Distribution Of Public Expenditure Research Articles

Public Expenditure, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Tunisia During the Period of COVID-19: Comparative Study Between Cartographic Spatial Distribution Analysis and Empirical Validation

The objective of this article is to study the relationship between public expenditure, energy consumption and economic growth during the period of COVID-19 while highlighting a comparative study between the cartographic spatial distribution analysis and empirical validation. In this framework, we tried to present in a spatial distribution mapping for the case of Tunisia while showing the allocation and distribution of public expenditure between several necessary headings such as basic social items and energy consumption during the period from 1990 to 2018.

Institutional quality and public spending in Europe: A quantile regression approach

AbstractWe appraise the effects of institutional quality on public spending for a set of 27 European countries and 18 Euro‐area economies over the 1996–2017 period. While institutions play a weak role in affecting spending once the fixed‐effects model is employed, the application of the quantile regression indicates that improved institutional quality mitigates public spending, although the effects crucially depend on the distribution of public expenditure and the sample examined. For both the Euro‐area sample and the full sample, we show that better quality of institutions reduces public spending, although the effects become less significant the higher the levels of public spending. Further, for the Euro‐area sample, institutions appear to have a stronger role in mitigating public spending. Several robustness tests confirm our findings.

The reality and dimensions of the federal general budget of the Republic of Iraq (2005-2021)

Abstract:
 This study focused on the traditional method adopted by Iraq in preparing the general budget in light of the developments in the volume of resources and spending so that it is not consistent with the accompanying weakness in the volume of amounts spent on investment projects, which can negatively affect future generations and not enable them to continue development , which requires investing the state’s public revenues in investment projects such as infrastructure projects, according to a system that serves most members of society in order to contribute to solving the problems of unemployment and poverty, which ensures a permanent increase in the average per capita income. The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the clarity of the imbalance in the structure of the current budget and the failure to reduce class differences to solve the problem of poverty and unemployment, and the study concluded that there is a clear imbalance in the structure of investment expenditures in favor of the industrial sector. To the extractive oil industry sector designated for export, and from the results of the study, it was also found that the traditional budget of Iraq is unable to provide economic efficiency, especially with regard to planning and performance, because it is not focused on goals. In the end, the study presented a number of proposals, including an attempt to correct the structure of the general budget and the need to change the pattern of the general budget in Iraq, and the distribution of public expenditures on a functional and not institutional basis, and to address the deficit in the Iraqi public budget by rationalizing public spending with the need not to exceed the growth of expenditures the current growth occurring in revenues, and finally giving the economic development sector more attention in terms of its total percentage in the Iraqi general budget.

State Reforms and Informal Payments in Secondary Education of Kazakhstan

This paper explores the issue of informal payments in the education sector. State underinvestment in education has significantly increased the scope of informal payments in the post-independence period. The authorities of Kazakhstan have legalized informal payments by introducing Councils of Trustees, creating open school budget accounts, and making changes in the distribution of public expenditures. Although these measures have reduced informal payments in schools, the money received from parents is still an important part of school budgets.

Ideological alignment and the distribution of public expenditures

This article revisits the influential partisan alignment hypothesis, which posits that subnational governments aligned with central governments exhibit higher expenditures. To promote their own and their party’s re-election chances, central government politicians allocate more resources to ideologically aligned co-partisans at the subnational level. Consequently, aligned subnational governments exhibit higher expenditures than non-aligned ones. This article examines alignment effects in subnational education spending. Education is a crucial test case because, unlike other expenditures, the allocation of education spending is discretionary and often does not follow precise formulas. Using a novel dataset covering 266 subnational regions in 14 countries over 20 years, we offer the first cross-country analysis of alignment effects. Controlling for rival explanations, the findings reveal alignment effects on subnational education expenditures. Furthermore, political institutions matter, as alignment effects are stronger in countries where subnational governments have more discretion over education policy while lacking their own revenue sources (vertical fiscal imbalance). These findings imply that decentralisation might increase educational and socio-economic inequalities.

Tax compliance in a developing country

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to establish the relationship between perceived grounds for tax non-compliance or compliance behaviors and perceived tax compliance factors.Design/methodology/approachThe study employed a correlational and cross-sectional survey design seeking to understand tax compliance by taxpayers’ perceptions in Uganda. Data from 205 respondents to the questionnaire were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists and structural equation modeling with analysis of moment structures.FindingsGovernmental effectiveness, transparent tax system (TTS) and voice and accountability (VA) are perceived grounds for tax compliance or non-tax compliance and, as indicators of tax administration significantly influence variances in tax compliance. Tax compliance in Uganda is indicated by perceived worth and distribution of public expenditure (WDPE), level of taxation, inequalities in the tax system and tax evasion.Research limitations/implicationsNo distinction is made between actual and potential taxpayers. Still, the results can contribute to our understanding of tax compliance puzzle from the behavioral angle. Factors such as perceived WDPE indicate a taxpayer’s compliance decision and factors such as governmental effectiveness explain that decision. Additional government policy requirements beyond greater enforcement actions by the tax authorities should be cultivated.Originality/valueResults contribute to extending the basic tax effort model by establishing the extent to which VA, TTS and governmental effectiveness (GEF) matter in a developing country context. The study presents tax compliance as a taxpayer’s decision that is informed by perceptions and shows that factors increasing the taxpayers’ perceptions about VA and GEF relate to the importance that their perceptions have in their tax compliance decisions.

Public expenditure distribution, voting, and growth

In this paper we endogenize public policy with a voting process in a general equilibrium model of overlapping generations. We show that the distribution across sectors of both the public expenditure and the value added evolve together over time. Our model interprets this evidence as a reduced form representation of two structural relations, that is, the dynamic effect of the public expenditure on the future distribution of value added, and the influence of the distribution of vested interests across sectors on current public policy decisions. Since the shifts in the sectoral composition explain a relevant part of TFP growth, the model suggests that the political economy of public policy plays an important role in determining the development path of an economy.

Public Expenditure Distribution, Voting, and Growth

In this paper we try to explain why the misallocation of resources across different productive sectors tends to persist over time. We document that there is a link between the distribution of the public expenditure across sectors and the sectoral composition of an economy. We propose a general equilibrium model that interprets this stylized fact as a reduced form representation of two structural relations, namely, the dynamic effect of the public expenditure on the future distribution of value added and the influence of the distribution of vested interests across sectors on current public policy decisions. The model predicts that different initial sectoral compositions cause different future streams of public expenditures and therefore different paces of development.

El gasto sanitario público en el País Vasco, 1995-2008: comparación con el conjunto de las comunidades autónomas

Objective To determine the growth and distribution of public expenditure on health among health sectors in the Basque Country from 1995 to 2008 and compare them with those in the 17 autonomous regions in Spain as a whole. Method Public expenditure on health in the Basque Country among health sectors and its annual growth were determined and compared with average expenditure in Spain's 17 autonomous regions through a retrospective longitudinal study. Demographic variables such as regional income (GDP per capita) and population aging were also analyzed. Results Between 2002 and 2008, the per capita public expenditure on health in the Basque Country was 10% higher than the average in the autonomous regions and growth was 1.3% higher. Per capita pharmaceutical expenditure in the Basque Country was 2% lower than the regional average, growth was 27% higher than this average, and its weight in public expenditure on health grew 0.950% annually. The annual growth of hospital expenditure in the Basque Country was 15% higher than that in primary care (3.571% vs. 3.097%) and the weight of primary care in public expenditure on health decreased 2.6 times more than that of hospital care. On average during the period, both sectors exceeded the regional average of per capita expenditure by 16-17%. However, per capita expenditure on hospital staff in the Basque Country was 20-30% higher than the regional average while that on primary care staff was 10-15% higher than this average. Conclusions Between 1995 and 2008, Basque hospital and primary care maintained their budgetary superiority over the regional average. In hospital staff, this budgetary superiority was double that in primary care compared with the regional average. Pharmaceutical expenditure was within the regional average.

Party Control of State Government and the Distribution of Public Expenditures*

AbstractThis paper examines the effects of party control of state governments on the distribution of intergovernmental transfers across counties from 1957 to 1997. We find that the governing parties skew the distribution of funds in favor of areas that provide them with the strongest electoral support. This is borne out in two ways. (i) Counties that traditionally give the highest vote share to the governing party receive larger shares of state transfers to local governments. (ii) When control of the state government changes, the distribution of funds shifts in the direction of the new governing party. We find only weak evidence that parties reward electorally pivotal counties or counties in electorally pivotal legislative districts. Finally, we find that increased spending in a county increases voter turnout in subsequent elections. This suggests that parties have an electoral incentive to skew the distribution of funds to influence future election results, and the mechanism through which this works is “mobilization” rather than “conversion” of voters in a fixed electorate.

Postponement of Family Formation and Public Budget: Another Approach to Very Low Fertility in Spain

In this article, we develop a new explanation of the extremely low fertility rate in Spain (a total fertility rate below 1.3) in terms of the influence of the public budget on the postponement of family formation. We show that this postponement has dramatically decreased the ‘potential fertility’ of the Spanish population. We interpret the postponement of family formation as an adaptation to economic uncertainties due to a distribution of the public budget that favors the older population and goes against new families and new children. We propose that this distribution of the public budget is stable because of the electoral incentives provided by the distribution of public expenditure across the generations. Policy implications of this approach are discussed.

The Distribution of Public Expenditure across the UK Regions

AbstractThe distribution of UK revenue to the regional and territorial governments, administrations and authorities that spend the money is based on a hotchpotch of badly designed formulae. This is widely recognised. The Barnett formula, which allocates money to the devolved territories, has been attacked from all sides, its consequences described as ‘terribly unfair’ by its progenitor, Lord Barnett. The mechanism by which resources are distributed to local authorities within the English regions has been abandoned by the government, although its replacement has not yet been determined. This paper argues that a common basis for government spending across the regions and territories of the UK will be more equitable and efficient, and may even depoliticise the financial framework of the UK.

Party Control of State Government and the Distribution of Public Expenditures

This paper examines the effects of party control of state governments on the distribution of intergovernmental transfers across counties from 1957 to 1997. We find that the governing parties skew the distribution of funds in favor of areas that provide them with the strongest electoral support. This is borne out two ways. (1) Counties that traditionally give the highest vote share to the governing party receive larger shares of state transfers to local governments. (2) When control of the state government changes, the distribution of funds shifts in the direction of the new governing party. We find no evidence that parties reward electorally pivotal counties - counties that are near the median of the state or that have relatively high levels of electoral volatility (high swings). Finally, we find that increased spending in a county increases voter turnout in subsequent elections. This suggests that parties have an electoral incentive to skew the distribution of funds to influence future election results, and the mechanism through which this works is mobilization rather than conversion of voters in a fixed electorate.

Post-devolution blues? Economic development in the Anglo-Scottish borders

Pike A. (2002) Post-devolution blues? Economic development in the Anglo-Scottish Borders, Reg. Studies 36, 1069–1084. Uneven regional development on each side of the Anglo-Scottish Border has underpinned a ‘post-devolution blues’ in North East England. The situation has been compounded by the economic development crisis in the Anglo-Scottish Borders region in the late 1990s. Rather than being a simplistic outcome of devolution, the ‘post-devolution blues’ are complicated by the particular nature of border(s) regions, the pre-devolution history of cross-border differences and the as yet inconclusive evidence of the impact of devolution on the Anglo-Scottish Borders. Future development and an antidote to the ‘post-devolution blues’ may require both a needs-based reform of the territorial distribution of public expenditure and a political settlement for the English regions at the national (UK) level.

A cell based approach to modelling public expenditure.

The paper examines the use of a cell based model to analyse the effects of demographic change on the level and distribution of public expenditure. The nature and advantages of a cell based model for this purpose are described. The level and distribution of the key components of welfare state expenditure--health, education, social security--and of direct taxes, is examined for the base year of 1985. The net transfer of resources is compared to the distribution of income across cells. The effect of demographic change on the level and distribution of health and education expenditure is analysed. Issues in the further development of this approach are then reviewed.

Macro-policies for small-scale industry and Appropriate Technology

Macro-policies are those that concern aggregates in the economy, like the level of taxation, public expenditure, money supply, or exchange rate, while meso-policies are those that concern the distributional consequences of any given macro-policies, e.g. the sectoral distribution of public expenditure or the tax rates on different types of activity. The macro- and meso-policy environment is of critical importance in determining technology choice and technology change. Yet most efforts to promote small-scale enterprises and Appropriate Technology (AT) have been concentrated at the micro-level, in industrial estates supporting small enterprises and in projects to develop ATs. Despite a wide range of interventions, including, for example, boat-building, mini-cement plants and solar energy (see Carr (ed.), 1986), for a survey of a number of AT interventions), the effects have been confined mainly to a small number of firms and to particular areas. ATs have rarely been disseminated widely and in most countries ...

The Congressional Connection: The Structure of Politics and the Distribution of Public Expenditures in Brazil's Competitive Period

The interest of social scientists in Latin American legislatures has never been very intense, but in the 1970s, when competitive governments gave way to authoritarian regimes, it virtually died. With pluralist regimes emerging once again, a resurgence of interest in legislatures can be expected, but it remains striking how little we know about Latin American legislative structure and behavior. The nature and effects of legislative politics are not merely academic questions in Latin America. The decline of Chile's congress in the 1960s, for example, has been indirectly linked to the overthrow of President Salvador Allende, and Ecuador's congress played a central role in the overthrow of one of that nation's democratically elected presidents.' Legislatures also seem to be a favorite target of technocratically oriented civilians. Their attacks center on the very stuff of legislative politics: bargaining, trading, logrolling-in sum, the politics of pork. But for legislatures, they argue, budgets could be planned in accordance with national priorities and resources rather than local needs and the reelection strategies of incumbent legislators. Roberto Campos, a civilian architect of Brazil's military regime, made the point succinctly.

EVALUATING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURE*

This article evaluates the distribution of public expenditure on subsidized goods and services over income categories. It is argued that undifferentiated application of usual measures of dispersion must be rejected when judging the distribution of these expenditures, because there are hardly any subsidized goods and services for which the government aims at equal consumption. Such an application requires a normative distribution of expenditure. The normative distribution of expenditure is derived from a normative distribution of consumption and the distribution of normative charges. Central elements are needs of consumers and their financial capacity. The normative distribution of consumption is based on government intentions with respect to the goods and services under consideration.

U.K. regional economic planning: the end of the line?

A regional tier of central government administration is not a panacea for faster economic growth, a fairer distribution of public expenditure and a more coherent adjustment of the settlement structure. But diagnosis, prescription and implementation would occur at a level of government where detailed knowledge of the issues and the realistic options would be maximised. Such arguments are especially appropriate for regional development agencies, an experiment tried out in Scotland and Wales and now worthy of extension to some of the English regions. There is, however, a less clear cut case for administering social programme (revenue) expenditure regionally. By contrast the need to co‐ordinate national and local infrastructure so as to adjust the settlement structure effectively calls for sub‐regional consideration of structure plans.

The Distribution of Public Expenditure on Education

This paper is an attempt to estimate the distribution of public expenditure on education in England and Wales. The objective is to discover the extent of differences in the amounts of such expenditure accruing to people within the same age bracket but from different social and economic backgrounds. To this end, estimates are derived of public expenditure on selected education sectors for different occupational groups per person in the relevant age range. Section I outlines the basic methodology; Section II presents the results. Section III provides a conclusion and a brief comparison with other work in the area. It should be noted that all that is measured is the distribution of the public costs of the resources consumed by users of the educational system: no attempt is made to estimate the distribution of the benefits derived from the use of such resources, either private or external.