Distribution Of Public Goods Research Articles

The Main Theories of the Provision of Public Goods: History and Modernity

The article discusses the history and modern theories of public goods provision, which are a key aspect of the socio-economic system of states. Public goods, such as defense, free education, street lighting, and others, are distinguished by the fact that their consumption is available to all members of society at the same time and they do not compete with each other. It is determined that in the 19th century, with the emergence of new economic and social theories, new approaches to the provision of public goods emerged. Researchers such as Schaeffe and Pigou made a significant contribution to understanding the role of the state in this process by considering public goods in the context of the public and private sectors of the economy. It is noted that in the second half of the 19th century, as well as in the 20th century, new theories emerged that became important for understanding the production and distribution of public goods. The key attention is focused on the study of the history and modernity of theories of public goods provision, as well as their application in modern conditions. In general, the article highlights the significance of the historical development of the theory of public goods and its impact on modern economic and political practice, emphasizing the need for continuous development and adaptation of this theory to the changing conditions of society. A comparative analysis of the scientific literature of different conceptual views and approaches to the problem of public goods provision and their distribution is presented.

Competitive Distribution of Public Goods: The Role of Quorum Sensing in the Development of Bacteria Colonies

Competitive Distribution of Public Goods: The Role of Quorum Sensing in the Development of Bacteria Colonies

The Role of Norms in Organizing a Just Society

Currently, the classical concepts of capitalism and socialism are being improved, clarified, and modified. Today, countries with different approaches to the distribution of public goods are called socialist. In this work we will talk about an artificial society in which the mechanism of preferring socialism over capitalism is implemented. It is substantiated that such a society seems natural with the dominance of digital technologies, in particular, various types of robots. The main attention will be paid to social norms, since in the digital world their role is becoming almost dominant. Norms are seen as an effective measure to combat injustice and inequality. A typical question when building an artificial society is how to formulate the relationships between agents in terms of good and evil. A model of interaction between agents will be considered, where indicators of the relationship between agents, in particular, good and evil, are indicated in the form “exist - do not exist” without their quantitative measurement. By carrying out calculations on this type of model, it is possible to determine under what conditions society consolidates or, on the contrary, breaks up into groups that hate each other, etc.

Ontology as ideology: A critique of Butler's theory of precariousness

Ontology as ideology: A critique of Butler's theory of precariousness

Allocation of public goods, ethnic favouritism and the risk of local ethnic wars in sub-Saharan Africa

ABSTRACT Ethnic favouritism in the distribution of public goods has been a common problem in multi-ethnic countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Is inequitable allocation of public goods associated with ethnic conflict and war? This study connects the literatures on ethnic competition, rent-seeking and public goods and examines whether impartial allocation of public goods by governments affect the onset of local ethnic wars in 40 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. It is expected that particularistic policy-making in the allocation of public goods can increase the risk of local ethnic wars in sub-Saharan Africa because it can contribute to horizontal group grievances and rent-seeking over state resources. Analyses of 40 sub-Saharan African countries from 1946 to 2010 show that a one standard deviation change public versus particularistic goods provision appears to reduce the risk of local ethnic wars by a substantial 27–59% with consideration of a battery of control variables. To facilitate peace in the sub-Saharan countries, policy makers and states should promote impartial policies targeted at the allocation of public goods for all communities and groups.

ADVOCACY OF COMPETITION IN THE WORLD AND UKRAINE: COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS

Background: The advocacy of competition is a modern civilisational mechanism of cooperation, which balances private and public interests in economic activity and realises the functions of state management and control of economic activity, ensuring reasonable distribution of public goods. Competition is a fundamental driving force that determines the course of economic processes and contributes to the growth of economic prosperity and innovation in society. Its provision, protection, and development are among the main priorities of state economic policy in general and competition policy in particular. The purpose of this article is a comparative legal analysis of the advocacy of competition in different countries. This study will also identify the peculiarities of the use of advocacy tools in these places. Methods: In studying the proposed problem, the following methods were used: general philosophical and general scientific (dialectical, systemic, formal-logical, etc.); universal (induction, deduction); special-scientific (formal-legal, comparative law); interpretation of the rules, etc. One of the main methods used is the comparative method for researching the common and distinctive features of the advocacy of competition in the EU, USA, Mexico, the Republic of South Africa, and Ukraine. Results and Conclusions: The results show that countries with advanced economies have approached advocacy of competition gradually after more than a century of anti-monopoly competition legislation. In post-transformational economies, we see the formation of competitive policy principles activated after independence and the transition to market-based business practices. The globalisation of international trade relations leads to the need to implement complex competition advocacy programs and unify norms at the level of individual states and unions. Advocacy of competition remains important as a tool of self-regulation of economic activity. The European vector of Ukraine’s development caused the emergence of new mechanisms of interaction between the state, the individual, and society. Having chosen to strive for European integration, Ukraine began to build a new model of cooperation between all market participants, the introduction of which was based on the provisions of the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the EU, the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states, on the other hand, using implementation mechanisms of both individual norms and entire institutions of public-private partnership. The implementation of competition advocacy mechanisms in Ukraine is applied using the mechanisms of the analogy of individual norms and tools of competition policy. The formation of new good competitive practices is connected with russia’s war.

Leaving Blacks Behind in Brooklyn

The Borough of Brooklyn, New York has evolved over the past half-millennium from a sparsely settled, lush woodland, to a bustling super-diverse, post-industrial city of almost three million residents. This essay looks at the experiences of those who, over that long period of time, have made their homes in this territory. The first Brooklynites, of course were Native Americans such as members of the Canarsie tribe, but since them there has been a virtual Roman Fountain of migrants and immigrants from every corner of the nation and the globe. This enormous population movement can easily be characterized as a series of what classical urban ecologists such called “invasions and successions” (Park, et al., 1925). Unfortunately, as a consequence of conflicts and competitions over Brooklyn spaces and resources, there has been an unequal, and inequitable, distribution of public goods to “winners” and “losers.” Here we will address that, periodically troubled, history from a “distributive social justice” perspective, with a special focus on those of African descent (Rawls & Kelly, 2003). that will also be prefaced by the United Nations “17 Sustainable Development Goals” (United Nations, 2022).

Institutionogenesis of the process of production and distribution of public goods

Institutionogenesis of the process of production and distribution of public goods

Production of Public Goods as a Space for the Development of Human Potential: Contradictions and the Potential of Soviet Practices

The article analyzes the contradictions in the development of public goods production sphere in the USSR. It is shown that, on the one hand, such spheres as science, education, public health care, culture, etc. in this economic system were developing on the principles of general accessibility, egalitarianism, guarantees of employment. This provision has become one of the foundations for the formation of creative potential among a wide range of citizens, boost of creative activity, high results in the development of human potential, technology, culture. On the other hand, in these areas, as in the economy as a whole, this progress was hampered by numerous deformations of progressive trends (bureaucracy, shadow commercial relations, etc.). Critical use of the experience of the USSR shows that the development of spheres in which prevails creative labor as spaces for the creation and distribution of public goods can give high economic, social and humanitarian results, provided they are organized in the democratic mode.

Конкурентні моделі безпечного розвитку України в умовах інституціональної нестабільності та викликів глобального середовища

The article considers the prerequisites and mechanisms for the formation of competitive security strategies for socio-economic development of the state in the entropy of the global environment. Conceptual bases of security for implementing the macromodel of the state social and economic development are analyzed, that, in particular, provides: dismantling the system of clan capitalism, de-shadowing of economy and counteraction to corruption, safety of consumption and balanced limited social and economic development and application of bionic management paradigm of economic security based on a unified fiscal accounting payment system. This model should provide the basic preconditions for happiness and self-reproduction of citizens: social justice in the distribution of public goods and overcoming poverty, combating corruption, comfortable economic climate, strengthening economic security and confidence in the future by stabilizing macroeconomic indicators over time. This will allow forecasting the needs of consumer, financial, investment, innovation markets in the strategic perspective and other indicators, which will be a prerequisite for sustainable safe development and full consideration of the interests of future generations.

Crisis оf distribution in the modern world: trends and consequences

Main causes of crisis of distribution in the modern world are considered in the article. While the COVID- 19 pandemic is spreading, the problem of distribution and related crises have become main issues that attract attention of both governments and the world community. Rising unemployment, gender disparities, income inequality and wealth are some of the side effects of the coronavirus pandemic. The crisis has exacerbated inequality on the all main dividing lines of society and pushed back achievements in reducing poverty all around the world. The pandemic and its aftermath have reminded us of the need to move to a society, which would be fairer and more sustainable one. The distribution crisis can lead to the collapse of many social subsystems. The systems, structures and organizations, which are able to change in a permanent way and effectively overcome conflicts, become the most successful. Distribution policy does not necessarily mean welfare programs for low-income groups or a broad distribution of public goods and finances. Redistributing manager’s power is also subject to redistribution policy. The idea of welfare state, its development and further all-encompassing crisis draw attention to the most important moments of human existence, such as distribution of goods and the right to access to resources both within a state and in the world as a whole. The states with a high welfare level enjoy widely available educational programs, largely funded by taxes. Thus, in order to ensure equal opportunities and achieve equal results, a coordination of professional training and an existing labor market is needed. A clear legal system is needed to address distribution challenges and distribution risks, especially in economic legislation and, first of all, in tax, financial and antitrust regulations, which solve distribution problems in practice. Thus, distribution crises must be effectively controlled and resolved by strengthening economic regulation.

Aristotle’s Political Justice and the Golden Ratio between the Three Opposing Criteria for the Distribution of Public Goods among Citizens: Freedom, Wealth and Virtue

In this article, I interpret Book V of the Nicomachean Ethics in which Aristotle presents a geometrical problem to explain which is the Best Criterion for the Distribution of Political and Economic Rights and Duties among Citizens, starting from the empirical evidence that there are three opposing opinions on which is the fairest distribution criterion: for some it is Freedom (Democrats), for others Wealth (Oligarchs), and for others Virtue (Aristocrats). Against the almost unique and most quoted interpretation of the geometrical problem, I present my mathematical solution, which I arrived at thanks to the Doctrine of the Four Causes and the Theory of the Mean. My thesis is that the Mean Term of Distributive Justice is the Golden Ratio between the opposite criteria of distribution, and the unjust distribution is the one that violates this ratio. This solution allows us to understand what is the Rational Principle at the basis of just distribution: that is, Geometrical Equality as opposed to Arithmetical Equality. Indeed, by applying the geometric figure of the Golden Triangle to the different political constitutions, I show, in line with Politics, that the Best Form of Government is the Aristocratic Politeia, i.e., a mixture of Democracy, Oligarchy and Aristocracy.

Evaluation of access to electricity and the socioeconomic effects in rural and urban expanses of Nigeria

PurposeRecently, multidimensional aspects of poverty has been increasingly focused on which includes education, economy and health, while access to modern energy such as stable electricity is also one of the possible solution; thus, this article aims to divulge the relation between access to electricity and progression in socioeconomic status in urban and rural areas of Nigeria in an attempt to propose a sustainable framework for access to electricity.Design/methodology/approachDemographic and health survey data are collected using four categories of model of questionnaires. A standard questionnaire was designed to gather information on features of the household's dwelling element and attributes of visitors and usual residents between the 2018 period. Biomarker questionnaire was used to gather biomarker data on men, women and children. Logistic model estimation technique was employed to estimate the socioeconomic factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria.FindingsThese studies discovered that there are diverse set of factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria especially in the rural areas. However, respondent residing in rural areas are still largely deprived access to electricity; most importantly, households with no access to electricity are more likely to use self-generating sets as revealed. Additionally, empirical findings indicated that the higher the level of your education and wealth, the higher the likelihood of having access to electricity in Nigeria. These factors included political will to connect the rural areas to the national grid, development of other infrastructures in those deprived areas and others.Practical implicationsThe problem confronting access to electricity in Nigeria has three components. The first is the significance of those deprived access to electricity in the rural areas and the physical resources needed to connect them to the national grid. The second is the political willingness of the government to have equitable distribution of public goods evenly between rural and urban areas especially on electricity access which will go a long way in reducing poverty in Nigeria. The third is lack of robust national development plans and strategy to tackle the problems facing electricity access in Nigeria.Social implicationsAs the rate of socioeconomic status/development increases, access to electricity is anticipated to rise up in Nigeria.Originality/valueThe findings can be used by the policy makers to address problems facing access to electricity in Nigeria.

Embeddedness and cohesion: regimes of urban public goods distribution

Why do some urban governing regimes realize a more equal distribution of public goods than others? Local government interventions in São Paulo, Brazil, have produced surprisingly effective redistribution of residential public goods — housing and sanitation — between 1989 and 2016. I use original interviews and archival research for a comparative-historical analysis of variation across time in São Paulo’s governance of housing and sanitation. I argue that sequential configurations of a) “embeddedness” of the local state in civil society and b) the “cohesion” of the institutional sphere of the local state, explain why and when urban governing regimes generate the coordinating capacity to distribute public goods on a programmatic basis. I further illustrate how these configurations can explain variation in urban governing regimes across the world.

TRANSACTION COSTS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE SIZE OF THE ENTERPRISE AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY

The paper presents a discursive analysis of the use of the category of “transaction costs”. The similarity of the concepts of “transaction costs’ and “costs of the marketing” by E. Chamberlin is demonstrated. However, in the original discourse of R. Coase, transaction costs are considered as the costs of using the price mechanism associated with the market allocation of resources. The firm, as a hierarchical economic system, was an alternative allocation mechanism to the market. The factors that influence the value of transaction costs in O. Williamson’s contract theory are almost unrelated to sales and the marketing. In the discourse of J. Buchanan and M. Olson transaction costs are costs arising in the political market. For J. Buchanan, these are the “positive” costs of creating new laws that reduce the social costs associated with the production and distribution of public goods. M. Olson’s discourse addresses not only the “positive” but also the “negative” costs associated with dividing markets through government regulation. In turn, R. Coase himself, investigating the problem of social costs associated with external effects, in fact got rid of transaction costs, equating them to zero. It is this situation of “Coase’s theorem” that began to be used in the framework of the analysis methodology of the discipline “Economics and Law”. The paper proposes an interpretation of transaction costs as costs of overcoming the boundaries between heterogeneous systems, based on the discourse of E. de Soto. In this case, the prices of legality/illegality can be viewed as the transaction costs of using different economic systems.

Weapons of the Strong: Elite Resistance and the Neo-Apartheid City

Transitions to democracy promise equal political power. But political ruptures carry no guarantee that democracy can overcome the accumulated inequalities of history. In South Africa, the transition to democracy shifted power from a racial minority in ways that suggested an unusually high probability of material change. This article analyzes the limits of public power after democratic transitions. Why has the post-Apartheid local state in Johannesburg been unable to achieve a spatially inclusive distribution of public goods despite a political imperative for both spatial and fiscal redistribution? I rely on interviews and archival research, conducted in Johannesburg between 2015 and 2018. Because the color line created a sharp distinction between political and economic power, traditional white urban elites required non-majoritarian and hidden strategies that translated their structural power into effective power. The cumulative effect of these “weapons of the strong” has been to disable the capacity of the local state to countervail the power of wealthy residents’ associations and property developers. Through these strategies, elites repurposed institutional reforms for redistribution to instead reproduce the city’s inequalities.

Global dimension of labor inequality

The transition of the world economy from Keynesianism to neoliberalism at the end of the twentieth century entailed tectonic shifts in the sphere of labor and employment. The organization of the production process on neoliberal principles under the conditions of the post-Fordist regime of capital accumulation has led to instability and insecurity of employment, a high level of labor underutilization, widespread labor poverty, as well as the rapidly increasing inequality that threatens social development today and stability of society. Based on the economic-sociological approach the author examines the reasons for the expansion and the specifics of the manifestation of inequality in the world of work in the context of the post-Fordist neoliberal reform of the global economic system. The article characterizes the key trends in the functioning of the labor market, contributing to the increase in inequality over the past decades (a decrease of the labor share in the national income, a reduction in the relationship between productivity and wages growth, the erosion of the trade union movement and the destruction of the welfare state). The main attention is paid to the study of the phenomenon of labor income inequality, its dynamics and forms of manifestation in the modern world, as well as to identify the impact on this type of inequality, both individual characteristics of workers and the characteristics of the industry, size of the enterprise, as well as the level of socio-economic development of the country. Based on the study of these processes, the author concludes that the redistribution of income in favor of capital and their high differentiation are the quintessence of neoliberal capitalism. The economic and political depletion of nation states in the context of neoliberal reforms led to their low resources, insufficient either to carry out a broad social policy and help those in need, or to adequately combat the consequences of crises characteristic of capitalism or any force majeure situations, such as, for example, the current COVID-19 pandemic. To get the global economy out of the current crisis requires the implementation of fundamental changes not only in the field of economic policy, but also in the entire system of distribution of public goods.

Методичні підходи та прикладні оцінки інклюзивного сільського розвитку

The purpose of the article is substantiation of the theoretical and methodological provisions of inclusive rural development and the development of guidelines for assessing social, economic and political changes in rural areas for compliance with the principles of inclusive development. Research methods. As a methodological base for the development of the problem under study, the provisions of the concept of inclusive growth and development, as well as rural development, were used. The research used methods: analysis and synthesis (in the study of the nature and main provisions of inclusive rural development), comparative analysis (in the analysis of methods for developing integrated indices and determining their advantages and disadvantages), statistical methods (for calculating the integral index of inclusive rural development). Research results. The research improves the theoretical and methodological principles of inclusive rural development and develops methodological approaches to its measurement. The proposed methodological approach is based on the measurement of inclusive rural development in two areas: the sectoral dimension, which includes the political, social and economic components of inclusion; a component dimension that assesses inclusion at the level of access, quality and distribution of goods and services. The existing methodological approaches to the development of integrated indices that can be used for measuring inclusive rural development are analyzed. Given the advantages and disadvantages of available methods, as well as the possibility of their application for the purposes of this study, the feasibility of using the method of weighted amounts for integrated assessment of inclusive rural development is justified. The normative approach was used as a method of standardization of indicators. It is established that the lag in the level of inclusive development in rural areas is -0.073 or -11.7% of national indicators. The variation of deviations in the components of sectoral inclusion is higher than in the component inclusion. In the sectoral dimension, the largest deviation of indices compared to national indicators is observed for social inclusion (-0.122 or -16.3%), and the smallest - for political (-0.04 or -6.8%). Variation of deviations from national indicators by types of inequality in access, quality and distribution of goods and services - by component inclusion, has a smaller range: -9.2… -13.2%. Scientific novelty. Theoretical provisions of inclusive rural development are developed and a methodological approach for its assessment is proposed based on the use of a two-dimensional matrix of indicators, which includes three sectoral dimensions (political, social and economic) and three component dimensions of inclusiveness (accessibility, quality and distribution of public goods and services). Practical significance. The developed methodological approach can be used to monitor the program documents implementation in the sustainable development sphere, the implementation of rural development policies and inclusive development. The flexibility of the methodological approach as for using different sets of indicators allows it to be implemented at the UTC level, which is planned to justify and test in the following publications. Tabl.: 3. Figs.: 1. Refs.: 13.

ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ ПРАВООХОРОННИХ ОРГАНІВ ЩОДО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПРАВ І СВОБОД ЛЮДИНИ

The results of the study, aimed at revealing the legal framework for ensuring human rights and freedoms as a basis for the activity of law enforcement agencies of Ukraine, and highlighting the role of the National Police in ensuring human rights and freedoms, are presented. The scientific novelty of the study is that, based on the study of international and national regulatory legislation, the essence of the leading definitions related to the protection of human rights and freedoms is specified: «rights, freedoms», «human and citizen's rights», «protected features», «intersectionality», «law enforcement agencies», differentiated the concept of «rights» and «freedom», revealed the specifics of human and citizen rights, systematically analyzed the legal basis of social and legal protection, defined the role of law enforcement agencies, of the National Police of Ukraine in the Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms, outlined ways to increase the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in ensuring social stability in society. It is established that an in-depth understanding of the essence of human and citizen's rights and freedoms ensures adherence to the democratic course of development of the state, selection of such forms and directions of activity of its human rights bodies and institutions, which ensure the implementation of the principle of guaranteeing the security of a person, which was enshrined in many international documents, received its further development of national legislation. Based on the study of specific regulations, the concept of «protected features» – the characteristics of a person under which there can be no privileges or restrictions in the society (race, color, political, religious and other beliefs, gender, ethnic and social background, property status, place) residence, linguistic or other features), and intersectionality – the totality or inter­section of these features in the context of considering the circumstances of a particular person's life. On this basis, the essence of human rights and freedoms as a general orientation of the state and all its institutions on the equality and fair distribution of public goods and resources is substantiated. It is emphasized that among the state bodies, which are obliged to take measures to ensure the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens, the National Police plays an important role, which, in comparison with other law enforcement agencies, addresses the most issues related to the protection of human rights and freedoms. It is determined that this human rights structure, unlike others, was created for direct contact with citizens, and therefore the quality of human rights services provided by the state can be directly assessed by each person from his or her own life experience. Accordingly, the public's perception of all other law enforcement activities depends on the quality and efficiency of the work of the National Police.

The impact of the corruption on the sustainable development of the businesses in South-West Bulgaria

Corruption as a phenomenon can be found in every country and society. It accompanies human development from antiquity to the present day. The main perceptions of corruption is that it is an undesirable phenomenon which negatively affects society, contributes to the imbalance in the distribution of public goods and adversely affects the economy and society`s confidence in state governance and state`s institutions efficiency. Modern economy is permanently evolving and becoming more interdependent, especially in the age of globalization nevertheless corruption phenomenon still has influence despite the continual strategies for its limitation. Anti-corruption legislation at global, regional and national level is constantly developing and irrespective of the different legal systems and different anti-corruption strategies, it remains a constant in society`s life and influences their growth. At least that is what the first studies results on corruption impact on countries` economies development in the 1960s 1970s of the 20th century have demonstrated. The aim of this research is to assess the corruption impact on the Bulgarian economy, reflecting the contemporary reality in which the Bulgarian business develops its activities. The main research method is the method of the response and for the procession of the information are used statistical methods method of observation, method of the group, method of the analysis and graphic method. The analysis and conclusions on the problem are based on a data survey, where representatives of the business enterprises from South-West region had an opportunity to answer questions, aimed at revealing the most common corruption practices and how they affect their normal business activity.