Distribution Of Psychiatric Disorders Research Articles

Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders in Chhattisgarh: Findings from National Mental Health Survey.

Psychiatric disorders are among the leading contributors to disability in India and worldwide. The pattern, prevalence, and distribution of psychiatric disorders in the country and its regions need to be assessed to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment. No study on the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders has been conducted in the Chhattisgarh state. This paper, as part of the National Mental Health Survey (NMHS), discusses the prevalence and pattern of psychiatric disorders in Chhattisgarh state. A stratified random cluster sampling technique and random selection based on probability proportional to size (PPS) at each stage were adopted. Participants were from three selected districts of Chhattisgarh, such as Janjgir-Champa, Kabirdham, and Raipur. Adults (aged ≥18 years) residing in selected households were interviewed using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (version 6.0), the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence, the WHO-SEARO screening questionnaire for generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and screening tools for intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders. A total of 2841 individuals were interviewed. The state's lifetime and current prevalence of psychiatric disorders for adults were 14.06% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 13.83-14.29] and 11.66% (95% CI = 11.45-11.87), respectively. Prevalence of substance use disorders, tobacco use disorders, schizophrenia and related disorders, and mood disorders was 32.4% (95% CI = 32.09-32.71), 29.86% (95% CI = 29.56-30.16), 0.8% (95% CI = 0.75-0.86), and 4.44% (95% CI = 4.31-4.58), respectively. High risk for suicide was detected in 0.28% (95% CI = 0.25-0.31). Psychiatric disorders were twice more common in males than in females. The study gives authentic data on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Chhattisgarh. This shall pave the way for policymakers and planners to design state-specific plans for dealing with mental disorders and related issues.

Diagnosis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder in offsprings of bipolar parents

BackgroundDisruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) was introduced in (DSM-5) as a new diagnostic category to get control on the exaggerated diagnosis of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents which was elevated more than 40 times in the last decade. Few studies were done recently to explore the role of family history of bipolar disorder in the occurrence of DMDD in children and adolescents. Unfortunately, there is limited number of studies about the familial transmission of DMDD.The aim of this study is to examine the presence of a relation between DMDD and the presence of a family history of bipolar disorder through comparing the diagnosis of DMDD in offspring of parents with (a) bipolar disorder and (b) a control group.ResultsThe distribution of psychiatric disorders among the studied groups highlighted that DMDD and depressive disorder are significantly present in the offsprings of bipolar parents more than in the offsprings of control parents. DMDD is significantly present among offsprings of bipolar parents aged ≤ 11 years old (p = 0.008*). Also, DMDD is significantly (p = 0.02) present among male offsprings of bipolar parents. Also, depressive disorder is significantly (p = 0.002) present among female offsprings of control parents. While significant comorbidity between DMDD and depressive disorders (p = 0.018*) was detected.ConclusionsThis study revealed that DMDD and depressive disorders are significantly present in the offsprings of bipolar parents higher than in the offsprings of control parents. DMDD is significantly present among the offsprings of bipolar parents aged ≤ 11 years old.The relation between sex and affective disorders among the offsprings was also assessed revealing that DMDD is significantly present among male offsprings of bipolar parents. Also, depressive disorders are significantly present among female offsprings of control parents.Potential implicationsThis study has several clinical implications. This study draws attention to the importance of the careful assessment of the offsprings of bipolar patients to check the presence of different childhood psychiatric disorders such as DMDD. Also, symptoms of temper outbursts and persistent irritability in childhood require the necessary of psychiatric evaluation not only for the patients but also for their families. In addition, this study highlights the need for accurate updated diagnostic instruments to differentiate between these overlapping symptoms.As regards implications for future research, following-up of children diagnosed with DMDD to recognize the prognostic outcome of this new diagnostic category is necessary.

Validation of a Georgian version of the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E)

IntroductionThis study aimed to validate a Georgian version of the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E). The distribution of psychiatric disorders was assessed among patients with epilepsy. MethodsOne hundred and thirty consecutive adult patients with epilepsy completed the NDDI-E and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). All patients were further assessed by a qualified psychiatrist. ResultsIn 31 (23.8%) patients, a diagnosis of major depression was revealed. The internal consistency of the NDDI-E was 0.695. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) showed an area under the curve of 0.975. A cutoff score of ≥16 resulted in a sensitivity of 0.90 and a specificity of 0.939. The screening questionnaire showed a significantly positive correlation with BDI scores (Spearman's rho — 0.684), indicating good concurrent validity. DiscussionThe Georgian version of the NDDI-E is a reliable tool for the detection of depressive disorders in individuals with epilepsy.

Psychiatric diagnoses in patients with renal transplantation or dialysis made due to end stage renal disease

Objective: End stage renal disease (ESRD) is a growing public health problem. Many studies reported that psychiatric morbidities and disability of patients with ESRD are high and that transplantation is more psychologically advantageous than dialysis. We aimed to determine the risk factors affecting the psychiatric diagnosis of the patients who underwent renal transplantation and dialysis due to ESRD in our study. Methods: Forty-eight trans-plant recipients and 42 patients on maintenance receiving dialysis who have been followed up by Nephrology Unit of Ataturk University Medical Faculty and 43 healthy volunteers were included in the study. All subjects were assessed with Sociodemographic-Clinical Data Form, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI I-II), Hospital Anxiety Depression Scales (HADS) and the validated Turkish versions of Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID-I). Results: No statistically significant difference was found between the three groups in terms of age, gender, educational status, marital status and income status. In dialysis patients, the absence of active work experi-ence was higher than the other two groups. When the averages of the scale scores of the groups were compared, it was seen that the STAI-II, HAD anxiety averages were higher in the dialysis group than the other two groups. For transplant and dialysis groups it was detected that there was a positive correlation between KBY duration and STAI I-II, and dialysis duration and HADS scores. When the distribution of psychiatric disorders was examined in the groups according to SCID, the rate of depressive disorder in dialysis group was higher than in both groups. Discus-sion: In this study, it was found that depression was common in patients undergoing dialysis, and transplant patients had similar depression rates with the controls. It should be given priority to the diagnosis and treatment of depres- sion as a risk factor that may affect the long-term general medical conditions of the patients with dialysis or kidney transplantation in addition to the biological evaluation.

Heat shock protein-90 in acute severe pancreatitis: Potential risk- defining marker

This study aimed to validate a Georgian version of the Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy (NDDI-E). The distribution of psychiatric disorders was assessed among patients with epilepsy.One hundred and thirty consecutive adult patients with epilepsy completed the NDDI-E and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). All patients were further assessed by a qualified psychiatrist.In 31 (23.8%) patients, a diagnosis of major depression was revealed. The internal consistency of the NDDI-E was 0.695. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) showed an area under the curve of 0.975. A cutoff score of ≥ 16 resulted in a sensitivity of 0.90 and a specificity of 0.939. The screening questionnaire showed a significantly positive correlation with BDI scores (Spearman's rho — 0.684), indicating good concurrent validity.The Georgian version of the NDDI-E is a reliable tool for the detection of depressive disorders in individuals with epilepsy.

Prevalence and risk factors of psychiatric disorders in early adolescence: 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort

PurposeThe present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in early adolescence, to examine the distribution of psychiatric disorders by maternal and child characteristics and to evaluate the occurrence of psychiatric comorbidities.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study of all live births in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, in 2004 (n = 4231). A total of 3562 subjects were evaluated at 11 years of age. Psychiatric disorders were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment. Crude and adjusted logistic regression was used to investigate risk factors for any psychiatric disorder.ResultsAccording to DSM-5 criteria, the overall prevalence of psychiatric disorders was 13.2% (n = 471), 15.6% among the boys and 10.7% among the girls. The most common disorders were anxiety disorders (4.3%), any attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (4.0%) and any conduct/oppositional disorder (2.8%). Low maternal education, smoking during pregnancy, the presence of moods symptoms during pregnancy or maternal chronic and severe depressive symptoms in the first years of the adolescent´s life, male gender, 5-min Apgar score < 7 at birth and preterm birth were associated with higher odds of any psychiatric disorder at age 11. Psychiatric comorbidities were observed in 107 subjects (22.7%), of whom 73, 24, and 10 had two, three, and four psychiatric diagnoses, respectively.ConclusionsOur results underscore the importance of psychiatric disorders as a prevalent condition in early adolescence, which has a direct impact on the planning of public policies and specific mental health care services in this age group.

Prevalence of psychiatric disorders, comorbidity patterns, and repeat offending among male juvenile detainees in South Korea: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundHigh rates of psychiatric disorders and comorbidities have been reported in juvenile detainees, and both phenomena are thought to contribute to repeat offending. However, research on this topic has been limited in Asian countries, like South Korea. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, comorbidity patterns, and the relationship between psychiatric disorders and repeat offending among a cross-section of youths detained in a male juvenile detention center in South Korea.MethodsOne hundred seventy-three juvenile detainees were recruited. The distribution of psychiatric disorders within the sample was estimated by applying criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV. Logistic regression was used to assess significant comorbidity patterns and relationships between psychiatric disorders and repeat offending.ResultsIn all, 90.8% of the detainees had at least one psychiatric diagnosis, and 75.1% had psychiatric comorbidities. The most common psychiatric disorder was alcohol use disorder, followed by conduct disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Among the comorbidities present, alcohol use disorder with disruptive behavior disorder was the most common combination. The presence of two psychiatric disorders was associated with a higher rate of recidivism, and alcohol use disorder was also associated with repeat offending when combined with disruptive behavior disorders, but not with anxiety disorders, major depression, or psychotic disorders.ConclusionsJuvenile detainees evidence high rates of psychiatric disorders and comorbidities. Assessment of and intervention in psychiatric disorders, especially alcohol use disorder and comorbid alcohol use disorder with disruptive behavior disorders, may help prevent further offenses.

The prevalence of obesity in a sample of Egyptian psychiatric patients

Background The relationship between mental health and obesity has been studied in different types of research studies as it is considered very important. A lot of research studies have proposed several theories and mechanisms on how the two are linked, which should be reviewed and considered in the management plan of psychiatric disorders. Objectives The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence and correlates of obesity and overweight in a sample of psychiatric patients (inpatients and outpatients) with no history of pharmacological treatment in Al-Hussein University Hospital. Patients and methods This cross-sectional study was conducted during a 6-month-period on 130 psychiatric patients who were subjected to a semistructured clinical interview according to DSM-IV-TR criteria to diagnose psychiatric disorders. Obesity assessment was carried out by measuring the weight (kg) using a scale and measuring the height (m) to calculate the BMI, which is based on the BMI equation Wt (kg)/Ht2 (m2). Results The prevalence of obesity and overweight in psychiatric patients was 66.93% (22.31% were obese, and 44.62% were overweight). The prevalence of obesity was highest in bipolar disorder (41.38%), followed by depression (37.93%), schizophrenia (10.34%), anxiety disorder (6.9%), and finally substance abuse disorder (3.45%), but the difference was not statistically significant. There was a significant correlation between sociodemographic characteristics of patients and obesity and the distribution of psychiatric disorders. Conclusion The prevalence of obesity and overweight in psychiatric patients was relatively high, and this can occur with most psychiatric disorders, especially mood disorders, and were supposed to be due to other several mechanisms and risk factors other than the effect of psychotropic medications on the weight of psychiatric patients. Moreover, there are some demographic and social factors that may moderate or mediate the association between obesity and psychiatric disorders; thus, identification of overweight and obesity, associated risk factors, and efforts to prevent weight gain should begin at the initiation of mental health treatment.

Clustering of psychiatric and somatic illnesses in the general population: multimorbidity and socioeconomic correlates

The distribution of psychiatric disorders and of chronic medical illnesses was studied in a population-based sample to determine whether these conditions co-occur in the same individual. A representative sample (N = 1464) of adults living in households was assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 1.1, as part of the São Paulo Epidemiological Catchment Area Study. The association of sociodemographic variables and psychological symptoms regarding medical illness multimorbidity (8 lifetime somatic conditions) and psychiatric multimorbidity (15 lifetime psychiatric disorders) was determined by negative binomial regression. A total of 1785 chronic medical conditions and 1163 psychiatric conditions were detected in the population concentrated in 34.1 and 20% of respondents, respectively. Subjects reporting more psychiatric disorders had more medical illnesses. Characteristics such as age range (35-59 years, risk ratio (RR) = 1.3, and more than 60 years, RR = 1.7), being separated (RR = 1.2), being a student (protective effect, RR = 0.7), being of low educational level (RR = 1.2) and being psychologically distressed (RR = 1.1) were determinants of medical conditions. Age (35-59 years, RR = 1.2, and more than 60 years, RR = 0.5), being retired (RR = 2.5), and being psychologically distressed (females, RR = 1.5, and males, RR = 1.4) were determinants of psychiatric disorders. In conclusion, psychological distress and some sociodemographic features such as age, marital status, occupational status, educational level, and gender are associated with psychiatric and medical multimorbidity. The distribution of both types of morbidity suggests the need of integrating mental health into general clinical settings.

County-Level Estimates of Need for Mental Health Professionals in the United States

County-Level Estimates of Need for Mental Health Professionals in the United States

Income-related inequality in mental health in Britain: the concentration index approach

Reduction of health inequalities is a major policy goal in the UK. While there is general recognition of the disadvantaged position of people with mental health problems, the extent of inequality, particularly the association with socio-economic characteristics, has not been widely studied. We aimed to measure income-related inequality in the distribution of psychiatric disorders and to compare with inequality in other health domains. The concentration index (CI) approach was used to examine income-related inequality in mental health using data from the Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2000 for Britain. There is marked inequality unfavourable to lower income groups with respect to mental health disorders. The extent of inequality increases with the severity of problems, with the greatest inequality observed for psychosis. Income-related inequality for psychiatric disorders is higher than for general health in the UK. Standardized CIs suggest that these inequalities are not due to the demographic composition of the income quintiles. Income-related inequalities exist in mental health in Britain. As much of the observed inequality is probably due to factors associated with income and not due to the demographic composition of the income quintiles, it may be that these inequalities are potentially 'avoidable'.

Psychiatric Disorders Among Tortured Bhutanese Refugees in Nepal

The impact of torture on the distribution of psychiatric disorders among refugees is unknown. We surveyed a population-based sample of 418 tortured and 392 nontortured Bhutanese refugees living in camps in Nepal. Trained interviewers assessed International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) disorders through structured diagnostic psychiatric interviews. Except for male sex, history of torture was not associated with demographics. Tortured refugees, compared with nontortured refugees, were more likely to report 12-month ICD-10 posttraumatic stress disorder, persistent somatoform pain disorder, and dissociative (amnesia and conversion) disorders. In addition, tortured refugees were more likely to report lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder, persistent somatoform pain disorder, affective disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and dissociative (amnesia and conversion) disorders. Tortured women, compared with tortured men, were more likely to report lifetime generalized anxiety disorder, persistent somatoform pain disorder, affective disorder, and dissociative (amnesia and conversion) disorders. Among Bhutanese refugees, the survivors had higher lifetime and 12-month rates of ICD-10 psychiatric disorder. Men were more likely to report torture, but tortured women were more likely to report certain disorders. The results indicate the increased need for attention to the mental health of refugees, specifically posttraumatic stress disorder, persistent somatoform pain disorder, and dissociative (amnesia and conversion) disorders among those reporting torture.

A psychosocial perspective on the past and future of psychiatric epidemiology.

Since the turn of the century and continuing at least until 1980, there were what Barbara Dohrenwend and I described (1) as two generations of epidemiologic studies that were designed to investigate the occurrence and distribution of psychiatric disorders in the general population. The first generation comprised 16 studies, all of which were carried out before World War II; the second was made up of more than 60 studies that were conducted mostly following World War II in various parts of the world. Despite the serious methodological problems of identifying and classifying disorders independently of treatment status, these first and second generation studies made important contributions. Concentrating for the most part on current prevalence (i.e., the presence of disorder during a period of several months to 1 year prior to interview), first and second generation investigators found that prevalence rates of various types of psychiatric disorders varied consistently by gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and locale (urban vs. rural) (1); and they showed that only minorities of persons identified as having cases of most types of psychiatric disorder had ever been treated by a mental health professional (2). By and large, these results have been confirmed by more recent research (3, 4), and the findings from first and second generation studies continue to raise important theoretical and policy questions (5). The transition from the first generation to the second generation of studies was stimulated by dramatic changes in psychiatric nomenclature, reflecting the experience of psychiatrists and clinical psychologists with Selective Service screening and with psychiatric casualties incurred in combat during World War II (1).

Borna disease virus infection in animals and humans.

The geographic distribution and host range of Borna disease (BD), a fatal neurologic disease of horses and sheep, are larger than previously thought. The etiologic agent, Borna disease virus (BDV), has been identified as an enveloped nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus with unique properties of replication. Data indicate a high degree of genetic stability of BDV in its natural host, the horse. Studies in the Lewis rat have shown that BDV replication does not directly influence vital functions; rather, the disease is caused by a virus-induced T-cell mediated immune reaction. Because antibodies reactive with BDV have been found in the sera of patients with neuropsychiatric disorders, this review examines the possible link between BDV and such disorders. Seroepidemiologic and cerebrospinal fluid investigations of psychiatric patients suggest a causal role of BDV infection in human psychiatric disorders. In diagnostically unselected psychiatric patients, the distribution of psychiatric disorders was found to be similar in BDV seropositive and seronegative patients. In addition, BDV-seropositive neurologic patients became ill with lymphocytic meningoencephalitis. In contrast to others, we found no evidence is reported for BDV RNA, BDV antigens, or infectious B DV in peripheral blood cells of psychiatric patients.

Molecular characterization of Borna disease virus from naturally infected animals and possible links to human disorders.

In this review data are presented which indicate a high degree of genetic stability of BDV in his natural host, the horse. Despite this high degree of sequence conservation, variation in antigenicity was found, which did not influence the pathogenic properties of the virus. In addition, the correlation between BDV-seropositivity and a variety of psychiatric and neurological disorders in humans is discussed. In diagnostically unselected psychiatric patients we found a similar distribution of psychiatric disorders in BDV seropositives compared to seronegatives. Investigations of cerebrospinal fluid revealed cases of BDV encephalitis in BDV seropositive psychiatric and neurological patients. In contrast to others, we have found no evidence for the presence of BDV-RNA or BDV in human peripheral blood leucocytes.

Psychiatric Diagnoses in the Child and Adolescent Members of Extended Families Identified through Adult Bipolar Affective Disorder Probands

To investigate the type and distribution of psychiatric disorders in the child and adolescent members of extended pedigrees identified through bipolar probands. The child and adolescent offspring (24 male, 26 female, aged 6 to 17 years) and the adult parents (60) of 14 bipolar pedigrees ascertained for the National Institutes of Mental Health Genetics Initiative Study of Bipolar Affective Disorder were personally assessed using structured psychiatric interviews. A parent was also interviewed about each child or adolescent offspring. Twelve of the 50 interviewed offspring received a lifetime DSM-III-R diagnosis of an affective disorder. This included six cases of bipolar disorder, five cases of major depressive disorder, and one case of dysthymia. Eight of the offspring who received an affective disorder diagnosis also qualified for an anxiety disorder (four), a disruptive behavior disorder (two), or both (two). Offspring who had a parent with an affective disorder had a 5.1-fold higher risk for receiving an affective disorder diagnosis than did offspring with healthy parents. In a consecutive series of families identified through a proband with bipolar disorder, there were significant increases in the prevalence of affective disorder diagnoses in the child and adolescent offspring. The distribution of illness in offspring was compatible with the presence of important genetic factors which contribute to early-onset affective illness.

Epidemiological psychiatry in Africa

The study of the distribution of psychiatric disorders in space and time in African populations, and of the factors that influence this distribution (Lilienfeld (1957)), has had very limited scope in black Africa. Although the shortcomings of earlier epidemiological work in black Africa become obvious when some of the studies are cited, some pertinent general background information is thought necessary by way of introduction.

A child psychiatry consultation service to paediatricians.

A review of referrals to the University department of child psychiatry in Newcastle upon Tyne demonstrated active consultation and collaboration between the department and paediatric departments. Important differences in sex, distribution of psychiatric disorders and presence of associated physical and social handicap were found between patients referred from different sources. The presence of some psychological disturbance in those children referred from hospital wards was evident to most paediatricians, and constituted the most frequent reason for referral. Recommendation for psychiatric treatment was made for the majority of patients, but subsequent parental co-operation was often poor. In the authors' view the greatest value of this research is that it highlights atrange of disorders of common concern to paediatricians and children's psychiatrists, using not only the terminology traditional in child psychiatry but also employing a descriptive terminology. They believe it is essential that trainees of both disciplines should have adequate experience in this wide range of disorders.

The Association of Violent Dangerous Behavior with Psychiatric Disorders: A Review of the Research Literature

Research literature upon the associations of violence with psychiatric disorders are reviewed. Studies are classified into four groups, including those concerning:(a) psychiatric disorders among criminal offenders, (b) violence of former psychiatric inpatients, (c) violence related to organic brain dysfunction, and (d) prediction of violence occurring among psychiatric patients. Considerable variability in rate and distribution of psychiatric disorders among criminal populations are indicated. A reversal of earlier research findings regarding relative rates of violence among patients and normals is discussed. Efforts to identify associations between organic cerebral damage and a propensity toward violence, and to cope with the general problem of the prediction of violence also are discussed.

PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER AMONG THE YORUBA

In this study the investigators have once again demonstrated an ability, seldom found in contemporary population research, to combine creative theoretical formulations with rigorous concern for scientific method. The authors capitalized on a natural experiment-the rapid rate of change in developing Nigeria-to explore some of the leads provided by their previous studies in social psychiatry, particularly the Stirling County Project. The specific purposes of this study (which the authors regard as preliminary to a larger project) were threefold: to develop and refine their methods; provide some estimates of the distribution of psychiatric conditions among the Yoruba; and provide further leads for theory development. The contribution to method is invaluable, not only for psychiatric epidemiology, but for cross-cultural research in general and for many types of interdisciplinary endeavors. The organization of the project was particularly impressive as, despite the complexity of the undertaking, the report was completed within two years of the initiation of field work. If there is any criticism of the methodological contribution it is the failure to exploit more fully the use of objective indicators to measure social disintegration. It is unfortunately not possible from the report to determine the degree to which villages could be classified using the objective indicators alone without the subjective impressions of the field workers. The prevalence data suggest some interesting differences in the patterning and distribution of psychiatric disorders between this sample and the North American sample in Stirling County. More impressive, however, are the similarities between the two samples casting considerable doubt on a widely held view that major differences in psychiatric disorders are to be expected in markedly differing cultures. The extensive reliance on the ridit as a summarizing statistic to describe prevalence is perhaps unfortunate, as it is difficult for the reader to determine the magnitude of differences that would be regarded as theoretically or practically important. Despite its limitations (well recognized by the authors) the study provides further important contributions to theory. Not only is sociocultural disintegration shown to have a similar relationship to psychiatric disorder in two widely differing settings (Stirling County and western Nigeria), but there are indications that these social factors may be related to a wide spectrum of disorders including many that are not traditionally regarded as psychiatric. This is an important book which should be of considerable interest to investigators in all fields of population research and, particularly, those engaged in cross-cultural studies. JOHN C. CASSELL