Distribution Of Settlements Research Articles

Research on Spatial Distribution of Settlements in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River

Research on Spatial Distribution of Settlements in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River

Hypsometrical distribution of settlements as a factor of regional differentiation of the gender-age structure of the population of West Morava Valley

The paper analysed some aspects of changes in the biological structures of the population in 230 settlements of West Morava Valley, from the position of the type of settlement and the hypsometric zone to which they belong. Bearing in mind that there are significant height differences in the relief of West Morava Valley (144-1,321 m above sea level), its breakdown caused the regional differentiation of settlements according to the size and structures of the population living in them. The statistical analysis was performed in two-period sections (1971 and 2011). The reason for this is that the 1970s were the most dynamic socio-economic transformation of the studied region, caused by the impact of industrialization and urbanization. The results obtained during the research show that the aging of the population in West Morava Valley has reached such a level that it represents a first-class problem. In the analysed forty-year period, the participation of the old population (60 and over) doubled (from 12.8% to 25.2%), while the aging index increased even three times (from 0.42 to 1.27). The population of West Morava Valley is in the stage of the deepest demographic age, with the difference that rural settlements at higher altitudes age much faster. The differences in the gender structure of the population between the urban and rural settlements of the region are not so drastically expressed, but in both categories the dominance of the female contingent is evident.

Preliminary Report on Class-Action Settlement Distributions in the Northern District of California

Preliminary Report on Class-Action Settlement Distributions in the Northern District of California

A Geographical Study of Soil Types and Distribution of Settlement in Solapur District

A Geographical Study of Soil Types and Distribution of Settlement in Solapur District

Wetlands ecological security assessment in lower reaches of Taoerhe river connected with Nenjiang river using modified PSR model

Over the past two decades, with the implementation of a series of ecological restoration projects and the comprehensive improvement projects of agriculture, most of the ecological environments in Western area of Northeast region have been significantly improved. Therefore nearly all the wetlands have been significantly improved from the perspective of landscape and vegetation cover. In particular, China has just promulgated a Wetland protection law to further promote the concept of wetland protection into society. How safe the wetlands will be after the changes is a priority. The objective of this paper is to construct an improved comprehensive evaluation model to evaluate the wetland safety situation based on several types of data. In this paper, a typical wetland area situated in the Momoge National Protected Area is selected, based on pressure-state-response (PSR) model and the mathematical method of catastrophe progression theory, geographical information system (GIS) approach is involved to improve the model parameters, the ecological security situation within the study area is evaluated from 2000 to 2020. The results show: (i) the ecological security in study area varied nonlinearly, and has been turning worse from 2000 to 2009, while during 2009 to 2020 has been turning better; (ii) the ecological security levels in Momoge wetlands region were in moderate and primary warning during the past two decades, with higher value of ecological security comprehensive index in the middle region and lower value in the east and west region in the area; (iii) the area with lower value of eco-security index is corresponded with the distribution of settlements and river valleys where the the intensity of Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC) is much wider and deeper than the other area. From above, it is clearly that even within national protected areas, wetlands are mostly at a moderate ecological level and unevenly distributed in study area. Influenced by human factors, wetlands are at a lower security level. From that, wetlands protection only is in the initial stage, and wetlands protection and restoration still has a long way to go.

Effect of Seismic Analysis Approach and Provision of Shear Walls on Parameters for Raft Foundation Design

The present work attempts to understand the effect of different methods of seismic analysis on the design of building raft foundation. The study also evaluates the role of shear wall on the foundation response. A ten storey building with raft foundation has been analyzed in STAAD Pro using three different seismic analysis methods, viz., Linear static analysis, Linear dynamic analysis and Non-linear dynamic analysis. Furthermore, building with two different arrangements of shear walls (peripheral and core region) are studied by Non-linear dynamic analysis and compared with the model without shear wall. The raft is modeled with plate elements supported by soil springs using Winkler's approach. To consider the effect of different soil and raft stiffness, three different soil spring values and two raft thickness values have been considered. It has been concluded from the study that linear static analysis yields lower values of all foundation design parameters (viz., base pressure, settlement, foundation bending moment and shear stress) as compared to dynamic analysis. Dynamic analysis yields higher variation in base pressure and settlement distribution, which suggests adopting dynamic analysis approach for obtaining more realistic response, especially for settlement sensitive structures. Further the provision of shear wall has negligible influence on base pressure and settlement of foundation, while maximum bending moment and shear stress in foundation increases. Hence, provision of shear wall may increase cost of foundation, however, considering its role in improving structural integrity, shear walls are deemed important. Further, the increase in soil stiffness and reduction in raft thickness yields higher maximum base pressure and variation in base pressure, which confirms the importance of considering the effect of soil-foundation interaction for design of foundation. It is opined that the findings of the study would help in more realistic foundation design to achieve better performance during its life cycle.

The Landscape Pattern Characteristics and Spatial Distribution of the Rural Settlements in the Hejiang River Basin

Analyzing the landscape pattern of rural settlements is an important way to reveal the relationships between landscape change and human activities. Based on Landsat TM/ETM/OLI satellite remote sensing images as data sources and Hejiang River Basin as the research area, this paper expounds the information on the spatial distribution of rural settlements at four time points in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020. Using the methods of landscape pattern analysis, GIS spatial analysis and spatial statistics, this paper analyzes the spatial characteristics of the rural settlements, such as scale, distribution and shape, and then discusses the influences of terrain, rivers, location and policy factors on the spatial characteristics of the rural settlements. The results show that with the advance of time, the number of rural settlement patches in Hejiang River Basin is decreasing, the patch area and average patch area are increasing, the patch density is decreasing, and the settlement pattern tends toward cluster development. In addition, the shapes of settlement patches tend to be complicated and irregular, so it is necessary to strengthen planning and guidance in order to promote the regular layout of the settlements. The overall distribution of settlements is dense in the Northwest and Southeast, but sparse in the Middle and West, with a high density in the plains and a low density in hills and mountains. This study found that the terrain, river and location factors have significant influences on the spatial pattern of settlements.

LiDAR analyses in the contiguous Mirador-Calakmul Karst Basin, Guatemala: an introduction to new perspectives on regional early Maya socioeconomic and political organization

AbstractLiDAR coverage of a large contiguous area within the Mirador-Calakmul Karst Basin (MCKB) of northern Guatemala has identified a concentration of Preclassic Maya sites (ca. 1000 b.c.–a.d. 150) connected by causeways, forming a web of implied social, political, and economic interactions. This article is an introduction to one of the largest, contiguous, regional LiDAR studies published to date in the Maya Lowlands. More than 775 ancient Maya settlements are identified within the MCKB, and 189 more in the surrounding karstic ridge, which we condensed into 417 ancient cities, towns, and villages of at least six preliminary tiers based on surface area, volumetrics, and architectural configurations. Many tiered sites date to the Middle and Late Preclassic periods, as determined by archaeological testing, and volumetrics of contemporaneously constructed and/or occupied architecture with similar morphological characteristics. Monumental architecture, consistent architectural formats, specific site boundaries, water management/collection facilities, and 177 km of elevated Preclassic causeways suggest labor investments that defy organizational capabilities of lesser polities and potentially portray the strategies of governance in the Preclassic period. Settlement distributions, architectural continuities, chronological contemporaneity, and volumetric considerations of sites provide evidence for early centralized administrative and socio-economic strategies within a defined geographical region.

The Effect of Terrestrial Manifestations on the Spatial Distribution of Rural Settlement in Zaweta Sub-District

The study of rural settlements is one of the important aspects in population and settlement studies, but the terrestrial features are linked and affect them, and also have a role in determining the pattern of their distribution, The settlement reality of any site is an environmental reflection of the region, and many studies have emerged that are concerned with researching the settlement reality, its size, shape and lifestyle. This study came to determine the effect of the land appearance in determining the distribution pattern of rural settlements in Zawita sub-district.

Prediction of Settlement Growth in Meulaboh Urban Area (MUA) and Its Implication for Carrying Capacity

Population growth affects the competition between land uses. Inevitably, the increasing demand for natural resources causes severe damage to the urban environment. In addition, the potential of water resources can be a problem related to the supply of clean and suitable water to the community. The geological structure of the soil, disaster susceptibility, and issues with the clean water supply at the location are challenges in determining the development of residential areas in the Meulaboh Urban Area (MUA). This study aims to determine the carrying capacity of the Meulaboh urban settlement environment and the model for the distribution of settlements in the MUA. The environment’s carrying capacity is reviewed based on two aspects: the carrying capacity of settlements and water resources. In analyzing settlement modeling using MLC data from time-series images of Google Earth and Landsat 8-9 in 2011, 2016, and 2021 and using the MOLUSCE plugin on QGIS. The environmental carrying capacity assessment results show that the level of carrying capacity of settlements in the MUA is currently worth 1.69, and in 2041 it will reach a value of 1.26. While the carrying capacity of water resources in the current year is at a value of 2.8, and in 2041, it will reach a value of 2.0. Until 2041, it can still accommodate the population and meet the water needs to support population growth. However, it must still consider the disaster aspects and existing environmental constraints. So that sustainable development can be created that can balance development and the environment in the region.

Evaluation of Suitability and Spatial Distribution of Rural Settlements in the Karst Mountainous Area of China

With the acceleration of urbanization and the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy, the spatial pattern of rural settlements in China has changed significantly. The suitability of rural settlements is a requirement for rural revitalization. The objective of this paper is to quantitatively depict, analyze, and evaluate the suitability of rural settlements in karst mountain areas to eliminate poverty and accelerate the process of new urbanization by constructing rural settlements. Taking 525 rural settlements in Songtao Miao Autonomous County, Guizhou Province, in the karst mountainous area as the research object, the distribution of rural settlements is studied using point mode spatial analysis and neighborhood analysis. The impacts of natural and regional environmental factors are detected using Geodetector. To make the evaluation results more scientific and reasonable, a suitability evaluation model based on Geodetector and AHP was constructed to solve the subjective problem of the weight assignment of the AHP method and reflect the interaction between the influencing factors. The results demonstrate the following. (1) The variation coefficient of the Thiessen polygon area in the Voronoi diagram shows that the spatial distribution of rural settlements is mainly random. The spatial distribution of kernel density in rural settlements presents multiple nuclear centers, with obvious spatial differentiation, with Changping Township being the densest and Waxi Township the sparsest. (2) Rural settlements are mainly distributed below a 15° slope, 800 m above sea level, within 6 km from rivers, 4 km from roads, and 7 km from the township center. Slope and distance from the river are the main driving forces of spatial differentiation. The spatial distribution of rural settlement areas is affected by natural and regional environmental factors, and the interaction between slope and distance from the river is the strongest explanatory power. (3) The results of suitability evaluation show that 87.40% of the rural settlement areas are categorized as “suitable” and “relatively suitable” for living. The “suitable” rural settlement areas are mainly concentrated in the hilly and low mountain areas and river valleys, with relatively gentle terrain in the middle and east, distributed in two north–south trending strips. The “relatively suitable” rural settlements are mainly scattered in the surrounding livable areas. This study could provide a reference for the planning and reconstruction of rural residential areas in karst mountain areas and expand the research means of suitability evaluation of rural residential areas, and it is applicable to other settings.

Spatial and temporal distribution of rural settlements and influencing mechanisms in Inner Mongolia, China

Revealing the patterns and influencing mechanisms of spatial and temporal distribution of rural settlements is crucial for rural revitalization and sustainable development. However, our limited understanding of the rural settlements in China's ethnic minority border areas has hindered the process of their agricultural and rural modernization. Based on data on rural settlements in Inner Mongolia, China in four periods between 1990 and 2020, this study reveals its spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and describes the dynamic transformation process of settlement. Using a geographical detector approach, 17 factors are explored to identify the influencing mechanisms of each factor on the distribution of rural settlements in different regions. The results show obvious regional differences in the spatial distribution of rural settlements in Inner Mongolia, with the largest kernel density values in the west (Hetao irrigation area) and higher kernel densities in the central (Hohhot) and the east (Chifeng and Tongliao). While rural population decreases, rural settlements expand into cultivated land, grassland, and unused land resources. Its spatial distribution is significantly influenced by the factors of distance to cultivated land, distance to towns, and population density. The east of the study area is mainly controlled by temperature, while vegetation type and vegetation coverage have a greater impact in the west. The interactions between two influencing factors possess bilinear or nonlinear enhancement relationships. This study enriches the understanding of the rural settlements in ethnic minority border areas, which provide reference for the improvement of rural human settlement environment in Inner Mongolia.

Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Rural Settlements in Metropolitan Fringe Area: A Case Study of Nanjing, China

Rural settlement is the core content of rural geography research. Exploring the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of rural settlements can provide reference for the optimization of rural settlements. This paper selected Nanjing as a typical case, based on remote sensing image, using R statistics, kernel density analysis, hot spot detection analysis and semi variogram function; the paper analyzed the spatial, scale and morphological distribution characteristics of rural settlements; and preliminarily analyzed the influencing factors of rural settlements distribution in the metropolitan fringe area. The results showed that: (1) The spatial distribution of rural settlements generally presented a “multi-core” center, and a spatial distribution trend of stepwise decline from the core to the periphery, showing a typical “core-edge” structure. (2) There was a significant spatial difference in the scale distribution of rural settlements, which was characterized by a gradual decrease in the scale of rural settlements with the increase in the distance from the central urban area. (3) The morphological distribution of rural settlements showed spatial differentiation, and the morphological types of settlements mainly included strip, arcbelt, cluster and scatter. (4) The distribution of rural settlements was affected by such factors as terrain, river system, traffic, economic and social development, cultural and policy. The distribution of rural settlements had the location orientation of “low altitude, water affinity and road affinity”. The increase in agricultural population, rural economic development, cultural and policy factors played an important role in the distribution of rural settlements in the metropolitan fringe area.

An analysis of settlement development areas in 2010-2020 in blambangan umpu, way kanan regency, lampung province

One of the land use changes is affected by population growth in a particular area since human needs a place to live and settle. Land use in each region is a form of meeting the needs of the community. Changes in land that are used for settlements can occur in certain area such as in Blambangan Umpu District, Way Kanan Regency, Lampung Province. Meanwhile, the purpose of this study is to analyse the development of settlements in Blambangan Umpu District in 2010-2020. The method used in this study is descriptive method with qualitative approach. The data were collected by several techniques including field observations, literature study, and documentation study. The data were then analysed by using descriptive analysis technique. The results of the study which are based on the map published in 2010, 2015, 2017, and 2020 show that the land use changes for settlements have occurred in Blambangan Umpu District. The results of the analysis show the distribution of settlements towards the northern and southern parts of Blambangan Umpu District, Way Kanan Regency, Lampung Province within 10 years. The implication of this research is that local government needs to consider in regional spatial planning for the future.

Detection of urban growth in the state of Hidalgo using Landsat images

The detection of urban expansion through digital processing of satellite images provides valuable information for understanding the dynamics of land use change and its spatial relationship with environmental factors. In order to apply or generate effective land-use planning policies, it is essential to have a historical record of the regional distribution of human settlements, an element that is practically non-existent in our country. For this reason, this text aims to determine the urban growth rate during the period 2000–2014 in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico, and to identify potential expansion zones from Landsat images. Six Landsat scenes were used for the spatial analysis of the state urban coverage and their relationship with the road influence area was evaluated. Two maps were obtained as cartographic products: one of urban coverage distribution and another of the municipalities with the greatest expansion, whose areas are located in the Valle del Mezquital region. However, Mineral de la Reforma, Tetepango, Tizayuca and Pachuca de Soto stand out for their growth rates during the study period: 183.44%, 102%, 94% and 68.5%, respectively. In total, the state urban area in-creased 72.3 km2 from 2000 to 2014 with an average growth rate of 1.8% per year. Such growth was associated with the areas of influence of important road infrastructure, such as the Libramiento Arco Norte in Hidalgo. Therefore, the Mezquital Valley and the Mexico Basin are considered as potential regions for urban expansion in the state.

Holocene landscape evolution in northern Henan Province and its implications for archaeological surveys

AbstractThe heartlands of many of the world's civilizations are situated within alluvial plains, where thick alluvial sediments obscure much of the archaeological record. However, the use of alluvial geoarchaeology remains patchy, particularly in the world's largest alluvial basins. We present results from our geoarchaeological survey at Neihuang County, Henan Province, China, as an example for alluvial geoarchaeological research in the North China Plain and to develop a generalized framework for landscape evolution in the area during the Holocene. We reconstruct the alluvial history of the area around Neihuang County by synthesizing stratigraphic data from seven outcrops into distinct depositional units. Our findings suggest that much of the archaeological record in the North China Plain is buried by meters of sediment or eroded away by the ancient channels of the Yellow River and other tributary streams. Therefore, the presence of buried archaeological sites and river scour in recorded outcrops suggests that the nonsystematic archaeological surveys that are commonly used to interpret cultural changes are not accurate reflections of archaeological site distributions. From the results of this case study, we recommend that archaeologists and paleoclimatologists should exercise more caution when using settlement distribution data gathered through nonsystematic pedestrian surveys to make inferences about ancient processes of cultural change or social dynamics in the North China Plain.

Analysis of Meanders and Bends of Lesser Zab River from Dalga VViilllage to Darbandi Rania

This study investigates the meanders of the Lesser Zab River in the study area, in terms of morphometric characteristics such as )length, width, direction, shape, area and symmetry of the meanders( and their distribution along the main river in the river valley through explaining the forcing factors in the creation of such shapes such as slope, geological structure, transported materials, flow of tributaries into the main river and tectonic activity in terms of geomorphic actions such as (carving, removal, transportation and sedimentation(, with the influence of human factors. Also, the phases of meanders development from north to south in the river valley are discussed. Furthermore, differences and dissimilarities of such formation can be seen between the periods 1972-2021; this is reflected in morphometric characteristics and geomorphic actions in all parts of the river basin. This research relies on various research methods such as deductive method, numerical methods and cartographic methods; using (ArcGIS.version.10.8), with the use of digital elevation model (DEM12.5m), to conduct detailed field work by the researcher. In the study area, 17 bends and meanders in the river have been identified, of which 7 bends were bends and 10 were meandering with the percent of meandering reaching (1.58), and the bend of Kewiya has the highest rate of twist, which reached (5.4). At the same time, the value of symmetry in the bend of Bekhre village is completely symmetric, because the value of each side (X) and (Y) is 49. For example, the length of the river for each of the years (2020,1984 and 2021) consecutively reached (32 km, 32.876 km, 31.7٢7 km), These changes will affect the size of human activities in the study area such as )distribution of human settlements, agricultural activities, poultry farms, fish ponds and industrial activities).

Research on the Spatial–Temporal Distribution and Morphological Characteristics of Ancient Settlements in the Luzhong Region of China

This paper focuses on ancient settlements in the Luzhong region (the centre of Shandong Province) of China and analyses the spatial–temporal distribution and morphological characteristics of ancient settlements with the help of GIS technology and the perspectives of archaeology and cultural geography. Specifically, the 1972 settlements collected were used to establish a database of settlement site attributes. Then, the DEM data were superimposed with the settlement sites, and calculations of the kernel density, elevation, slope, aspect, and buffer zone were further carried out. The distribution and characteristics were refined based on quantitative and qualitative analyses. The study found that the Neolithic period, the Shang–Zhou period, and the Qin–Northern and Southern Dynasties were the three high points of settlement development. In these three periods, the centres of the large-scale distribution of settlements experienced changes from a “single centre” to a “continuous belt” to a “double centre’. In general, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the settlement distribution were continuously developed through time, while the spatial characteristics show that the main body continued to change locally. In different periods, settlements tended to be in the alluvial plains located between 20 and 60 m and with a slope of less than 6°. At the same time, they showed the obvious characteristic of living close to water. The past, present, and future are in the same chain of time; meanwhile, these settlements are the predecessors of today’s cities, towns, and villages. So, this study provides a basis for protecting their heritage value and provides a reference for the coordination of human–land relations, which can help achieve global sustainable development.

Settlement expansion influenced by socio-cultural changes in western Hunan mountainous areas of China during the eighteenth century

This paper examines long-term settlement expansion in western Hunan region of China and presents a case study of socio-cultural landscape transformation. We extract historical settlements from historical documents in the area's representative counties and outline their spatial distributions during the eighteenth century. Following these distributions, we then examine the influencing factors behind the expansion. We found that when compared with older settlements, new settlements were concentrated primarily on sloping, high-elevation fields rather than more level, lower-elevation fields. Multiple factors affected this settlement expansion. Topography strongly influenced settlement distribution, while policy shifts strongly influenced settlement expansion. Among these was a policy shift from prohibition to encouragement. Other contributing factors to settlement expansion included population growth, immigration, the introduction of new crops, improved farming techniques, and farmland water conservation facilities, which likely benefited from temperature rises. Furthermore, a portion of the indigenous people gradually transitioned into permanent agriculture from slash-and-burn farming, possibly resulting in increased settlement activities. Overall, this study makes important contributions to understanding human impacts on mountainous environments of the past, highlighting patterns of historical-geographical continuity and change over time. Future investigations on historical settlements in a typical region would improve knowledge of these human-nature interactions over the long term.

DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND SETTLEMENT DENSITY USING NEAREST NEIGHBOR ANALYSIS AND KERNEL DENSITY ANALYSIS IN DIY COASTAL AREAS

DIY's coastal area is one of DIY's development priorities by establishing the site as an economic corridor that impacts physical development, such as settlements in the coastal area of DIY. This study aims to analyze the distribution and density of settlements. The method used in research is a quantitative descriptive and Geography Information System approach. The analysis used in this study is Nearest Neighbour Analysis (NNA) and Kernel Density Analysis with an analysis tool in ArcGIS 10.5. The results of the NNA show that the three districts located on the coast of DIY have the same distribution pattern characteristics, namely, the clustered pattern, which means the NNA index value is <1 or the T value ranges from 0-0.80. The results of the kernel density analysis show that the most significant density is found in Kulon Progo Regency, precisely in Wates District, and Bantul Regency, precisely in Srandakan District. At the same time, for Gunung Kidul Regency, it is less significant, and the density is only centered on one density point. Several factors cause settlement density, including physical factors (topography, slope, soil type, and clean water sources), accessibility (proximity to transportation routes and proximity to the city center), availability of facilities and infrastructure (electricity network, educational facilities, and health), and environmental factors (natural and human resources).Keywords: Settlements, Coastal, NNA, Kernel Density