Strain Distribution Research Articles

Anisotropy Dependence of Material Deformation Mechanisms in Nanoscratching Monocrystalline BaF2: Experiments and Atomic Simulations.

Monocrystalline barium fluoride (BaF2), known for its exceptional optical properties in the infrared spectrum, exhibits anisotropy that influences surface quality and material removal efficiency during ultraprecision machining. This research explores the impact of anisotropy on the deformation and removal mechanisms of monocrystalline BaF2 by integrating nanoscratch tests with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Nanoscratch tests conducted on variously oriented monocrystalline BaF2 surfaces using a ramp loading mode facilitated the identification of surface cracks and a systematic description of material removal behaviors. This study elucidates the effect of crystal orientation on the ductile-brittle transition (DBT) of monocrystalline BaF2, further developing a critical depth prediction model for DBT on the (111) crystal plane to reveal the underlying anisotropy mechanisms. Moreover, nanofriction and wear behaviors in monocrystalline BaF2 are found to be predominantly influenced by scratch direction, crystal surface, and applied load, with the (110) and (100) planes showing pronounced frictional and wear anisotropy. A coefficient of friction model, accounting for the material's elastic recovery, establishes the intrinsic relationship between anisotropic friction and wear behaviors, the size effect, and scratch direction. Lastly, MD modeling of nanoscratched monocrystalline BaF2 reveals the diversity of dislocations and strain distributions along the (111) [-110] and [-1-12] crystal directions, offering atomic scale insights into the origins of BaF2 anisotropy. Thus, this study provides a theoretical foundation for the efficient processing of fluorine-based infrared optic materials exhibiting anisotropy.

Finite element data-driven deep learning-based tensile failure analysis of precast bridge slab joint

The joint is a critical component that facilitates force transmission across precast bridge slabs while maintaining structural integrity. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is commonly used to examine the mechanical properties and load-bearing capacity of joints with different configurations. However, the repetitive process of “modeling-meshing-computing” consumes substantial manpower, time, and expertise. This study proposes an approach consisting of three key steps: (1) predicting strain distributions, (2) determining failure modes, and (3) analyzing interpretability of predicted results. Specifically, DeepLabv3+ is used to map the Finite Element (FE) model to strain distributions. A binary classification model based on VGG-16 predicts the failure state of the specimen. Interpretability analysis, using Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM), provides insights into the neural network’s decision-making process. The optimized models achieve a Mean Intersection over Union (MIoU) of 0.5691 for strain distribution prediction on the cross-sectional surface and 0.6424 on the front surface. The failure detection model achieves an F1 score of 0.992 in determining failure states. The interpretability results align well with fracture mechanics theory, enhancing confidence in the model’s predictions. This method serves as a surrogate to reduce the workload of finite element analyses, facilitating strain analysis and failure detection.

Behavior of reinforced CHS T-joints by welding collar plates under load

The paper presents a comprehensive test program on collar plate reinforced CHS T-joints under different preload conditions, in order to investigate the effect of preload and welding thermal on reinforced joints. A total of four specimens, including specimens with and without preload when the collar plates were welded, were tested under brace axial loading. The test results, including welding temperature field, development of strain as well as welding residual deformation during the welding process are measured and presented in this paper. Furthermore, the failure model and compressive strength of the collar plate reinforced T-joints were determined. The test results demonstrated that the localized high temperature and rapid attenuation are the characteristics of the welding temperature field, which instantaneous peak temperature rose to 1808 °C at the local area and attenuated to 600 °C in an elliptic range of about 3.1 cm × 1.7 cm. The failure modes of collar plate reinforced CHS T-joints do not change with preload on the chord and welding thermal. Furthermore, preload on the chord reduces the compressive strength of reinforced joints. The strain distribution and residual deformation are affected by the thermal expansion and cold shrinkage, while the development of the welding temperature field is not affected by the preload. Finally, for compressive strength of CHS T-joints reinforced with collar plate by welding, the applicability of the reduction coefficient due to preload calculated by existing codes was assessed by comparing design values with experimental results. A finite element model by ANSYS, considering the welding heat, was established. Key parameters affecting the strength of the T-joint at the reinforced collar plate under load were identified through parametric study with finite element models. Construction recommendations of welded CHS T-joints are proposed.

Class A prediction of debris flow impact forces on dual rigid and flexible barriers: MPM modelling

Modelling flow-like landslides interacting with barriers poses significant challenges, particularly to predict the impact dynamics. For the design, it is essential to assess the forces exerted by the flow, the depth and velocity of the flow during the impact, the stress and strain distribution in the barrier, and the amount of overflowing material. The direct measurement of these quantities in well-controlled flow-like landslides against monitored barriers serves as a valuable means of understanding the flow-barrier interactions, and it is instrumental in calibrating and validating numerical models. Flume tests were conducted in the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology using the 28-m-long flume for investigating the efficacy of single and dual rigid and flexible barriers. These tests were utilised as part of a “Class A prediction” exercise in May 2022, with the international research community involved. In this context a numerical model based on Material Point Method (MPM) was used to forecast the flow dynamics and the flow-barrier interactions. These predictions were made in advance, without knowledge of the outcomes to be predicted, and were based on limited input quantities such as geometry, barrier setup and material properties. The capabilities and limitations of the employed MPM numerical model are discussed.

Computationally efficient adaptive optimization of vector-method parameters for phase-sensitive strain estimation in optical coherence elastography

A new method for automatic adaptive optimization of strain estimation in phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography (OCT) is introduced. More specifically, this paper focuses on optimizing the estimation of strain using the vector method, in which OCT signals are treated as vectors in the complex plane. In phase-sensitive optical coherence elastography, the tissue strain is extracted from the interframe phase variation between the complex-valued scans acquired for the initial and deformed tissue. This phase variation is proportional to interframe displacements of scatterers and corresponds to the argument of the pixel-by-pixel product of the initial OCT scan and complex-conjugate deformed scan. Measurement noises and the so-called ‘speckle noise’ that are intrinsic to OCT scans cause degradation of the derived scan obtained by such multiplication. To mitigate the noise influence, complex-valued pixel amplitudes in the derived scan are usually averaged over a certain window. The interframe strain is found by estimating the gradient of the interframe phase difference. The noise influence on the strain estimation can also be reduced by increasing the scale over which the phase-variation gradient is estimated. However, choosing a too large window for preliminary averaging may significantly distort the reconstructed strain distribution. Similarly, a too large scale for gradient estimation may also cause errors in the estimated-strain magnitude and even its sign (because of possible phase wrapping). Therefore, appropriately performed adaptive choice of the strain-estimation parameters can greatly improve the quality of strain estimation. Here, we present a unified approach for adaptive choice of both the averaging-window size and gradient-estimation scale that were initially considered separately. The new method is computationally simplified but enables approximately the same strain-estimation quality, as demonstrated using both simulated and experimental OCT data.

A pathway to refined stress and strain distributions in aerospace-grade Ti/Al bi-metal sheets: Synergizing theoretical insights and FEM simulations

This study introduces an innovative theoretical model critical for predicting stress and strain distributions in Ti/Al bi-metal sheet production and its subsequent deep drawing process. Grounded in extensive mechanical and geometric analysis, the model facilitates manufacturing process optimization and the production of high-quality components. Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations are integrated to examine the significant effects of die geometric parameters on metal flow dynamics and susceptibility to material stress. The model’s precision is enhanced by incorporating anisotropic material properties and cohesive zone models. A rigorous experimental framework validates the model, highlighting the practical utility of optimized parameters in Ti/Al bi-metal component fabrication. Additionally, uniaxial tensile tests using the Video Image Correlation-3D (VIC-3D) system provide detailed insights into material deformation, elucidating stress distribution and metal flow in composite layers. Thus, the research presents a refined methodology for the efficient production of Ti/Al bi-metal components, offering valuable knowledge transferable to various materials and processing scenarios. The findings of this work are expected to make a significant impact on material engineering and mechanical manufacturing.

Shape Sensing of Resin Pipe with a Helical-winding Optical Fiber in Bending Test

In this study, we developed a shape-sensing technique for a pipe. An optical fiber was helically bonded on the outer surface of a resin pipe whose length, outer diameter and inner diameter are 3200 mm, 34 mm, and 26.6 mm, respectively. Firstly, four grooves were made on the surface along the pipe in a helical pattern with the same pitch of 360 mm. At the one pipe end, adjacent grooves were offset by 90 degrees and the offset was maintained along the pipe. The single-mode fiber was put into a groove and fixed by epoxy and then it was embedded into the adjacent groove. Consequently, the optical fiber was going back and forth twice along the pipe. At the pipe ends, there were stress-free fibers between the grooves. Shape sensing for the pipe is conducted as follows. 1. Strain distributions along the grooves are measured by a distributed fiber-optic strain sensing system. 2. The bending strain is extracted from the measured strain to calculate the curvature and bending angle. 3. The shape of the pipe is reconstructed based on the curvature and bending angle using the Frenet-Serret formulas. Three-point bending tests were conducted. In the tests, the pipe ends were clamped to be the fixed ends and a point load was applied to the pipe center. Strain distributions were measured by tunable wavelength coherent optical time domain reflectometry (TW-COTDR) or optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR). Then the pipe shape was reconstructed as described above. We compared the reconstructed shape with the deformation calculated by finite element analysis and the agreement was excellent. If we insert the developed pipe into a bedrock and reconstruct the pipe shape continuously, it is expected that we can detect cracks or damage in the bedrock. This approach is expected to make rock excavation constructions safer.

Long-Term Monitoring of RC Beams under Different Partial Alkali–Silica Reactions: Experimental Results and Restraint Mechanisms

The alkali–silica reaction significantly impacts the durability of reinforced concrete structures. This paper aims to investigate the structural expansion properties of reinforced concrete beams under different partial alkali–silica reactions. Alkali–silica reaction tests were conducted on four reinforced concrete beams, focusing on immersion depth and NaOH solution position as key parameters. Subsequently, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the beam expansion rate were analyzed. Results indicate notable variations in the expansion’s initiation, rate, and final magnitude at different measurement points on the concrete beam, depending on the soaking positions and depths used. The expansion rate was higher in areas directly immersed in the NaOH solution, decreasing near the reinforcement regions. However, strain distribution, along with beam height, satisfied plane-section assumption in the reinforced beam section. Finally, a regional expansion index was established to quantitatively assess the non-uniform damage by alkali aggregates in beams, and the uniaxial restraint mechanism in reinforced concrete structures was also described.

Numerical analysis of plastic deformation mechanisms in polycrystalline copper under cyclic loading with different frequencies

The frequency of cyclic loading has a strong effect on the fatigue lifetime of materials. High loading frequencies allow reaching very high cycle fatigue regimes. The effects of cyclic loading with different frequencies are studied using the finite element method within the framework of crystal plasticity. The numerical study represents copper polycrystal that undergoes tension–compression loading with frequencies 80 Hz and 20 kHz respectively. The spatial distributions of stresses, strains, and plastic slip are used for estimation of volume fraction, morphology, and plasticity mechanism of persistent slip bands. The results show that at 80 Hz cyclic loading, plasticity in persistent slip band cells is dominated by the creation and annihilation of dislocations while at 20 kHz cyclic loading, plasticity is driven by the back-and-forth movement of dislocations inside the persistent slip band cells. The numerical study shows a correlation between amplitude and frequency of loading with spatial distribution and morphology of persistent slip bands that can be related to the fatigue lifetime.

Effective Stiffness and Damping Analysis of Steel Damper to Lateral Cyclic Loading

Steel dampers are components used in building structures to reduce vibration and energy generated by dynamic loads such as earthquakes. Several factors affect the effectiveness of steel dampers in reducing energy, including the cross-sectional area, mass distribution, cross-sectional geometry, and material stiffness. The cross-sectional geometry or shape of the steel damper can affect how energy is absorbed and dissipated in the structural system. Cross sections with different geometric variations can have different mechanical responses to dynamic loads. This study aims to analyze which type of steel damper is effective in terms of stiffness and damping capacity against lateral cyclic loads. The steel damper cross-sectional variations used are slit steel dampers (SSDs), tapered steel dampers (TSDs), and oval steel dampers (OSDs). Cyclic testing of the dampers used displacement control with the same target deviation for all three damper types. The results showed that the stress and strain distributions of the oval steel damper were more even than those of the other two models. The variations in the energy dissipation capacities of the three cross-section variations are relatively the same. However, the slit steel damper type has the best stiffness compared to the other two types. This research is ultimately expected to influence the science of the structure of a building in preventing and anticipating earthquakes or other disasters. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-07-017 Full Text: PDF

Quantitative digital image correlation approach for the monitoring of fatigue damage development in 10CrMo9-10 steel in the as-received state and after extended service

In this paper, the quantitative Digital Image Correlation (DIC) approach was used to study the long-time degradation of two different states of 10CrMo9-10 (10H2M) power engineering steel. The specimens subjected to cyclic loading (R = 0) were monitored by using the DIC technique. The data obtained from DIC measurements were presented in form of strain distributions for specified, independent points within the strain gauge of specimens. Furthermore, the strain profiles were extracted for the particular stages of fatigue damage development (FDD). The presented methodology provides a different approach of DIC application, in which, the data could be treated more quantitative than qualitative.

Effect of annealing temperature on interfacial microstructure and tensile fracture behavior of titanium-steel clad plate

To ensure that the rolled composite plate has excellent processing properties. Annealing is an effective means of modulating organization and mechanical properties. In this study, annealing treatments at different temperatures were applied to the rolled titanium-steel clad plate. The evolution of the interfacial organization was observed using scanning electron microscopy. The strain distribution of the composite plate in the tensile process was investigated using a tensile experiment combined with the DIC method. The results indicate the presence of compounds such as TiC, Fe2Ti, and FeTi after hot rolling. As the annealing temperature increases, the thickness of the interlayer diffusion of elements between the two plates increases. The geometric dislocation generated between the grains after hot rolling is significantly improved after annealing treatment, and the geometric dislocation density decreases with the increase in annealing temperature. In the titanium layer, the titanium grains, after annealing at 550 °C and 600 °C, are in the recovery stage, and the amount of recrystallization does not change significantly. However, after annealing at 650 °C, the titanium grains are completely recrystallized, the grains are equiaxed, and the grain-to-grain anisotropy is eliminated. The sample annealed at 550 °C fractures almost simultaneously in the tensile test in the titanium layer and steel layer, with an elongation of 32.3% and a tensile strength of 477.1 MPa, showing the best comprehensive performance. Based on DIC strain curve analysis, The strain curve after annealing at 550 °C is smoother, the necking is relatively consistent, and it reaches a point of relatively consistent local strain instability.

Internal strain identification of seed-layered ZrO2, aluminum-, and yttrium-doped ZrO2 thin films via grazing incidence x-ray diffraction

Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction reveals that conventional post-deposition-annealed ZrO2 and in situ crystallized (by local epitaxy) ZrO2 thin films (<15 nm) have different internal strain states. A comparison between single- and two-step grown films enables the diverse strain components to be discretely identified. In particular, thickness-dependent intrinsic growth strain is unevenly distributed within the film according to the Volmer–Weber growth. Furthermore, extrinsic thermal strain, locally present in the annealed seed layer, does not spread over the in situ crystallized upper main layer of the two-step film. Post-deposition annealing of the two-step film renders the strain state identical to the single-step films by imposing thermal strain on the in situ crystallized main layer. Local strains created by diffused aluminum and yttrium dopants are also examined. Since each stress factor plays a vital role in the phase formation and electrical behaviors of ZrO2 and other fluorite-structure films, this method will pave the way for understanding the film's internal strain distribution and accompanying performance engineering.

Strain distribution of a fir‐tree tenon/mortise structure under combined high and low cycle fatigue loads

AbstractThe fir‐tree tenon/mortise structure in areo‐engine suffers from the combined high and low cycle fatigue (CCF) loads during service. The structural integrity of the tenon/mortise structure is significantly affected by the local strain distribution, while the strain value under the CCF loads is difficult to acquire. In this study, a simulated specimen of tenon/mortise structure is designed, and the CCF test is carried out using a divided‐path loading fixture to avoid interference between the high cycle fatigue (HCF) loads and the low cycle fatigue (LCF) loads. The high speed digital image correlation (DIC) method is adopted to acquire the real‐time strain distribution during CCF test. According to the strain results, the critical position of the mortise and its strain variation are determined. The high cycle strain of the mortise is proportional to the vibration amplitude of the tenon. The experimental results can provide basis for strength and life assessment.

Mechanical properties of geopolymer recycled concrete infilled steel tubes with three sectional types

The steel tubes with geopolymer recycled concrete (GRC) infill are actively seeking environmentally friendly and low-carbon building materials as alternatives in the process of promoting sustainable development, maximizing the use of waste materials and resources, and reducing consumption of natural resources and environmental pollution. In this paper, three types of steel tube specimens with GRC infill were proposed, i.e., the geopolymer recycled concrete-filled steel tube (GRCFST), geopolymer recycled concrete-filled double skin steel tube (GRCFDST), and geopolymer recycled concrete-filled double section steel tubes (GRCFDSST). These GRC-steel tube structures were tested under axial compressive loading, and the influence of some crucial factors on bearing capacity, ductility and strain distribution of specimens was considered, such as the slag content, and the types of steel tube section and the replacement rate of recycled aggregate. The experimental results show that the steel tube can provide effective confinement for geopolymer recycled concrete and thus compensate for the adverse effect induced by recycled aggregate. The slag content has less effect on the bearing capacities of the GRCFDSST specimen compared with the GRCFST and GRCFDST specimens due to the stronger confinement effect of the former. The ductility of GRCFDSST specimens is better than the other steel tube specimens under the same parameter conditions. This study, building on existing literature, provides new insights and design recommendations for the mechanical performance of concrete-filled steel tube structures by using geopolymer recycled concrete as a filling material.

A new insight to investigate the strain distribution, evolution, and crack development of cement-stabilized coral aggregate

Cement-stabilized coral aggregate (CSCA) can be used as a base material for roads and airports in island engineering. In this study, four-point bending (FPB) tests were conducted on CSCA with different prefabricated crack depths, and distributed fiber optic sensor (DFOS) was used. The testing process of the CSCA beams was simulated using an improved bond-based peridynamic (BBPD) model that combines the bilinear damage principle and fracture parameters random field. The results indicate that DFOS has the potential to monitor strain evolution and detect crack in CSCA. The strain distribution in the spanwise direction of the beam during the plastic phase presents a single peak, which can be described by a Pearson-VII function. The fracture location can be predicted from the positions of the tensile strain peaks. The neutral axis begins to move gradually toward the compressed part of the specimen after the external load greater than 0.6 Pmax. The compression modulus of the CSCA material peaks is 4500 MPa, that is three times larger than its tensile modulus and can satisfy the requirement of semi-rigid base layer construction of island roads. The improved BBPD model is able to effectively simulate the strain-softening behavior of CSCA materials with consideration of the effect of material inhomogeneity on the actual fracture path. The peak load prediction error was less than 7 %. The R2 between the numerically predicted load-displacement curves and the test results were bigger than 0.95. The improved BBPD method can predict the actual fracture location of the specimen with a horizontal position deviation of less than 2 cm. The bending fracture process of CSCA are further explored from both experimental and numerical simulations by this study.

Synergy of strength-ductility in a novel Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr-Sc-Hf alloy through optimizing hierarchical microstructures

The strength improvement in the heat-treatable Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys is generally achieved by increasing the volume fraction of nanoprecipitates and reducing the grain size. However, utilizing one of them usually leads to a drastic decrease in ductility. Herein, we architect a hierarchical microstructure integrating bimodal grain structures, nanoprecipitates, and hard-brittle coarse particles wrapped by ductility coarse grain (CG) bands via conventional cold rolling (CR) deformation and heat treatment methods to break the strength-ductility dilemma in the Al-8.89Zn-1.98Mg-2.06Cu-0.12Zr-0.05Sc-0.05Hf (wt.%) alloy. The results reveal that the coupling of high-volume fraction (∼1.2%) nanoprecipitates, ∼52% narrow CG bands, and most coarse particles encapsulated by CG bands contribute to the 45% CR sample with outstanding overall mechanical properties (a tensile strength of 655 MPa, a yield strength of 620 MPa, and an elongation of 15.5%). Microstructure-based strength analysis confirms that the high strength relates to a trade-off between the hierarchical features, namely high-volume fraction nanoprecipitates to counterbalance the strength loss caused by grain coarsening. The excellent ductility is due to the introduction of medium CG content with a narrow width that can trigger a cross-scale strain distribution during plastic deformation, suppressing the catastrophic failure in the fine grain (FG) regions and facilitating the dimple fracture along the CG bands. This study proposes a feasible approach for tailoring hierarchical microstructures in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys to achieve a superior strength-ductility combination.

Flexural behaviour of precast reinforced concrete beams bonded to steel-reinforced engineered cementitious composites

Prefabricated concrete structures have attracted much attention due to their simple construction and reliable quality control. Due to the load requirements of transportation vehicles, the prefabricated concrete components must be divided into sections and then transported to be assembled in place. Therefore, the connection between prefabricated concrete beams significantly affects the mechanical behaviour of the structures. This paper proposes a new connection for prefabricated concrete beams bonded to reinforced engineered cementitious composites (ECC). Static experiments were carried out on a cast-in-place (CIP) beam and five precast concrete beams with different lengths or reinforcement ratios of steel-reinforced ECC. The cracking propagation, flexural capacity, beam stiffness, and strain distribution of the precast concrete beams were comparatively analysed. It is concluded that the flexural behaviour of the precast beams proposed in this study was similar to that of the CIP reference. Moreover, the flexural capacity of the prefabricated beams increased as the reinforcement ratio of steel-reinforced ECC. As the reinforcement ratio of steel-reinforced ECC increases from 1.67 % to 6.7 %, the corresponding flexural capacity of the prefabricated beams increase from 59.56 kN to 168.78 kN. Finally, a formula was established to predict the flexural capacity of prefabricated beams bonded to steel-reinforced ECC, and the theoretical results show good agreement with experimental results.

Shock response of gradient nanocrystalline CoCrNi medium entropy alloy

A comprehensive investigation of shock-induced deformation and spallation mechanisms in nanocrystalline CoCrNi medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) is conducted by large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, encompassing both gradient and homogeneous nanocrystalline structures. Under the shock velocity ranging from 0.2 km/s to 1 km/s, the effects of grain heterogeneity on shock wave propagation, spallation and defect evolution are examined. An inverse Hall–Petch relationship, where the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) increases with larger grain sizes is observed within the grain size range of 3 to 12 nm for homogeneous nanocrystalline samples. Compared to the localized strain distribution either within grain interior (GI) or at grain boundaries (GB) in homogeneous nanocrystalline structures, gradient-grained counterparts exhibit compatible deformation along shock direction, which coordinates the load partitioning between GB and GI. As a result, lower densities of dislocation and stacking fault are triggered within the GI, while shear localization is mitigated at GB, leading to higher spall strength observed in the gradient nanocrystalline MEA samples at the same shock velocity. The results shed light on the insights of deformation and spallation mechanisms in gradient-grained MEAs under dynamic loading, which may open up a new avenue for the design of advanced structural MEAs with high strength and toughness.

Microstructure and mechanical behavior in a spherical L12 nanoprecipitates strengthened Ni35Co27.5Cr27.5Al5Ti5 high-entropy alloy fabricated by direct casting and heat treatment

Intricate thermomechanical processing (TMP) including casting, homogenization, cold rolling, annealing and aging, has been widely used to achieve L12-strengthened CoCrNi-based medium- and high-entropy alloys (MEAs/HEAs). However, a large number of parts are usually manufactured by direct casting. We fabricated a non-equiatomic Ni35Co27.5Cr27.5Al5Ti5 HEA consisting of spherical L12 nanoprecipitates and FCC matrix using casting, homogenization and aging. Notably, both the homogenized and aged Ni35Co27.5Cr27.5Al5Ti5 HEA samples exhibit equiaxed grains, with the latter showcasing uniformly distributed spherical L12 nanoprecipitates in the FCC matrix. The average size and volume fraction of these nanoprecipitates in the aged HEA are ∼10.9 nm and ∼41.9 vol%, respectively. Mechanical testing reveals remarkable improvements in the aged HEA, with a yield strength of ∼916 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of ∼1220 MPa, and a total elongation of ∼21.5 %. The observed enhancement is primarily attributed to precipitation strengthening mechanism. Digital image correlation (DIC) analysis of tensile deformation demonstrates uniform strain distribution in both the homogenized and aged HEA samples. In addition, electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examinations unveil a complex interplay of deformation mechanisms, including multiple planar slip, dislocation shearing coherent L12 precipitates, superpartials, stacking fault (SF) networks, and Lomer-Cottrell (L-C) locks. These mechanisms collectively impede dislocation motion, thereby contributing to the excellent strain-hardening ability and outstanding strength-ductility synergy of the HEA.