Distribution Of Socioeconomic Characteristics Research Articles

Socio-economic factors and personality traits influencing the sustainability of female agri-entrepreneurs in emerging economies

Entrepreneurship is the future, particularly for developing economies that are still striving to meet societal needs with the bare minimum of resources. With the urgency of entrepreneurship in South Africa, the study sought to investigate the influence of socioeconomic characteristics and personality traits on the sustainability of women agripreneurs. The study was conducted in the Mopani district of Limpopo province, South Africa. Structured questionnaires were administered to 119 women agripreneurs during face-to-face interviews. Descriptive statistics were used to gain insight into the distribution of socioeconomic characteristics among women agripreneurs. At the same time, a multinomial logistic regression model was used to determine the influence of socioeconomic characteristics and personality traits on the sustainability of female entrepreneurship. The study discovered that the sustainability of women agripreneurs during their start-up phase was significantly influenced by their hard work and resilience traits. At the same time, their traits of innovativeness and independence positively influenced their short-term sustainability. The long-term sustainability of the women agripreneurs was primarily influenced by their willingness to learn, household size, problem-solving, and can-do attitude. The study recommends that potential women agripreneurs be assisted in developing personality traits that enhance their sustainability during different phases of their businesses. The study findings imply the importance of considering the socioeconomic status and personality traits of potential agripreneurs when developing mechanisms to enhance their agribusiness sustainability.

A Research about the Effect of the Leadership Qualities of Public Administrators on the Motivation of the Employees

Public administration is the set of law, regulations and rules. Administrators are shaped and assigned in accordance with these variables. Though administration and leadership in public are regarded as very similar, they reflect different kinds of people and understanding. In recent times, administrator and leadership variables differ greatly and become subjects for analysis. In this research, the effect of different models of leadership and administrators on the motivation and job performance of the employees have been studied with a specific focus on public administration. In the research, firstly, frequency tables that indicate the distribution of socio economic characteristics of public employees were included. Then, every question that measures the effect of the administrators’ leadership qualities on the employees’ motivation and job performance were analyzed separately and frequency tables were formed. In the decoding process, the relationship between the leadership types and qualities that increase motivation and the socio demographic characteristics of the employees was examined. In this research, a questionnaire formed of 27 questions was used as a data collecting method. Before the application of the questionnaire, a short written notice was given to the participants about the aims of the study. In the questionnaire, questions measuring the demographic factors of the employees, the effect of the leadership qualities of the administrators on the motivation and job performance of the employees were used. The research was conducted in a big district of Istanbul, on 100 public employees who are single and married with an age range between15-56. In this study about Public Administration and Motivation, The Effects of The Leadership Qualities of the Administrators on The Motivation and Job Performances of the Employees, SPSS 21.0 statistical method were used as the decoding method; in accordance with the conclusions drawn, some proposals were brought forward.

Assessing socioeconomic inequalities of hypertension among women in Indonesia's major cities

Although hypertension has been recognized as one of the major public health problems, few studies address economic inequality of hypertension among urban women in developing countries. To assess this issue, we analysed data for 1400 women from four of Indonesia's major cities: Jakarta, Surabaya, Medan and Bandung. Women were aged ⩾15 years (mean age 35.4 years), and were participants in the 2007/2008 Indonesia Family Life Survey. The prevalence of hypertension measured by digital sphygmomanometer among this population was 31%. Using a multivariable logistic regression model, socioeconomic disadvantage (based on household assets and characteristics) as well as age, body mass index and economic conditions were significantly associated with hypertension (P<0.05). Applying the Fairlie decomposition model, results showed that 14% of the inequality between less and more economically advantaged groups could be accounted for by the distribution of socioeconomic characteristics. Education was the strongest contributor to inequality, with lower education levels increasing the predicted probability of hypertension among less economically advantaged groups. This work highlights the importance of socioeconomic inequality in the development of hypertension, and particularly the effects of education level.

The areal association of urban air pollutants and residential characteristics: Louisville and Detroit

Whereas there is substantial literature on the geographic aspects of air pollution and health effects of pollutants, there is a need to identify the specific urban neighbourhoods that are at risk from certain air pollutants. Louisville, Kentucky, and Detroit, Michigan, were selected for analysis because in these cities detailed data existed on mean blood lead levels among children aged 1–72 months. This research demonstrates (1) the dispersion of suspended particulates, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and aerosol lead over the two cities; (2) the distribution of socioeconomic characteristics and mean pediatric blood lead levels for census tracts in these cities; and (3) the statistical association between these pollutants, blood lead levels, and census characteristics. Although it is fallacious to claim, on the basis of this analysis, that lead in petrol is responsible for elevated blood lead among children in Louisville and Detroit, the implication remains that poor inner city residents, particularly children, are at higher risk of ill health due to air pollutants.

Inequality in a Divided Society: An Analysis of Data from Northern Ireland

Abstract The major objectives in this paper are to examine (1) the distribution of socioeconomic characteristics for Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland, and (2) the processes of educational, occupational, and income attainment for each religious group. The analysis shows that Catholic and Protestant employed males are not appreciably different in their educational characteristics; however, occupational and income differences are more substantial. The Protestant-Catholic income differences, for example, represent about one-fifth of the mean Catholic income. The analysis also shows that the process of status attainment differs for Protestants and Catholics. The income returns to each additional year of schooling, for example, are higher for Protestants than for Catholics.

Induced abortion and its sequelae: prevalence and associations with the outcome of pregnancy.

A mail questionnaire of 2825 and an interview survey of 650 Japanese women age 20-44 was conducted in March 1971. Results show that the prevalence of induced abortion in Kochi prefecture is higher than previous reports based on national family planning surveys in Japan. The pregnancy histories of 2476 mail survey and 614 interview survey respondents who had completed at least one pregnancy prior to the date of questioning showed that: Pregnancy wastage and infertility were reported in similar proportions of women who did and did not use induced abortion. Live births and pregnancies (excluding induced abortions) corrected for age and duration of marriage showed similar ratios among women who did and did not use induced abortion. Induced abortion represented excess fertility in all age groups and was associated with a high degree of contraceptive failure. Women who used induced abortion attempted to use contraception more than nonaborters. Younger women used more efficient contraceptive methods than older women. Maternal age specific analysis showed that the outcomes of pregnancies subsequent to an induced abortion were qualitatively similar to the outcomes of pregnancies in women who did not use abortion. A secular decline in fertility occurred after age 30. This was accompanied by an increase in pregnancy wastage seen in similar proportions among women whether or not they had used induced abortion. An inverse relationship between education and the use of induced abortion was found. This was independent of age. Younger marriage age and longer duration of marriage was associated with higher prevalence of induced abortion. The distribution of socioeconomic characteristics was not related to abortion status. The history and present status of abortion practices in Japan are discussed. (authors)