evaluated by LMG, GEN and CAR showed that the natural variation of NDVI accounted for the major contribution (> 33%), while the changes of evergreen forest and grassland had the highest contribution (> 37%) according to Standardized coefficient. These differences were mainly due to the characteristics of land cover changes in Guangdong, the correlations among impact factors and the inherent attributions of the methods. Moreover, the expansions of evergreen forest and urban at the expense of the reductions of grassland and cropland also had significant impacts on NDVI (> 10%) according to LMG, GEN and CAR indicating that human-induced land cover changes had remarkable influences on NDVI.

Aerosol type classification and its temporal distribution in Kanpur using ground-based remote sensing

Based on AERONET version 3 level 2 inversion products, we classify aerosol types and investigate their temporal distribution in the atmosphere using particle linear depolarization ratio (PLDR) and single scattering albedo (SSA) at the wavelength of 1020 nm over Kanpur. It is for the first time over the North Indian region the work has been emphasized. The remarkable findings over Kanpur station indicate that SSA and coarse-mode particles in the atmosphere increased with increasing PLDR at 440, 675, 870, and 1020 nm wavelengths. It is observed in the 2-dimensional histogram that the rate of occurrence of aerosols is high when the fine mode fraction (FMF) is high and the dust ratio (Rd) is low. The atmosphere of Kanpur is partially influenced by dust-dominated mixture (DDM), pollution-dominated mixture (PDM), and pure dust (PD) with 53% whereas, the rest of the dust-free pollution aerosols are 47%. The annual mean occurrence rate for different aerosol types is 5% for Strongly Absorbing (SA), 20% for Moderately Absorbing (MA), 19% for Weakly Absorbing (WA), 3% for Non-Absorbing (NA), 27% for DDM, 22% for PDM, and 4% for PD, ranging from January 2001 to January 2022. There is a variation in the distribution of various types of pollution particles, which is influenced by the changing seasons. The rate of occurrence of dust-free pollution aerosols is 47%, mostly observed throughout the post-monsoon and winter seasons. The PLDR values in the atmosphere of Kanpur are almost balanced equally because it is affected by both (dust and dust-free) pollution aerosols and the changes can be seen due to the frequent occurrence of dust storms and anthropogenic activities.

7079 Analysis of the Association Between Recent Exposure to Pregnancy and the Histological Subtype of Thyroid Cancer

Abstract Disclosure: T.L. Danehy: None. A. Manavalan: None. C. Schechter: None. Y. Tomer: None. Objective: Thyroid cancer is the second most common cancer diagnosed in pregnancy (1). Both HCG and estrogen have been implicated in this increased risk (2). While the classic variant of papillary thyroid cancer is the most common subtype in non-pregnant women, the effect of exposure to pregnancy on histological subtype remains unclear and could have clinical implications. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted at Montefiore Medical Center. All women of childbearing age (18-45) with a diagnosis of thyroid cancer between the years of 2015 -2020 (n=152) were identified. 43 participants were excluded due to missing data. The remaining 114 participants were divided into 2 groups; Group 1 or the exposed (n=25) included those diagnosed with thyroid cancer during pregnancy or in the 2 years postpartum and had carried their pregnancy to term, and Group 2 or the unexposed (n =89) included those who were nulliparous or diagnosed with thyroid cancer prior to pregnancy or more than 2 years post-partum. Charts were reviewed to obtain data on the initial histopathology and were classified into Follicular Thyroid Cancer (FTC), Hurthle cell carcinoma (HCC), Medullary Thyroid Cancer (MTC), and Papillary Thyroid Cancer (PTC). Results: Women in the unexposed group were significantly younger than those exposed to pregnancy (28.7 vs 32.7 p=0.005). The distribution of histological types in the two groups was as follows:Group 1: FTC (13.0%), HCC (0%), MTC (0%), and PTC (87%). Group 2: FTC (5.7%), HCC (2.3%), MTC (3.4%), PTC (88.5%). Thus, the incidence of follicular thyroid cancer in the exposed group was &amp;gt; 2-fold that observed in unexposed group, but this difference did not meet statistical significance (p=0.594). Conclusions: Our study showed a non-statistically significant increased incidence of FTC in women who were diagnosed with thyroid cancer during pregnancy or 2 years postpartum compared to unexposed women. While this did not meet statistical significance, our study sample was small and may have been underpowered. Therefore, our findings merit further investigation given their potential clinical implications.

Influence of Vegetation Phenology on the Temporal Effect of Crop Fractional Vegetation Cover Derived from Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Nadir Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function–Adjusted Reflectance

Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Nadir Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF)-Adjusted Reflectance (NBAR) products are being increasingly used for the quantitative remote sensing of vegetation. However, the assumption underlying the MODIS NBAR product’s inversion model—that surface anisotropy remains unchanged over the 16-day retrieval period—may be unreliable, especially since the canopy structure of vegetation undergoes stark changes at the start of season (SOS) and the end of season (EOS). Therefore, to investigate the MODIS NBAR product’s temporal effect on the quantitative remote sensing of crops at different stages of the growing seasons, this study selected typical phenological parameters, namely SOS, EOS, and the intervening stable growth of season (SGOS). The PROBA-V bioGEOphysical product Version 3 (GEOV3) Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC) served as verification data, and the Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) was used to compare and analyze the retrieval accuracy of FVC derived from the MODIS NBAR product and MODIS Surface Reflectance product. The Anisotropic Flat Index (AFX) was further employed to explore the influence of vegetation type and mixed pixel distribution characteristics on the BRDF shape under different stages of the growing seasons and different FVC; that was then combined with an NDVI spatial distribution map to assess the feasibility of using the reflectance of other characteristic directions besides NBAR for FVC correction. The results revealed the following: (1) Generally, at the SOSs and EOSs, the differences in PCCs before vs. after the NBAR correction mainly ranged from 0 to 0.1. This implies that the accuracy of FVC derived from MODIS NBAR is lower than that derived from MODIS Surface Reflectance. Conversely, during the SGOSs, the differences in PCCs before vs. after the NBAR correction ranged between –0.2 and 0, suggesting the accuracy of FVC derived from MODIS NBAR surpasses that derived from MODIS Surface Reflectance. (2) As vegetation phenology shifts, the ensuing differences in NDVI patterning and AFX can offer auxiliary information for enhanced vegetation classification and interpretation of mixed pixel distribution characteristics, which, when combined with NDVI at characteristic directional reflectance, could enable the accurate retrieval of FVC. Our results provide data support for the BRDF correction timescale effect of various stages of the growing seasons, highlighting the potential importance of considering how they differentially influence the temporal effect of NBAR corrections prior to monitoring vegetation when using the MODIS NBAR product.

Distribution of 14 High-Risk HPV Types and p16/Ki67 Dual-Stain Status in Post-Colposcopy Histology Results: Negative, Low- and High-Grade Cervical Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions.

Determining the distribution of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) types in histologic low-(LSIL) and high-grade (HSIL/CIN2+) squamous intraepithelial lesions through a diagnostic process in a cervical cancer prevention provides one of the key etiological factors behind further progression and persistence. Incorporating novel high-grade cervical lesion biomarkers such as p16/Ki67 dual staining (DS) alongside HPV typing has become important in detecting cervical precancers. Among 28,525 screening tests and 602 histology results, 559 cases with HR-HPV and histology results obtained from colposcopic biopsy were retrospectively analyzed, together with DS status. The χ2 test with Bonferroni correction evaluated the differences in HR-HPV type prevalence and DS positivity across three histologic study groups. A statistically significant difference in the prevalence of HPV 16 was observed between negative and HSIL/CIN2+ (p = 0.00027) groups, as well as between the LSIL/CIN1 and HSIL/CIN2+ groups (p = 0.00041). However, no significant difference was found between the negative and LSIL/CIN1 groups. Similarly, the DS positivity difference was significant between the negative and HSIL/CIN2+ (p < 0.0001) and between the LSIL/CIN1 and HSIL/CIN2+ groups (p < 0.0001), but there was no significant difference between the negative and LSIL/CIN1 groups. The study highlights the heterogeneous nature of HPV-related cervical pathologies, and the distinct risks associated with different cervical lesion grades, emphasizing the importance of HR-HPV type distribution and DS status.

Prevalence of Hypertension in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Working Area of Jatibaru Community Health Center in 2023

The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts an increase in the number of diabetes mellitus sufferers in Indonesia from 8.4 million people in 2000 to around 21.3 million people in 2030. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes increases with age and changes in unhealthy lifestyles. Several studies show that the incidence of hyperglycemia in diabetes is closely related to hypertension. According to the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2017, two out of three people with diabetes have high blood pressure. At the Jatibaru Community Health Center, based on 2023 data, it is known that hypertension and diabetes are always included in the data on the 10 most common diseases every month. Based on this background and related to the incidence of Hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus is still relatively high, so researchers are interested to knowing the picture hypertension in type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Jatibaru. This research is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach using secondary data taken from Non-Communicable Disease data. The population in this study were all adult and elderly respondents registered in the non-communicable disease program register, who based on anamnesis, physical and laboratory examination, were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. The sample was taken by purposive sampling. In this research, it was found that people with hypertension and diabetes mellitus were found in all adult and elderly age categories. The distribution of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients continues to increase with increasing age, the prevalence of sufferers being more female than male. As many as 65% of the total type 2 diabetes mellitus sufferers also experience hypertension.

Multiomic profiling identifies predictors of survival in African American patients with acute myeloid leukemia.

Genomic profiles and prognostic biomarkers in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) from ancestry-diverse populations are underexplored. We analyzed the exomes and transcriptomes of 100 patients with AML with genomically confirmed African ancestry (Black; Alliance) and compared their somatic mutation frequencies with those of 323 self-reported white patients with AML, 55% of whom had genomically confirmed European ancestry (white; BeatAML). Here we find that 73% of 162 gene mutations recurrent in Black patients, including a hitherto unreported PHIP alteration detected in 7% of patients, were found in one white patient or not detected. Black patients with myelodysplasia-related AML were younger than white patients suggesting intrinsic and/or extrinsic dysplasia-causing stressors. On multivariable analyses of Black patients, NPM1 and NRAS mutations were associated with inferior disease-free and IDH1 and IDH2 mutations with reduced overall survival. Inflammatory profiles, cell type distributions and transcriptional profiles differed between Black and white patients with NPM1 mutations. Incorporation of ancestry-specific risk markers into the 2022 European LeukemiaNet genetic risk stratification changed risk group assignment for one-third of Black patients and improved their outcome prediction.

The current diagnosis and treatment situation of rare disease in the pediatric intensive care unit

Objective: To analyze the diagnosis and treatment of children with rare diseases in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), the distribution of disease types and populations, clinical characteristics, and the use of orphan drugs. Methods: A retrospective case summary was conducted. Data were collected from 105 children aged 29 days to <18 years with a confirmed diagnosis of rare diseases according to the "First Batch of Rare Disease Catalogue in China" who were admitted to the PICU of Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2020 to December 2022. Data including general information, auxiliary examinations, and treatment details for each patient were collected from the hospital's electronic medical record system. Patients were divided into age groups: infancy (29 days to<1 year), early childhood (1 to <3 years), preschool age (3 to<7 years), school age (7 to<13 years), and adolescence (13 to<18 years). The chi-square test was used to compare gender distribution differences among various rare diseases. Results: A total of 105 patients with 130 cases meeting the diagnostic criteria were included, accounting for 4.7% (130/2 754) of the total admissions to the PICU. The age at PICU admission was 5.3 (0.8, 9.5) years and there were 81 cases in male. The 3 most common types of diseases were endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (37 cases); followed by neurological disorders(32 cases); and congenital malformations, deformities, and chromosomal abnormalities(17 cases). The 5 most common rare diseases were methylmalonic acidemia (14 cases), mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (14 cases), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (12 cases), autoimmune encephalitis (12 cases), and idiopathic cardiomyopathy (9 cases). The distributions of common rare diseases varied among different age groups. In infants, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome was most common (6 children). There was no statistically significant difference regarding gender among children with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy (13.6% (11/81) vs. 6.1% (3/49), χ2=1.77, P=0.184). Respiratory failure (36 cases) was the primary reason for rare diseases children to be admitted to the PICU. A total of 95 cases underwent mechanical ventilation, 39 cases received multidisciplinary collaborative diagnosis and treatment, and only 6 children received orphan drug therapy during their stay in the PICU. Conclusions: Rare diseases are not uncommon in PICU. Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic disorders, neurological disorders, congenital malformations, deformities, and chromosomal abnormalities were common. Methylmalonic acidemia, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and autoimmune encephalitis have higher cases. Many children with rare diseases in the PICU have complex conditions those are challenging to treat, requiring multidisciplinary collaboration. The utilization rate of orphan drugs among children with rare diseases in PICU needs to be improved.

Proportion and distribution of neurotransmitter-defined cell types in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta

Proportion and distribution of neurotransmitter-defined cell types in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta

Organic matter enrichment model of fine-grained rocks in volcanic rift lacustrine basin: A case study of lower submember of second member of Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation in Lishu rift depression of Songliao Basin, NE China

Based on sedimentary characteristics of the fine-grained rocks of the lower submember of second member of the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation (K1sh2L) in the Lishu rift depression, combined with methods of organic petrology, analysis of major and trace elements as well as biological marker compound, the enrichment conditions and enrichment model of organic matter in the fine-grained sedimentary rocks in volcanic rift lacustrine basin are investigated. The change of sedimentary paleoenvironment controls the vertical distribution of different lithofacies types in the K1sh2L and divides it into the upper and lower parts. The lower part contains massive siliceous mudstone with bioclast-bearing siliceous mudstone, whereas the upper part is mostly composed of laminated siliceous shale and laminated fine-grained mixed shale. The kerogen types of organic matter in the lower and upper parts are types II2–III and types I–II1, respectively. The organic carbon content in the upper part is higher than that in the lower part generally. The enrichment of organic matter in volcanic rift lacustrine basin is subjected to three favorable conditions. First, continuous enhancement of rifting is the direct factor increasing the paleo-water depth, and the rise of base level leads to the expansion of deep-water mudstone/shale deposition range. Second, relatively strong underwater volcanic eruption and rifting are simultaneous, and such event can provide a lot of nutrients for the lake basin, which is conducive to the bloom of algae, resulting in higher productivity of types I–II1 kerogen. Third, the relatively dry paleoclimate leads to a decrease in input of fresh water and terrestrial materials, including Type III kerogen from terrestrial higher plants, resulting in a water body with higher salinity and anoxic stratification, which is more favorable for preservation of organic matter. The organic matter enrichment model of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of volcanic rift lacustrine basin is established, which is of reference significance to the understanding of the organic matter enrichment mechanism of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of Shahezi Formation in Songliao Basin and even in the northeast China.

Cognitive aspects of interaction in the “Human — Artificial Intelligence” system

Abstract The article, based on empirical and theoretical research, reveals the phenomenology of transformations of the human cognitive sphere when interacting with artificial intelligence. The analysis of the indicated changes in the cognitive sphere is carried out on the basis of the “Concept of cognitive multi-channel Human-Computer interaction” developed by us. The essence of this concept is that the interaction of the cognitive sphere of human and artificial intelligence is implemented on the basis of the actualization and formation of typical cognitive phenomena. These phenomena are considered systemically and multifunctionally, namely as relatively independent cognitive: types of interactions, stages, strategies, channels, ontologies. Within the conceptual and substantive framework of this concept, we distinguish the following types of cognition (channels, strategies, etc.): I – orientational-cognitive; II – subject-cognitive; III – communicative and cognitive; IV – cognitive and analytical; V – cognitive and hermeneutic; VI-cognitive-ontological; VII – cognitive and creative. The identification of the indicated types of cognitive interactions is aimed at its representation as a complex, dynamic, multidimensional, multichannel intellectual system, the features of which are significant for educational and sociocultural practices, as well as for further development of artificial intelligence technologies, including its functional orientation and specificity, ergonomics, architecture, design and features of the interface. A study was conducted among students of higher education institutions aimed at determining the cognitive specificity (structure) of interaction in the “Human – Artificial Intelligence” system. Based on the analysis of the results of the distribution of answers for each of the test questions and the interpretation of the results of the cluster analysis (the Canopy algorithm was used), the dominance of the “I – orientational-cognitive” type of interactions was determined, which indicates a rather significant but initial interest in artificial intelligence technologies. There is also a relatively even distribution of all other types of cognitive interactions. The above reveals the novelty and innovation of artificial intelligence technology. This correlates with the respondents having developed different types of cognition, namely: orientational, analytical-synthetic, conceptual, interpretive, ontological, creative thinking, and corresponding intellectual intentions and motivation to use artificial intelligence tools in various spheres of activity.

Establishing a cancer registry and baseline data for Nyandarua County, Kenya: A step towards establishing a central cancer registry

Cancer is a major global public health issue, causing a significant number of premature deaths worldwide. In 2020, the World Health Organization reported that more than 19 million individuals were diagnosed with cancer, and over 10 million lost their lives to the disease. Predictions indicate that cancer-related deaths will exceed 30 million by 2030, with around 75 % occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Kenya. Various factors contribute to this concerning trend, including aging populations, a high prevalence of cancer risk factors, socioeconomic disparities resulting in limited healthcare access, and deficiencies in healthcare systems within LMICs. This study focused on Nyandarua County, Kenya, which lacks a dedicated cancer registry. Without comprehensive incidence data, the county faces challenges in developing targeted programs for cancer prevention, management, and control. The main objective of this investigation was to establish a cancer registry specific to Nyandarua County, capable of continuously gathering accurate cancer data, patient treatment follow-ups and disease outcomes. A demographic survey was conducted to determine the frequency of all-cause and specific cancers among patients who attended selected health facilities between 2013 and 2020. Data were collected from existing hospital records in three main hospitals in the county. A total of 1373 cases were recorded, with 54.9 % of patients being female. North Kinangop Catholic Hospital accounted for the largest number of patients (62 %), followed by JM Kariuki County Memorial Hospital (35 %), while Engineer Hospital contributed the remaining 3 %. The top five cancer sites observed in Nyandarua County were esophagus (16.8 %), cervix uteri (13.4 %), stomach (10.6 %), breast (8.8 %), and prostate (8.6 %). Our findings provide valuable insights into the prevalence and distribution of different types of cancer in the region. With the establishment of this cancer registry, Nyandarua County is now among the pioneering counties in Kenya. It is crucial for the county government to undertake the responsibility of continuously updating the registry to draw inferences regarding cancer prevalence in the region to enhance patients follow up and survival.

Descriptive Models for Lunar High-Ti Deposits

High-Ti deposits on the Moon may emerge as a key resource for oxygen extraction. Descriptive models are the first qualitative step toward quantitative assessments of natural resources. Such models provide a structured framework for understanding the formation processes and spatial distribution of discrete types of resource deposits. In this study, we provide the first lunar descriptive models, characterizing high-Ti lunar deposits, drawing parallels with established models used in assessing mineral deposits on Earth.Our methodology involves utilizing remote sensing datasets and geological maps to identify and describe high-Ti deposits. This is supplemented by data extrapolated from Apollo missions. However, there remain critical knowledge gaps, particularly regarding petrography, subsurface information, surface characteristics, and physical properties of high-Ti deposits, which necessitate further exploration and analysis.