Distribution Of Sympathetic Innervation Research Articles

Postnatal Development and Distribution of Sympathetic Innervation in Mouse Skeletal Muscle.

Vertebrate neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) have been conceived as tripartite synapses composed of motor neuron, Schwann cell, and muscle fiber. Recent work has shown the presence of sympathetic neurons in the immediate vicinity of NMJs and experimental and clinical findings suggest that this plays an eminent role in adult NMJ biology. The present study examined the postnatal development and distribution of sympathetic innervation in different muscles using immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, and Western blot. This demonstrates the proximity of sympathetic neurons in diaphragm, extensor digitorum longus, tibialis anterior, soleus, and levator auris longus muscles. In extensor digitorum longus muscle, sympathetic innervation of NMJs was quantified from perinatal to adult stage and found to increase up to two months of age. In diaphragm muscle, an extensive network of sympathetic neurons was prominent along the characteristic central synapse band. In summary, these data demonstrate that an elaborate sympathetic innervation is present in several mouse skeletal muscles and that this is often next to NMJs. Although the presence of sympathetic neurons at the perisynaptic region of NMJs increased during postnatal development, many synapses were already close to sympathetic neurons at birth. Potential implications of these findings for treatment of neuromuscular diseases are discussed.

A novel electrophilic synthesis and evaluation of medium specific radioactivity (1R,2S)-4-[ 18F]fluorometaraminol, a tracer for the assessment of cardiac sympathetic nerve integrity with PET

(1R,2S)-4-[ 18F]fluorometaraminol (4-[ 18F]FMR), a tracer for cardiac sympathetic innervation, was synthesized by electrophilic aromatic substitution. A trimethylstannyl precursor, protected with tert-butoxycarbonyl protecting groups, was radiofluorinated with high specific radioactivity [ 18F]F 2. Specific radioactivity of 4-[ 18F]FMR, in average 11.8 ±3.3 GBq/μmol, was improved 40-800-fold in comparison to the previous electrophilic fluorinations. The biodistribution of 4-[ 18F]FMR in rat was in accordance with the known distribution of sympathetic innervation. 4-[ 18F]FMR showed no metabolic degradation in left ventricle of rat heart, where the uptake was high, rapid and specific.

Noradrenergic Innervation of Nasal Polyps and Polypoid Mucosae

In order to study the sympathetic innervation of nasal polyps and polypoid mucosae, the glyoxylic catecholaminergic histofluorescence method was employed in the examination of specimens taken from patients who had nasal disorders with polyps or polypoid mucosae. One percent neutral red was used as a counterstain. Abundant sympathetic fibers were present around the vessels of the pedicle of nasal polyps. However, no sympathetic innervation was found in the body and apex of the polyps. In the microscopical views of polypoid formations, there were no obvious differences between non-diseased nasal mucosa and polypoid mucosa in the distribution of sympathetic innervation. Based on these results, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) The loss of the sympathetic innervation was suggested to an important role in the pathogenesis of nasal polyps. (2) During polypectomy, the polyp had better be removed along with the pedicle for there is abundant sympathetic innervation and it will result in reduced bleeding.

Anatomic distribution of autonomic neural tissue in the developing dog heart: I. Sympathetic innervation

We used immunocytochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase to trace the ontogenesis and anatomic distribution of sympathetic innervation in fetal, neonatal, and mature canine hearts. Sparse tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neural tissue first appeared in the atrium, including sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes, and the ventricular epicardium at midgestation and progressively increased in extent to reach the adult pattern by 2 months following birth. Sympathetic innervation of the atrioventricular bundle occurred relatively later, with no nerve processes in the neonate but a mature pattern by 2 months. At each developmental stage the atria contained more tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neural tissue than the ventricles. Thus, sympathetic nerve processes appear in the developing canine heart earlier than was previously recognized. The time course of sympathetic innervation as defined by this anatomic study is in accord with electrophysiologic studies indicating progressive neonatal development of sympathetic effect which achieves maturity by 2 months of age.

THE INNERVATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

ArticlesTHE INNERVATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLEJoseph C. HinseyJoseph C. HinseyPublished Online:01 Oct 1934https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1934.14.4.514MoreSectionsPDF (10 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByPostnatal Development and Distribution of Sympathetic Innervation in Mouse Skeletal Muscle1 July 2018 | International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 19, No. 7The structure and function of pacinian corpuscles: A reviewProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 42, No. 1Some effects of sympathetic stimulation and isoprenaline on fatigued tetanic contractions of skeletal muscle in the catBrain Research, Vol. 321, No. 2Extrafusal muscle and muscle spindles in reptilesProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 3Cholinesterases in peripheral nervous system II. The motor, sensory and sympathetic nerves in the rabbit ear perichondrium and rat cremaster muscleBrain Research, Vol. 6, No. 3Bibliography on muscle receptors; Their morphology, pathology and physiologyExperimental Neurology, Vol. 18Response of muscle spindles to stimulation of the sympathetic trunkExperimental Neurology, Vol. 2, No. 1The growth and function of the muscles of mastication in relation to the development of the facial skeleton and of the dentitionAmerican Journal of Orthodontics, Vol. 40, No. 6Fixity of facial expression following undermining of the skin over the noseThe American Journal of Surgery, Vol. 68, No. 3 More from this issue > Volume 14Issue 4October 1934Pages 514-585 https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1934.14.4.514History Published online 1 October 1934 Published in print 1 October 1934 Metrics