Tensile Stress Distribution Research Articles

Modeling of Tensile Stress Distribution Considering Anisotropy of Mechanical Properties of Thin-Walled AlSi10Mg Samples Obtained by Selective Laser Melting

The work that is being presented demonstrates that there is a critical point at which the engineering stress–strain diagram’s elastic–plastic region transitions to yield and fracture stresses. This transition is demonstrated using thin-walled specimens made using selective laser melting technology from high-strength aluminum alloys (AlSi10Mg) that have undergone preliminary heat treatment. It was discovered that the strain-hardening coefficient, which was determined in the section from yield strength to fracture strength, and the critical point have a highly statistically significant association (0.83 by Spearman and 0.93 by Pearson). It was possible to derive a regression equation that connected the strain-hardening coefficient with the crucial transition point. The type of stress distribution in the elastic–plastic region changes (the Weibull distribution changes to a normal distribution) as the plasticity of the thin-walled samples increases. Additionally, the contribution of the probability density of the stress distribution described by the Cauchy distribution increases in a mode near the point at which the probability density of the fracture increases.

The cross-sectional morphology of the proximal femoral diaphysis is defined by the anteversion angle.

Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women is one of the causes of femoral fractures and is prevented by the administration of bisphosphonates. Individual morphologies are considered to increase the risk of atypical fractures associated with long-term administration. To evaluate cortical bone morphology quantitatively, we established a method to measure the distance from the center point of a cross-section to the external and internal borders based on CT images. Using this method, 44 sides of a female femoral skeleton specimen were examined and areas of protrusion and thickening in the medial anterior and lateral posterior regions just below the lesser trochanter were identified. These positions strongly correlated with the anteversion angle, suggesting the involvement of the distribution of the load received from body weight defined by the angle. The finite element method was used to examine the relationships between the positions of these areas with compressive and tensile stress distribution areas in the one-legged standing condition. The medial anterior region and lateral posterior region protruded and thickened in response to compressive and tensile stress, respectively. In addition, a hierarchical relationship was observed between the anteversion angle, tensile stress distribution, protrusion, and thickening in femurs with thinning of cortical bone, indicating that morphogenesis occurs adaptively to loading. The present results demonstrate the usefulness of this method in considering the formation mechanism and function of the femoral diaphysis and suggest that bone remodeling is necessary to maintain adaptability.

Analysis of seismic damage and seismic capacity of the structure of the ultrahigh pagoda

AbstractThe Chongwen Pagoda is the tallest masonry pagoda in China, with numerous openings inside the pagoda body. It is prone to damage during earthquakes, and the patterns of damage are complex. In order to scientifically analyze the dynamic performance, earthquake damage patterns, and mechanisms of the pagoda structure, on‐site dynamic testing was conducted to obtain the dynamic characteristics of the structure. A numerical model was established using Abaqus finite element software to calculate the dynamic characteristics of the structure. The results were compared with the testing results and showed a close agreement. El‐Centro earthquake wave, Taft earthquake wave, and Lanzhou artificial earthquake wave were selected as earthquake inputs based on site conditions, simulating frequent earthquakes, fortification earthquakes, and rare earthquakes with a magnitude of 9. The dynamic response of the pagoda structure was calculated, and the relationship between acceleration amplification factor, interstorey displacement, and interstorey displacement angle with floor height was analyzed. The seismic damage to the structure and the distribution of primary tensile stresses were studied, revealing the seismic damage mechanisms and the distribution characteristics of vulnerable areas in the Chongwen Pagoda. The research results provide references for the seismic assessment of this ancient pagoda.

Introducing Methods for Analyzing and Detecting Concrete Cracks at the No. 3 Huaiyin Pumping Station in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China

Concrete cracks pose significant threats to concrete structures, causing immediate strength loss and leading to gradual erosion that compromises structural integrity. Therefore, accurate and automatic detection and classification of concrete cracks, along with the evaluation of their effects on target structures, are critically important. This study focuses on the No. 3 Huaiyin pumping station, a large-scale hydraulic structure on the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in Jiangsu, China. First, relevant field test literature is reviewed, and the finite element method is applied to investigate the effects of an existing crack on the No. 2 supporting wall. Using thermomechanically coupled numerical simulations, the distribution of tensile stress in the supporting wall is reported in two cases: without a crack and with an existing crack. The findings indicate that the increase in tensile stress due to the existing crack is relatively small and can be considered negligible for the No. 2 supporting wall. Next, the pretrained YOLOX network for the detection and classification of three types of cracks is proposed and retrained using collected concrete crack datasets. The mean average precision of the retrained YOLOX network for all three types of cracks reaches 80%. Finally, the retrained YOLOX network is applied to detect and classify cracks at the No. 3 Huaiyin pumping station. This automatic detection and classification approach will enhance the high-quality management of the pumping station because it is labor-saving and easy to deploy.

Prediction of contact stress and wear analysis of nitrided and CAPVD coated AISI H11 steel under dry sliding conditions

In this study, AlTiN (monolayer) and CrN/AlTiN (bilayer) coatings are deposited on the surface of conventional heat-treated AISI H11 steel which is then nitrided by cathodic arc physical vapor deposition (CAPVD). Structural analyses of the coatings reveal that homogeneous, continuous, and defect-free coatings are obtained with a good adhesion on the diffusion layer of the substrate material. Considering the surface hardness, the CrN/AlTiN coating (1718 HV0.01) deposited on the surface of the heat-treated tool steel has a higher value than that of AlTiN coating (1658 HV0.01), and this hardness value is increased even more (1932 HV0.01) with the application of the nitriding process. With a contact model in which the ANSYS static structural module is operated, it is shown that CrN/AlTiN coating contributes to lower tensile stress distribution on the surface during indentation. Analysis has also revealed that bilayer coating, CrN/AlTiN, exhibits reduced deformation compared to monolayer coating, indicating enhanced mechanical strength under contact conditions. Additionally, nitriding is found to increase stress distribution, emphasizing its role in improving coating performance. It is determined that wear losses can be reduced by the high load carrying capacity provided by nitriding and the high surface hardness provided by CrN/AlTiN coating under dry friction test conditions performed against alumina as counterpart material at room temperature.

Numerical study of voids geometry effects on sandstone’s mesoscopic fracture Mechanism: Insights from acoustic emission and moment tensor inversion

In the field of rock mechanics, the study of void shape on the mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms of sandstone is crucial for the progression of rock engineering practices. In this study, PFC3D is utilized to conduct numerical simulations of uniaxial compression on intact rock and brittle rocks containing five different shapes of voids (including circular, inverted U-shaped, trapezoidal, rectangular, and square). By employing acoustic emission and moment tensor inversion techniques, the microscopic fracture mechanisms of rocks with different void shapes are revealed. Our key findings reveal: (1) The PFC3D’s Soft-Bond Model is adept at simulating acoustic emissions with high accuracy, facilitating an authentic reproduction of the uniaxial compression process in sandstone, including the nonlinear compaction stage. (2) The presence of hole defects markedly undermines the structural strength and deformability of the sandstone, with circular holes having minimal impact, whereas rectangular holes exert the most significant detriment. (3) A thorough analysis of fracture mechanisms demonstrates that specimens with hole defects primarily undergo initial tensile, remote cracks, V-shaped notch, and shear fractures, with shear fractures being pivotal in leading to specimen failure by rapidly evolving into macroscopic fractures that merge with V-shaped notches. (4) Acoustic Emission (AE) analysis highlights the distribution of tensile stress around the upper and lower extremities of the holes and shear stress along the left and right sidewalls, establishing shear stress as the dominant factor in the failure of specimens with hole defects.

Design of a gradient elastic modulus transition layer based on film-substrate adhesion

The codeformation process of Ti6Al4V (TC4) substrate and chromium nitride (CrN) films with dense/loose CrN and gradient elastic modulus CrN/CrNx/Cr(N) (G-CrN) structures under normal impact load were simulated by changing the thicknesses of the films or the loose CrN and G layers. The dispersed distribution of interfacial tensile stresses and strains of G-CrN films improved the layers’ codeformation, compared with the firm large layer of the dense/loose CrN films. The stress reduced as the loose/G layer thicknesses increased. The 4.7 μm CrN films with various thicknesses of the G-layers, 0.2 µm, 0.6 µm, 0.75 µm and 0.9 µm, were prepared on TC4 to evaluate the film-substrate adhesions and verify the simulated deformation procedure. A G-layer between a ceramic film and its alloy substrate is needed, and the 0.83–1.08 µm thicknesses of the G-layers were suggested for the CrN/TC4 system varied with the films’ thicknesses. The dispersed distribution of the tensile stress and strain within the G-CrN film was the mechanism of the film-substrate adhesion improvement.

Reconciling mechanical models of caldera ring-fault nucleation within the transcrustal magmatic system paradigm

The formation of a collapse caldera requires the nucleation of circumferential ring-faults that connect an underlying magma chamber with the Earth's surface. The roof of the magma chamber collapses as a consequence of magma withdrawal due to either over- or under-pressure within the chamber. Recent inferences have suggested that calderas may form atop complex transcrustal magma systems with several individual or interconnected magma chambers residing at depth throughout the crust. Whilst there have been several attempts to define the mechanical conditions leading to caldera fault nucleation, the assumptions for these models often rely on a single shallow magma chamber or the combination of a single shallow magma chamber with doming of a deep-seated magma reservoir. There have, so far, been no attempts to reconcile the mechanical conditions leading to ring-fault nucleation and potential collapse caldera formation with inferred geometries and arrangements of complex transcrustal magmatic systems. Here we address this issue using Finite Element Method (FEM) to reconcile mechanical conditions for caldera ring-fault nucleation within the transcrustal magma system paradigm by modeling multiple magma pocket arrangements. Out of the 150 distinct combinations of shallow magma chambers and pressure conditions that were tested, only 15% yielded the necessary conditions for the successful formation of a caldera ring-fault, supporting the need for special or very specific conditions for the occurrence of calderas in nature. Results show that relatively small lateral distances in the position between magma chambers inhibit the stress conditions required for caldera fault nucleation and propagation. Changes in the vertical spacing between stacked magma chambers do not significantly alter the distribution of either tensile or shear stress. This implies that the specified criteria for initiating ring-faults are consistently met, regardless of the number or arrangement of magma chambers. However, vertical offsets between laterally distributed magma compartments lead to an uneven distribution of shear stress, potentially triggering a trapdoor-type collapse. Consistent with the results presented here, the concept of vertically stacked magma compartments has been proposed as an explanation for both contemporary and ancient volcanic systems.

New method for determining the mode I fracture toughness of shotcrete: edge-notched partial disc test

The fracture toughness (mode I) of shotcrete specimens was obtained using edge-notched partial disc (ENPD) specimens. Notched Brazilian discs (NBDs) were also tested to validate the results of the ENPD experiments. Numerical analysis was also conducted on the ENPD results to compare the measured and numerically obtained fracture toughness values. The notch lengths in the ENPD specimens were 15, 30, 45 and 60 mm, while the notch lengths in the NBD specimens were 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mm. It was found that the flat joint model accurately predicted the potential crack growth path and crack initiation stress as compared with the experimental results. It was also deduced that the fracture toughness was roughly the same with an increase in the notch length. The tensile strength (σt) and fracture toughness (KIC) of the shotcrete specimens were found to be meaningfully correlated (σt = 7.92KIC). The ENPD tests yielded the lowest fracture toughness values because of the pure tensile stress distribution on the failure surface. It was also found that the derived fracture extension patterns from the laboratory investigations were in acceptable agreement with the outputs of numerical simulations.

Optimization and Evaluation of Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties of Ferritic Stainless Steel Welding Using Taguchi Design

The main objective of this work is to optimize welding parameters of AISI 430 FSS welds, focused to minimization of ferrite grains size using Taguchi’s design. Two input parameters of speed and welding current; were chosen to select the minimum grain size and to ascertain their effects on ferrite grain size. ANOVA method was used to evaluate the influence of varying factors on the overall quality of welds. Optimal combination of the parameters were be predicted by S/N analyses, it was accessed on employing an 80 A with 6mm/s. Experimental characterizations of optimum weld joint were performed by using tensile test assisted by image correlations, optical and electronic microscopy. As a result, welding speed had the main influence on grain size by 84.30%. Optimum welding parameter offered finest microstructure with low rate of martensite precipitates in both fusion zone and heat affected zone, and best combination of strength and ductility, it presented a homogeneous distribution of tensile stresses that caused a ductile fracture in base material. ,it is found that that optimized welding parameters permit to give greater resistance to corrosion, which exhibit a lower corrosion current, indicating that coarse ferrite grains are more susceptible to corrosion compared to fine grains.

Immediate and Long-Term Pull-Out Bond Strength of 3D-Printed Provisional Crowns.

Background: Over the past decade, 3D printing technology has revolutionized various fields, including dentistry. Provisional restorations play a crucial role in prosthetic rehabilitation, necessitating the evaluation of their bond strength with different provisional cement agents. Aims: This study is aimed at assessing the immediate and long-term bond strength of 3D-printed dental crowns using three provisional cement agents. Materials and Methods: Provisional crowns (N = 36) were manufactured using 3D modeling software and cemented in dentin analogues (G10 Nema resin). After the crowns' fabrication, they were randomly divided into three groups (n = 12) for cementation with Relyx Temp 3M ESPE, Provicol-VOCO, and Meron-VOCO. Tensile strength tests were conducted using a universal testing machine, with half of the specimens subjected to 2000 thermal cycles before testing. Finite element analysis was employed to assess tensile stress distribution. Results: Statistical analysis (two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test at a 95% confidence level) revealed significant effects of cement type (p = 0.006) and thermal aging (p = 0.001) on bond strength. Glass ionomer cement exhibited the highest immediate resistance, while all types of cement were adversely affected by thermal aging, resulting in decreased bond strength. Conclusion: Thermal aging significantly alters the properties of 3D printing resin and affects the bond strength of provisional cement with 3D-printed crowns. Despite the adverse effects of thermal aging, glass ionomer cement demonstrated the highest immediate resistance. Clinicians should carefully consider these findings when selecting provisional cements for 3D-printed crowns.

Interface Mechanics of Double-Twisted Hexagonal Gabion Mesh with Coarse-Grained Filler Based on Pullout Test.

The interface friction mechanics of reinforcement material with filler is an essential issue for the engineering design of reinforced soil structure. The interface friction mechanics is closely associated with the properties of filler and reinforcement material, which subsequently affects the overall stability. In order to investigate the interface mechanism of a double-twisted hexagonal gabion mesh with a coarse-grained filler derived from a weathered red sandstone, a large laboratory pullout test was carried out. The pullout force-displacement curve was obtained by fully mobilizing the gabion mesh to reach the peak shear stress at the interface between the gabion mesh and the coarse-grained filler. The change of force-displacement characteristics and the distribution of tensile stress in gabion mesh during the pullout process were obtained. A 3D numerical model was established based on the pullout test model, and the model for analyzing the interface characteristic between the gabion mesh and the coarse-grained filler was modeled using the FLAC3D 6.0 platform. The interface characteristics were further analyzed in terms of the displacement of soil, the displacement of reinforcement, and the shear stress of soil. The strength and deformation behaviors of the interface during the entire pullout process were well captured. The pullout force-displacement curve experiences a rapid growth stage, a development transition stage and a yielding stabilization stage. The critical displacement corresponding to peak pullout stress increases with the increase in normal stress. The normal stress determines the magnitude of shear stress at the reinforcement and soil interface, and the displacement distribution of a gabion mesh is not significantly affected by normal stress when the applied normal stress is within a range of 7-20 kPa. The findings are beneficial to engineering design and application of a gabion mesh-reinforced soil structure.

Vibration-assisted material damage mechanism: From indentation cracks to scratch cracks

Vibration-assisted grinding is one of the most promising technologies for manufacturing optical components due to its efficiency and quality advantages. However, the damage and crack propagation mechanisms of materials in vibration-assisted grinding are not well understood. In order to elucidate the mechanism of abrasive scratching during vibration-assisted grinding, a kinematic model of vibration scratching was developed. The influence of process parameters on the evolution of vibration scratches to indentation or straight scratches is revealed by displacement metrics and velocity metrics. Indentation, scratch and vibration scratch experiments were performed on quartz glass, and the results showed that the vibration scratch cracks are a combination of indentation cracks and scratch cracks. Vibration scratch cracks change from indentation cracks to scratch cracks as the indenter moves from the entrance to the exit of the workpiece or as the vibration frequency changes from high to low. A vertical vibration scratch stress field model is established for the first time, which reveals that the maximum principal stress and tensile stress distribution is the fundamental cause for inducing the transformation of the vibration scratch cracking system. This model provides a theoretical basis for understanding of the mechanism of material damage and crack propagation during vibration-assisted grinding.

Edge notched disc test for evaluation of mode-I fracture toughness of brittle material

In the current investigation, the fracture toughness of plexiglass specimens was accurately measured employing Edge Notched Disc (END) type specimens. Besides, the Notched Brazilian Discs (NBD) were used in order to validate the results of the conducted END experiments. Moreover, a numerical analysis was carried out on the END tests to verify the accuracy of the measured fracture toughness values. In the first stage, the splitting tensile test was used to accurately calibrate the micro-scale properties of the Flat Joint (FJ) model. In the second phase, the numerical simulation of END and NBD models was created, in which the notch lengths in END and NBD were set to 5, 15, 25, 40 and 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 in millimeters, respectively. According to the obtained results, the considered FJ model is capable of making an accurate determination of the potential crack growth path and crack initiation stress like the experimentally obtained results for plexiglass specimens. It was also derived that lengthening the notch could not have a considerable effect on the fracture toughness of the models. The Tensile stress distribution on the failure surface of END test could be the main cause of the lower fracture toughness levels of END test. Besides, the same fracture extension patterns were seen from the experimental investigations and numerical simulations.

Magnetic field patterns as a tool for stress estimation in steel samples

In this work, steel square samples were subjected to varying degrees of compression, resulting in a distribution of simultaneous compressive and tensile stresses within the samples. The tangential component of the surface magnetic flux density was mapped along both the direction of compression and perpendicular to it, using a magnetic sensor, for each level of compression. The results show that the maps of the relative difference of magnetic flux density for different levels of applied stress, with respect to the flux density at zero stress, exhibited a diagonal stripes pattern. This pattern was discovered thanks to the particular surface stress distribution in square samples. The formation of these patterns could be attributed to the re-orientation of magnetic domains due to stress and the magneto-elastic effect, which was confirmed by the change in orientation of the magnetic flux density vectors obtained from the measurement of two of their components. Additionally, the maps showed an increase in contrast between high and low values with an increase in applied stress. Finally, the maps of the module of the gradient of magnetic flux density displayed a distinct diagonal chessboard-like pattern, and the contrast between low and high values increased with an increase in applied stress.

Frequency and pathogenesis of periprosthetic atypical femoral fractures associated with total knee arthroplasty: A multicenter prospective study with complementary histopathological and biomechanical analysis

IntroductionAlthough the diagnostic criteria for atypical femoral fracture (AFF) exclude periprosthetic fractures, reports of periprosthetic femoral fractures with characteristics of AFF are rapidly increasing. In this study, we investigated the frequency and pathogenesis of periprosthetic AFF associated with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) based on a theory of AFF subtypes that divides AFFs into two main types: fragility stress fractures of the bowed femoral shaft in the mid-shaft and “typical” subtrochanteric AFFs due to suppression of bone turnover (e.g., by bisphosphonates). Patients and MethodsThis multicenter prospective study of AFFs was conducted from 2015 through 2022. Clinical, pathological, and morphological characteristics were investigated in patients with periprosthetic AFFs associated only with non-stem TKA. Then, biomechanical investigation of the periprosthetic AFF was performed by computer tomography-based finite element analysis (CT/FEA) using two models with different load axes to examine how the correction of lower limb alignment by TKA influences the tensile stress distribution of the femur and the location of the AFF. ResultsFour of 61 AFFs (6.6%) were identified to be periprosthetic AFF (1 mid-shaft; 3 subtrochanteric). Periprosthetic AFFs had characteristics including mechanical stress due to bowing deformity and potentially suppressed bone turnover due to long-term exposure to specific drugs (e.g., bisphosphonates and glucocorticoids). Although 2 periprosthetic AFFs appeared to involve a bowed femur, one with both of the aforementioned characteristics occurred in the subtrochanteric region, which would be an unusual site for a bowed AFF, and it was demonstrated histologically to have biological activity at the fracture site, suggesting a stress fracture. Furthermore, CT/FEA revealed that tensile stress distribution changed proximally as load axis was shifted laterally according to correction of lower limb alignment by TKA. ConclusionOrthopedic surgeons should recognize the presence of TKA-associated periprosthetic AFF caused by various factors including specific drugs, bowing deformity, and lower limb alignment. X-rays of the full-length femurs should be checked regularly after TKA, especially in patients with bowed femurs or long-term exposure to specific drugs.

Evaluation of Existing Methods for Predicting Tension Resistance of Gusset Plates with Short Edge Distances

AbstractThis study experimentally investigates the tension resistance of gusset plates with different shapes. The yielding and rupture strengths measured from tests were compared with those obtained from existing strength formula suggested by several researchers. The results showed that the existing method overestimated the tension resistance of specimens with short edge distance, which is attributed to the difference in geometries of the target specimens inducing different tensile behavior and stress distribution from gusset plate targeted by existing method. Based on the observations, the influence of the acting moment on the gusset plate should be considered in the prediction of the tension resistance of the gusset plate having a Whitmore section that is restricted to the shape of gusset plate due to short edge distance.

Tensile strength and crack tip stress distribution of modified glass in the composite laser beam separation

The tensile strength of the modified cross-section (MCS) determines to a certain extent whether the composite laser can complete the separation of glass, and the quality and efficiency of the separation. In this work, the effect of the picosecond Bessel laser on the tensile strength of soda-lime glass was systematically investigated for the first time. The relationship between the tensile strength and residual stress was not negatively correlated absolutely. The tensile strength was also related to the homogeneity and micro-structure of MCS, including micro cavities, cracks, and voids. Meanwhile, it was pointed out that by selecting appropriate modified parameters, the plasma shielding effect can be suppressed and the micro-morphology of MCS can be controlled to obtain smaller tensile strength and better cutting quality. Secondly, the stress field distribution at the crack tip was simulated to analyze the mechanism when the continuous wave (CW) laser interacted with the modified glass. The simulation results showed that only the stress perpendicular to the laser incidence direction and the scanning direction exceeded the tensile strength of glass material, ensuring that the cracks propagated only along the MCS. Finally, one-time separation of glass was achieved by using a composite laser beam separation (CLBS) technology with a speed of 50 mm/s, which was comparable to the industrial level, and the roughness of separated sidewall was less than 0.5 μm.

Effect of cooling methods on mechanical behaviors and thermal damage distributions of granite: Experiments and simulations

This work investigated the fundamental reason for the deterioration of mechanical properties of granite after two different heat treatments (slow heating followed by water or air cooling). The responses of mechanical and acoustic properties of the granite after two different heat treatments were obtained by a servo testing machine, a Digital Image Correlation technology (DIC), and an acoustic emission (AE) system. Meanwhile, the heat transfer laws and thermal damage distributions of granite under different cooling methods were discussed by using COMSOL software. The results show that the tensile strength of the water-cooled specimen is lower than that of the air-cooled. The AE counts of the water-cooled specimen are more intensive than that of the air-cooled during the compaction stage. With increasing initial temperature, the accumulated AE counts of the air-cooled specimen increase, but the accumulated AE counts of the water-cooled specimen first increase and then decrease. Meanwhile, the cooling methods have a great influence on the distribution of tensile stresses and thermal damage of the specimens. The distribution of tensile stress and thermal damage of air-cooled specimens is random, which is mainly controlled by the heterogeneity of the thermal expansion coefficient. However, the tensile stresses and thermal damage of water-cooled specimens are distributed on the surface of the specimen, which is mainly controlled by the temperature gradient. Meanwhile, water cooling has a more severe thermal damage on specimens than air cooling. The difference in the convective heat transfer coefficient between rocks and cooling mediums determine heat transfer process. Results indicate that the selection of work fluid with a higher convective heat transfer coefficient is of great significance for improving the efficiency of geothermal energy extraction.

Effect of Dental Glass Fiber Posts on Root Stresses and Fracture Behavior of Endodontically Treated Maxillary Central Incisors: A Finite Element Analysis Study.

In this work, the influence of glass fiber posts with different designs on the root stress that had endodontic treatment was examined using the finite element method. Using two distinct materials (metal and glass fiber) and two different prototypes (tapered and parallel-sided), four three-dimensional (3D) finite element models of an upper central incisor were made and studied. Each 3D model received an oblique loading of 100 N. All forces were dispatched as distributed pressure to the aforementioned region. There were no considerations made for potential stresses when performing the endodontic procedure. The endodontic treatment was conducted without taking into account any potential stressors. The root stresses were then recorded. The largest tensile stress is often focused at the apical third of the post and post/cement contact, as well as at the coronal third of the root on both the labial and palatal sides of the root, independent of the post's design and material. Restoration of endodontically treated maxillary central incisors with glass fiber posts has been shown to have less stress concentration than titanium posts. Regardless of the post materials employed, the tapered post design generated a higher tensile stress distribution than the parallel side design. Prefabricated fiber posts used in model restoration resulted in more evenly distributed stress and less concentrated stress on the root. Reduction in modulus of elasticity of post materials used generally shows less stress concentration.