Surface Distribution Research Articles

Fenugreek seed mucilage-based active edible films for extending fresh fruit shelf life: Antimicrobial and physicochemical properties

Trigonella foenum-graecum, known as fenugreek, belongs to the leguminous family of wild growth in Western Asia, Europe, the Mediterranean, and Asia; its ripe seeds contain a pool of bioactive substances with great potential in the food industry and medicine. In this study, fenugreek seed mucilage (FSM) was extracted and characterized in its structural properties by X-ray diffraction, nuclear magnetic resonance, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Then, the applicability of FSM as an antimicrobial agent was demonstrated via the development of novel, active, edible FSM-based biofilms containing carboxymethyl cellulose and rosemary essential oil (REO). Incorporating REO in the biofilms brought about specific changes in Fourier-transform infrared spectra, affecting thermal degradation behavior. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy morphography showed an even distribution of REO and smoother surfaces in the loaded films. Besides, the solubility tests evidenced a reduction in water solubility with increasing REO concentration from 1 to 3 wt%. The biological assay evidenced the antimicrobial activity of REO-loaded biofilms against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Finally, whole apples were dip-coated with FSM-based solutions to showcase future edible systems. The REO-loaded biofilms extended the shelf life of apples to 30 days, demonstrating their potential for sustainable and active coatings.

Identification of moonlighting adhesins of highly-adhesive Lactobacillus plantarum PO23 isolated from the intestine of Paralichthys olivaceus

At present, feeding probiotics has been an effective method to prevent and control enterogenous diseases of cultured fish. It is very important and urgent to study the molecular mechanism of the adhesion and colonization of probiotics to improve the use efficiency accurately. In our previous research, highly-adhesive Lactobacillus plantarum PO23 (LP-PO23) was isolated from the intestine of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). To clarify the specific adhesion of LP-PO23 to intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), six adhesins, d-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), enolase (ENO), 60 kDa chaperonin (Cpn60) and chaperone protein DnaK (DnaK) were identified as moonlighting proteins by far-Western blot and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in this research. The recombinant proteins rLDH, rGAPDH, rEF-Tu, rENO, rCpn60 and rDnak containing FLAG tag were expressed and employed as antigens to produce mouse polyclonal antibodies (pAbs). Using pAbs, Western blot, immunofluorescence (IF) and immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) were carried out to confirm the surface distribution of six adhesins on LP-PO23 cells respectively. Finally, the specific binding of rLDH, rGAPDH, rEF-Tu, rENO, rCpn60 and rDnak to IECs was verified by IF. In binding inhibition assay, the mouse anti-GAPDH pAb displayed the strongest inhibition activity among six pAbs. These results confirmed that six moonlighting adhesins participated in the specific adhesion of LP-PO23 to IECs and would facilitate understanding the adhesion mechanism of lactobacilli.

Seismic analysis of coastal slope stability considering strength nonlinearity and tension cut-off

Tensile stresses may lead to cracks forming at the crest of coastal slopes and subsequent slope failure, particularly under seismic load conditions. Traditional shear strength failure criteria often overestimate the tensile strength of geomaterials, and in turn the factor of safety against sliding. This paper presents an improved nonlinear analysis method for assessing the stability of slopes, while considering tension cut-off in the failure criterion as well as the detrimental effects of inertial seismic loading and pore water pressure. The method employs the principle of energy consumption to obtain solutions for the geometry of the potential sliding surface and stress distribution, while the critical slope height and the stability factor are determined by means of a particle swarm optimization algorithm. Comparison with existing methods is conducted to validate the effectiveness and accuracy of this method. Results showed that the tensile strength of geomaterials had a significant impact on the stability of the slope and its associated failure mechanism, particularly for the vertical slope. This study could avoid the assumptions of the dilatancy angle on the velocity discontinuity and critical slope sliding surface, and reflect the tensile and nonlinear characteristics of the geomaterials well.

Micromechanics of multiphase geomaterials based on micro-CT image analysis: unsaturated soil, vegetated soil, and bio-cementation

Under the influence of climate change, extreme weather events such as rainstorms may induce fluctuations in soil water content above the groundwater level, thereby causing geological disasters (e.g., landslides). To mitigate these hazards, green and low-carbon engineering measures such as vegetation reinforcement and bio-cementation are proposed. This study investigates the micromechanical properties of multiphase geomaterials—unsaturated soil, vegetation-reinforced sand, and bio-cemented sand—utilizing high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scanning technology and associated image analysis techniques. The findings are presented as follows: (1) a 4D examination of the macroscopic and microscopic behaviors of unsaturated granular materials under triaxial loading conditions was conducted using self-designed in situ CT scanning equipment. (2) Triaxial loading alters the distribution of phase interfacial surfaces in unsaturated soil, affecting its overall strength. This loading also increases the anisotropy of the solid skeleton and suction stress. (3) The global saturation of the root–soil complex diminishes with root growth, with pore distribution significantly influencing local saturation. (4) In the unsaturated MICP process, low-saturation conditions are preferable for effective cementation, although the saturation levels should be restricted to 20%. After calcification, the particle contact coordination number increases, maintaining the isotropy in the contact between the soil particles.

Coriolis darkening in late-type stars

Context. Modeling the surface brightness distribution of stars is of prime importance to interpret the large amount of available interferometric, spectropolarimetric, or photometric observations. Beyond stellar physics, this is also a prerequisite to characterize exoplanets or our Galaxy. Nevertheless, this remains quite challenging for cool stars as it requires one to model the magnetohydrodynamic turbulence that develops in their convective envelope. Aims. In Paper I (Raynaud, R., Rieutord, M., Petitdemange, L., Gastine, T., & Putigny, B. 2018, A&A, 609, A124), the effect of the Coriolis acceleration on the surface heat flux has been studied by means of hydrodynamic simulations. In this paper, we aim to investigate the additional effect of dynamo magnetic fields that can be generated in the thick convective envelopes of cool stars. We focus on an envelope thickness that is representative of either a ∼0.35 M⊙ M dwarf, a young red giant star or a pre-main sequence star. Methods. We performed a parametric study using numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulations of anelastic convection in thick rotating spherical shells. The stratification in density ranges from a few tens to a few hundreds. The setup assumes a constant entropy jump between the inner and outer layers to force convection, with stress-free boundary conditions for the velocity field. The magnetic Prandtl number was systematically varied in order to vary the magnetic field intensity. For each model, we computed the azimuthally and temporally averaged surface distribution of the heat flux, and examined the leading-order effect of the magnetic field on the obtained latitudinal luminosity profile. Results. We identify three different regimes. Close to the onset of convection, while the first unstable modes tend to convey heat more efficiently near the equator, magnetic fields are shown to generally enhance the mean heat flux close to the polar regions (and the tangent cylinder). By progressively increasing the Rayleigh number, the development of a prograde equatorial jet was previously shown to make the equator darker when no magnetic field is taken into account. For moderate Rayleigh numbers, magnetic fields can instead inverse the mean pole-equator brightness contrast (which means going from a darker to a brighter equator when a dynamo sets in) and finally induce a similar regime to that found close to the onset of convection. For more turbulent models with larger Rayleigh numbers, magnetic fields alternatively tend to smooth out the brightness contrast. This general behavior is shown to be related to the quenching of the surface differential rotation by magnetic fields and remains valid regardless of the magnetic morphology. Conclusions. Mean global trends regarding the impact of rotation and magnetic fields on the surface brightness distribution of cool stars are theoretically depicted and need to be tested by future observations. This work opens the door to more detailed theoretical studies including the effect of nonaxisymmetric and time-variable surface features associated with magnetic activity.

Study on properties of diamond-like carbon coatings based on COMSOL

Comsol software was used to design and simulate the preparation of DLC coating on 316 stainless steel substrate by vacuum evaporation plating method. The influence of evaporation temperature on coating quality was explored by controlling substrate temperature factors, and the corrosion resistance of DLC was simulated. The simulation coating preparation results showed the surface distribution of the DLC coating prepared by vacuum evaporation is uneven, and the thickest core becomes thinner layer by layer along the periphery. Under the same conditions, the higher the evaporation temperature is, the better the coating quality is. The corrosion behavior of DLC coating over time was studied by simulating the corrosion of DLC coating in the human body environment. The simulation corrosion results showed that the corrosion rate of DLC coating in the human body environment was slow, and the corrosion rate of the metal matrix was significantly higher than that of DLC coating.

Novel Transmission Electron Microscopic Method to Quantify Protein Clustering on the Cell Surface.

The cell surface distribution patterns (clustering) of membrane proteins have been widely investigated in cell biology. Here we describe a novel transmission electron microscopic (TEM) protocol designed to improve the quality of information obtained about the protein distribution patterns detected. This novel method makes it possible to study the clustering of all transmembrane proteins on one half of the cytoplasmic membrane of a whole cell. To achieve better imaging, we combine various methods, including critical-point drying, fixation of gold beads with a carbon layer, and a newly developed chemical thinning method. In addition, in our image-processing algorithm, we implemented pair correlation and pair cross-correlation functions, providing more details and better quantitative accuracy in characterizing the size and numbers of possible protein clusters. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Sample preparation and transmission electron micrography Alternate Protocol: Direct cell labeling for transmission electron micrography Basic Protocol 2: Analysis of TEM images to detect immunogold-labeled proteins.

Insight into the solution thermodynamic properties of cimetidine form A and form B based on experiments and molecular simulations

Cimetidine (CIM) is an antagonist of the type II histamine receptors, and act as a significant agent in the treatment of stomach ulcers. In this work, the effect of polymorphism and solvent type on the thermodynamic properties of CIM was investigated based on experimental results and molecular simulations. The solubility data of two polymorphs for CIM (forms A and B) in organic solvents were measured and correlated with four thermodynamic models. It could be found that the solubility of CIM form A is higher compared to form B. In addition, molecular simulations were adopted to investigate the mechanism of the solubility and stability of the two forms. Hirshfeld surface analysis shows that strong H···N interaction contributes to better stability of form B. Meanwhile, molecular electrostatic potential surface and radial distribution function results indicate that the solubility behavior is significantly influenced by the intensity of the solute–solvent interactions. Finally, the dissolution thermodynamic properties, including the enthalpy change, the Gibbs energy change, and the entropy change, were calculated and the results show that the dissolution process of CIM is endothermic, entropy-driven and spontaneous.

Adjusting surface electron density of heterostructured NiCo LDH/MXene/NF material to improve its electrocatalytic performance in hydrogen evolution reaction

Hydrogen production by water electrolysis has attracted much interest in the field of renewable energy storage due to its high efficiency and low environmental impact. Catalytic activity of transition metal-based electrode materials can be effectively improved by adjusting their composition and/or structure. In this study, MXene nanosheets are electrophoretically deposited on foamed nickel (MXene/NF), and further coated by NiCo layered double hydroxides (LDH) nanosheets, also by electrophoresis, to obtain the heterostructured and highly conductive NiCo LDH/MXene/NF electrode, highly active in the hydrogen evolution reaction. Uniform surface distribution of three-dimensional interconnected nanosheets is demonstrated by SEM and TEM. The electrode surface is fully wet within 150 ms, indicating excellent hydrophilicity. The highly conductive NiCo LDH/MXene/NF electrode material exhibits a potential overshoot of 123 mV vs. RHE at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, with a Tafel slope of +86.6 mV dec−1. Long-term cyclic testing confirms good stability of the newly prepared electrode material in the hydrogen evolution reaction.

Rapid Surface Charge Mapping Based on a Liquid Crystal Microchip.

Rapid surface charge mapping of a solid surface remains a challenge. In this study, we present a novel microchip based on liquid crystals for assessing the surface charge distribution of a planar or soft surface. This chip enables rapid measurements of the local surface charge distribution of a charged surface. The chip consists of a micropillar array fabricated on a transparent indium tin oxide substrate, while the liquid crystal is used to fill in the gaps between the micropillar structures. When an object is placed on top of the chip, the local surface charge (or zeta potential) influences the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules, resulting in changes in the magnitude of transmitted light. By measuring the intensity of the transmitted light, the distribution of the surface charge can be accurately quantified. We calibrated the chip in a three-electrode configuration and demonstrated the validity of the chip for rapid surface charge mapping using a borosilicate glass slide. This chip offers noninvasive, rapid mapping of surface charges on charged surfaces, with no need for physical or chemical modifications, and has broad potential applications in biomedical research and advanced material design.

Thickness dependent tribological and magnetic behavior of two-dimensional cobalt telluride (CoTe2)

Two-dimensional (2D) layered transition-metal based tellurides (chalcogens) are known to harness their surface atoms’ characteristics to enhance topographical activities for energy conversion, storage, and magnetic applications. The gradual stacking of each sheet alters the surface atoms’ subtle features such as lattice expansion, leading to several phenomena and rendering tunable properties. Here, we have evaluated thickness-dependent mechanical properties (nanoscale mechanics, tribology, potential surface distributions, interfacial interaction) of 2D CoTe2 sheets and magnetic behavior using surface probe techniques. The experimental observations are further supported and explained with theoretical investigations: density functional theory and molecular dynamics. The variation in properties observed in theoretical investigations unleashes the crucial role of crystal planes of the CoTe2. The presented results are beneficial in expanding the use of the 2D telluride family in flexible electronics, piezo sensors, tribo-generators, and next-generation memory devices.

Analysis of an intense O3 pollution episode on the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula using photochemical modeling: characterization of transport pathways and accumulation processes

Abstract. A tropospheric O3 pollution episode over the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula during 2–6 August 2018 has been analyzed. The episode was characterized by a permanent wind shear throughout the entire period, making the observed ozone surface distribution especially difficult to explain. A new methodology is described to analyze upper-level atmospheric parameters, such as temperature, wind direction, wind speed, and O3 concentrations, added to the traditional use of surface parameters, using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) models as well as available surface and upper-air observations. Results indicate that the episode was characterized by a first phase of a sudden increase in O3 concentrations produced by fumigation and inter-regional transport processes within the Iberian Peninsula, followed by continental O3 transport from Europe to the Atlantic coast. An Atlantic front produced the dissipation of the episode, generating an “ozone front” accompanying the cold front passage across the region.

Stabilizing high-Ni cathodes with gradient surface Ti-enrichment

High-Ni cathodes are being intensely pursued worldwide for electric vehicles and other energy-dense applications due to their high capacity and low cost. However, structural instabilities during electrochemical cycling and when subjected to thermal treatment have been the major issues hindering their practical deployment. We here report a rational design of coating-integrated-into-synthesis protocol for fabricating surface Ti-enriched LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811#Ti) material. The coating to intermediates is crucial to obtain high structural ordering, both in the bulk and surface of high-Ni cathodes, and the Ti substitute has a unique tri-valence (Ti3+) in a gradient surface distribution. The simulations of projected density of states in the atomistic understanding further certify significantly enhanced stability of lattice oxygen for the NMC811 through such a Ti3+-based structure reinforcement. Consequently, the NMC811#Ti cathode delivers a high capacity up to 200 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, along with superior stabilities during air-storage and thermal treatment (up to 297 °C at the fully charged state under differential scanning calorimetric measurements). The corresponding NMC811#Ti||graphite full cell exhibits a desired 83.6 % capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 0.5 C in a voltage range of 2.8–4.3 V. This work demonstrates a delicate surface reinforcement to stabilize high-Ni cathodes for long-life and safe lithium-ion batteries.

Flow structure and cooling effect of seeping gas film in supersonic turbulent boundary layer

Seeping gas film cooling is an active cooling method that involves injecting a cooling gas film into the boundary layer through porous media. In this study, a sintered wire mesh porous material is used to generate the gas film through seepage flow. The flow of the gas film in the supersonic turbulent boundary layer is observed using nanometer particle plane laser scattering technology, while the temperature distribution of the porous wall surface is measured by infrared thermometry. It is observed that as the injection rate of the gas film exceeds 0.2 %, the supersonic turbulent boundary layer thickens significantly. The rate of thickness growth is promoted from 5.5 % to 17.1 % as the injection rate increases from 0.3 % to 0.8 %. Additionally, the injection of the gas film induces an oblique shock wave, and the shock angle increases with the enhancement of the injection rate, resulting in an uneven cooling effect along the injector length. The transient cooling efficiency of the seeping gas film under thermal non-equilibrium conditions is analyzed. The results indicate that the temperature amplitude on the porous wall surface decreases significantly when the injection rate is promoted from 0.2 % to 0.3 %. However, continuing to increase the coolant injection rate does not lead to a more significant improvement in cooling efficiency. When the injection rate reaches 0.5 %, the relative cooling efficiency reaches 50 %–60 %, which is much lower than the predicted values of the thin film theory.

Investigation of microstructural, micromorphology, and surface plasmon resonance characteristics in Ni/Al, Ni/Cu, and Ni/SS thin films.

As the first boundary between the environment and the material, the surface plays an important role in their interaction with each other, therefore, the use of appropriate tools and analysis to examine the mechanical properties and morphology of surfaces has particular importance in industry and research. In this research, a thin film of nickel was deposited on metal substrates made of aluminum, copper, and steel by using the RF magnetic cathode. Then, using a non-contact atomic force microscope, the morphological properties of the nickel film with static parameters, Minkowski functionals (MF's), fractal, and multifractal were extracted to be analyzed and studied. After that, using parameters such as root mean square (RMS) roughness, skewness, and kurtosis, it was determined how the surface roughness, distribution, and probability density of particles on the film surface alters with the change of the substrate. Next, by examining and analyzing the Δα and Δf parameters obtained from the multifractal section, the morphology of the produced film on the metal substrates was investigated. Then, the change in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak position is changed for the prepared film in the range of the absorption spectrum due to the substrate effect and the microstructural properties of the formed film. HIGHLIGHTS: Ni film has been deposited by Rf magnetron sputtering. The effect of metal substrates on the topography, fractality, and optical properties was studied. Minkowski functionals were used to investigate the surface morphology of the samples. Substrate's material and the topography of the formed film can changed the surface plasmon resonance position.

Electronic and structural properties of Möbius boron-nitride and carbon nanobelts

For the development of nanofilters and nanosensors, we wish to know the impact of size on their geometric, electronic, and thermal stabilities. Using the semiempirical tight binding method as implemented in the xTB program, we characterized Möbius boron-nitride and carbon-based nanobelts with different sizes and compared them to each other and to normal nanobelts. The calculated properties include the infrared spectra, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), the energy gap, the chemical potential, and the molecular hardness. The agreement between the peak positions from theoretical infrared spectra compared with experimental ones for all systems validates the methodology that we used. Our findings show that for the boron-nitride-based nanobelts, the calculated properties have an opposite monotonic relationship with the size of the systems, whereas for the carbon-based nanobelts, the properties show the same monotonic relationship for both types of nanobelts. Also, the torsion presented on the Möbius nanobelts, in the case of boron-nitride, induced an inhomogeneous surface distribution for the HOMO orbitals. High-temperature molecular dynamics also allowed us to contrast carbon-based systems with boron-nitride systems at various temperatures. In all cases, the properties vary with the increase in size of the nanobelts, indicating that it is possible to choose the desired values by changing the size and type of the systems. This work has many implications for future studies, for example our results show that carbon-based nanobelts did not break as we increased the temperature, whereas boron-nitride nanobelts had a rupture temperature that varied with their size; this is a meaningful result that can be tested when the use of more accurate simulation methods become practical for such systems in the future.

Urbanization enhances channel and surface runoff: A quantitative analysis using both physical and empirical models over the Yangtze River basin

Urbanization has become an irreversible trend and is even more rapid in flood-prone area. However, the responses of both channel runoff and surface runoff to the urbanization and the underlying mechanisms still deserve more in-depth exploration within urban extents with limited data availability. Accordingly, we conducted a comprehensive quantitative analysis of the urbanization effects on channel and surface runoff from both statistical and model-based perspectives over three major urban agglomerations (i.e., Chengyu (CY), middle region of Yangtze River (MRYR), Yangtze River Delta (YRD)) in the Yangtze River Basin. The long-term high-resolution channel and surface runoff under different urbanization scenarios were simulated using both WRF-Hydro and SCS-CN models by integrating multiple remotely sensed, reanalysis, and in-situ datasets. Results demonstrated that the channel runoff increased by 4.4%, 5%, and 12.08% in CY, MRYR, and YRD urban agglomerations, respectively. Meanwhile, the urbanization also contributed to 30%, 21.4%, and 17.7% of the surface runoff changes in three urban agglomerations. Based on the high-resolution local climate zone (LCZ), our results highlighted that the high-rise and middle-rise buildings and compact-arranged regions were more prone to accumulating surface runoff and trigger flooding events due to the weaker infiltration capacity of land surface with the densely distribution of impervious surface. Further machine learning based investigation and case analysis also explored the potential influencing factors and mechanisms of the impact of urbanization on channel and surface runoff. Results in the current research show further evidence that policy makers of urban planning and management need to consider and ensure societal preparedness for extreme runoff and flooding events.

Dynamic characteristics and application of dual throat fluidic thrust vectoring nozzle

Thrust vectoring technology plays an important role in improving the maneuverability of aircraft. In order to overcome the disadvantages of mechanical thrust vectoring nozzles, such as complications of structure and significant increases in weight and cost, fluidic thrust vectoring nozzles are proposed. Dual Throat fluidic thrust vectoring Nozzle (DTN) has received wide attention due to its excellent thrust vectoring efficiency and minimal thrust loss. In this study, three-dimensional unsteady numerical simulations of a single axisymmetric DTN are conducted first to analyze its dynamic response. Then the pitch and yaw control characteristics of DTN equipped on a flying-wing aircraft are investigated. It is found that the dynamic response will experience three stages: rapid-deflecting stage, oscillating stage, and steady stage. A complete recirculation zone forms at the end of the rapid-deflecting stage, which pushes the primary flow to attach to the wall opposite the secondary injection. Meanwhile, the exhaust flow is deflected. In terms of DTN’s application, the DTN equipped on the flying-wing aircraft is capable of providing effective pitch and yaw moments at all angles of attack and Mach numbers. In addition, continuous pitch and yaw moments can be obtained by adjusting the secondary mass flow ratios. The control moment is generated due to the asymmetrical pressure distribution of nozzle surface, which is mainly contributed by the pressure decrease on the secondary injection surface. Moreover, the DTN equipped on the flying-wing aircraft has a relatively high thrust vectoring efficiency of around 5°/% and a thrust coefficient of around 0.95 when nozzle pressure ratio equals 4. These results provide an important theoretical basis for the practical application of DTN.

Intra-Operative Infrared Thermography of Ocular Surface During Cryodestruction of Epibulbar Tumours

The paper presents the possibilities of intraoperative use of infrared (IR) thermography to image the temperature distribution of the outer ocular surface during cryodestruction of conjunctival tumours with localization in the ciliary body projection to determine an individual freezing regimen. IR thermography was carried out using a portable device for infrared real-time thermography. Thermal fields were visualized, and the duration of cooling and warming of the structures of the outer ocular surface around the area of freezing, including the cornea, were recorded. It was found that intraoperative IR thermography during cryodestruction of epibulbar tumours in the projection of the ciliary body allows real-time noninvasive imaging of the temperature fi eld dynamics around the freezing zone, which can be used to select individual cooling exposure to reduce the risk of complications by avoiding excessive cooling of intraocular structures. It was also determined that IR thermography makes it possible to assess the individual dynamics of rewarming of the ocular tissues to the initial level if a repeated cycle of tumour cryodestruction is necessary.

Exploring temporal and spatial SST patterns and their impact in the Arabian Sea: Insights from the regional ocean modeling system

The Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) is integrated across the Arabian Sea (AS) from 1992 to 2021 and covers 33°E to 80°E and 5°N to 32°N at high horizontal resolutions of 1/4°(∼25 km). The study demonstrates that the variability is controlled by a seasonal high-resolution setup, with superior performance for various seasons during the months of December-January-February (DJF), March-April-May (MAM), June-July-August-September (JJAS) and October–November (ON). The Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies in the JJAS season werestudied. SST dominates the seasonal variability of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM). Our results show that the ROMS can simulate seasonal variability and its effects on the upper ocean properties over the AS. In addition, the impact of monthly variation is controlled. In recreating the spatio-temporal distribution of surface as well as subsurface hydrographic parameters such as surface and subsurface temperature, the simulation results are reasonable like observation and reanalysis.