Distribution Of National Income Research Articles

Countries’ Economic Growth Strategies in the Context of Global Challenges of World Economy Development

The prerequisites for the development of the world economy were considered, taking into account the global problems of our time, which create obstacles to the development of countries. The economic obstacles are the need for simultaneous financing of public debt and innovative development. A review of the neoclassical, Keynesian, innovative and institutionalist theories of economic growth of countries are carried out, a comparative description of the concepts of zero, sustainable, noosphere, innovative and inclusive economic growth are provided. It was determined that the application of various approaches to the results of economic growth of countries is important in the context of political and economic shifts, when government policy forms the expected results in the main directions: economic, innovative, social, environmental. It should ensure the transition for all countries to the industrial and post-industrial stages of development, with the formation of a post-industrial society without gap between the rich and poor. The aim of the work is to review the theoretical and methodological provisions on the development of economic growth strategies of countries with transitive and developed economies and their application, considering global challenges for the development of the world economy. It was determined that the development of countries’ economic growth strategies requires a balanced approach in terms of expected results and available resources. Countries with different levels of economic development require different strategies, but with an increase in the level of development of countries, the intensity of strategies decreases, the emphasis shifts from the development of industry to increasing the level of employment and the quality of life of the population, the development of civil society, social and environmental responsibility. The search for and construction of effective methods for the interaction of government structures with the corporate sector of the economy should be an urgent challenge to a market economy in order to direct the efforts of big business to address issues of the countries’ socio-environmental development through dialogue and public-private partnership. The evolution of countries’ growth strategies was based on economic, environmental, social, innovative and technological components that created a positive effect on the development of countries. The practice of their application by different countries has shown that at different stages of development, each component creates the desired effect, when countries choose different options as transitional, and proceed to the development of an inclusive growth strategy. For the developed countries, the strategy of inclusive growth is complementary, resulting in nature strengthening of the basic strategy (for the EU member-countries) of sustainable or innovative growth (for the USA, India, China). The national inclusive growth strategy should be based on the basic principles of parity of economic opportunities for market entities to access resources and markets; equality in political, legislative, antitrust, tax policy; on the implementation of targeted government policies on the labor market (decent work, productive employment, quality of life of the population) and the interaction between business, government, trade unions, employees and the society regarding the uniform distribution of national income and narrowing the gaps between the rich and poor. It was determined that an inclusive economy can be compared with the concept of public-private partnership, with the difference that the second is aimed at conducting dialogue and collaboration in social projects of the corporate sectors of the economy, and the first provides direct involvement of wide population categories in social initiatives. For the transitive economy countries, such as Ukraine, the formation of inclusive-type economic growth strategies should occur after solving the tasks of building a self-sufficient industrial-agricultural economy that will have the character of post-industrial development.

A Poorly Understood Disease? The Unequal Distribution of Excess Mortality Due to COVID-19 Across French Municipalities

While COVID-19 was responsible for more than 600,000 deaths worldwide as of July 24, 2020, very little is known about the socio-economic heterogeneity of its impact on mortality. In this paper, we combine several administrative data sources to estimate the relationship between mortality due to COVID-19 and poverty at a very local level (i.e. the municipality level) in France, one of the most severely hit countries in the world. We find strong evidence of an income gradient in the impact of the pandemic on mortality rates, which is twice as large in municipalities below the 25th percentile of the national income distribution than in municipalities above this threshold. We then show that both poor housing conditions and higher occupational exposure play a key role in this heterogeneity: taken together, these mechanisms account for up to 77% of the difference observed between rich and poor municipalities.

Salaries and the logic of national income distribution in a market economy – described using a simple model

The level of prosperity available is the value of what is produced in the economy. This is a general truth, while the level of well-being of community members is a consequence of the value added and the rules and mechanisms of national income distribution. The purpose of the paper is to show the macroeconomic principles of the division of the generated GDP value, based on the example of a simple model of the economy in a classic style: the economy is presented as the Great Bakery, which produces loaves of bread shared between employees and its owner, the Baker. The author uses this model to demonstrate the consequences of the division of the generated surplus, which is the Baker’s profit from three sources: development-oriented investments and the savings associated with them, the public sector and exportation. The author shows the structural consequences of reducing wages and shifting the tax burdens to the employees. He proves that the reduction of labor costs should be accompanied by an increase in the tax burdens imposed on companies – the Baker in his model. These rules of division have macroeconomic consequences and the author shows the effects for Poland’s position in a group of countries, presented as international comparisons (mainly OECD countries). The author shows that one of the key factors determining prosperity is the place of industry in the product development cycles produced by the global division of production. The amount of added value obtained at various stages of these production cycles is illustrated by the so-called smile curve. The author shows the international division of labor has led to the location of the industries of post-communist countries, including Poland, around the minimum of this curve. This causes the average level of wages and, consequently, welfare to be low. The analysis leads to the conclusion that a policy of structural changes is needed, one that will shape this division so that the country regains full production cycles and thus strengthens its economy. The author discusses the simplified thesis formulated by Jeffrey Sachs that sustainable development is the most important for prosperity. The author justifies the thesis that it is not so much development as the amount of added value generated by industry and the mechanisms of its distribution, and points out that, as Justin Yifu Lin observes, it is the structural changes which will lead to an increase in added value and modifications in the principles of its distribution, so as to increase social well-being.

Generational accounts and demographic dividend in Russia

The paper presents a modern methodology for estimating the impact of different age groups on the production and distribution of national income, called national transfer (generational) accounts. The human economic lifecycle is divided into stages defined by the ratio of labour income to consumption. In middle ages, gained income is higher than current consumption. The resulting surplus of resources is supposed to cover the income deficit in older and younger age groups. Estimates of the deficit or surplus at different ages are made for the Russian population for 2013 based on the results of age profiles taken from administrative sources and surveys. In the paper we also estimate the projected changes in the lifecycle deficit under different demographic development scenarios. Age profiles of labour income and consumption are used to calculate the effective economic support and the influence of demographic changes in Russia on economic growth rates in the near future.

Social-legal analysis and efficiency of measures applied o counteract corruption crime in local government bodies

According to official statements, corruption crime in Russia is one of the threats to national security. Therefore, over the past ten years, a significant number of regulations have been adopted that regulate the procedures for countering crime in both state and municipal service.
 The paper presents an analysis of the complex of anti-corruption measures that are implemented in relation to state and municipal servants, as well as persons applying for the posts of state and municipal service. Currently, the developed anti-corruption measures are a complex of economic, social, organizational and other means implemented in the field of law-making, coordination of interaction between the authorities and management, personnel activity and public control.
 The effectiveness of the anti-corruption impact will be achieved only under the condition of a cardinal revision of the rules for the distribution and use of national income, the abandonment of the overdevelopment ideology, regardless of the source of its receipt, and each member of society understands the need to combat corruption as one of the most dangerous social phenomena.

Low Socioeconomic Status Is Associated with Worse Outcomes After Curative Surgery for Colorectal Cancer: Results from a Large, Multicenter Study

BackgroundSocioeconomic status (SES) has been associated with early mortality in cancer patients. However, the association between SES and outcome in colorectal cancer patients is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SES is associated with short- and long-term outcome in patients undergoing curative surgery for colorectal cancer. MethodsPatients who underwent curative surgery in the region of Rotterdam for stage I–III colorectal cancer between January 2007 and July 2014 were included. Gross household income and survival status were obtained from a national registry provided by Statistics Netherlands Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Patients were assigned percentiles according to the national income distribution. Logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard regression were performed to assess the association of SES with 30-day postoperative complications, overall survival and cancer-specific survival, adjusted for known prognosticators. ResultsFor 965 of the 975 eligible patients (99%), gross household income could be retrieved. Patients with a lower SES more often had diabetes, more often underwent an open surgical procedure, and had more comorbidities. In addition, patients with a lower SES were less likely to receive (neo) adjuvant treatment. Lower SES was independently associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications (Odds ratio per percent increase 0.99, 95%CI 0.99–0.998, p = 0.004) and lower cancer-specific mortality (Hazard ratio per percent increase 0.99, 95%CI 0.98–0.99, p = 0.009). ConclusionThis study shows that lower SES is associated with increased risk of postoperative complications, and poor cancer-specific survival in patients undergoing surgery for stage I–III colorectal cancer after correcting for known prognosticators.

TÜRKİYE’DE BÖLGELERARASI GELİR DAĞILIMI YAKINSAMASI: MEKANSAL EKONOMETRİK ANALİZ

Bir ülkenin farklı bölgelerinde yaşayan fertlerin gelirden ne oranda pay aldıklarını gösteren bölgesel gelir dağılımı, bölgelerarası gelişmişlik farklılıklarını da yansıtan önemli ölçütlerden biridir. Bölgelerarası farklılıkların zaman içinde ortadan kalkması bölgelerin birbirine yakınsadığı anlamına gelmektedir. Yakınsama gelişmemiş bölgelerin gelişmiş olanları yakalaması şeklinde ise ülkedeki gelişme sürecine de işaret edecektir. Ancak yakınsama, gelişmiş bölgelerin gerilemesi sonucu ortaya çıkıyor ise bu durumda tersi sözkonusudur. Bölgelerin gelişmişlik düzeylerinin komşuluk ilişkileriyle de açıklanabileceği literatürde sıkça vurgulanan konulardan biridir. Bu nedenle yakınsama analizlerinde komşuluk etkilerinin de dikkate alınması ayrı bir önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de düzey 2 bölgelerinin gelir dağılımı yakınsaması 2003-2014, 2003-2015 ve 2003-2016 dönemleri için yatay kesit veriler kullanılarak analiz edilmektedir. Mekânsal etkilerin de dahil edildiği analiz kapsamında 2003-2014 döneminde hem beta yakınsamasının hem de mekansal bağımlılığın varlığı tespit edilmiştir. 2003-2015 ve 2003-2016 dönemlerinde ise beta yakınsaması gerçekleşmekle birlikte mekansallık etkisine rastlanmamıştır. Araştırma dönemi itibariyle bulgular, Türkiye’de Düzey 2 bölgelerinin giderek bozulan ulusal gelir dağılımı düzeyinde birbirine yakınsadığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Political Economy of Farm Loan Waivers in India

Political leadership of various states in India is under tremendous pressure to provide instant relief to the farmers reeling under debt trap, resulting in suicides in several cases. Often, suicides by peasants are widely covered in the media which in turn sway the people’s perception about apparent indifference of the government towards the farming communities of the country. This certainly brings in concerns related to political economy revolving around judicious distribution of wealth and national income of the country. State governments of India are generally reluctant to waive off the farm loans as a matter of routine due to concomitant burden on exchequer that might adversely affect their fiscal balances. However, political parties tend to use farm loan waiver as tactics to come to power in spite of the fact that such populist measures are not good for the economy, nor do they offer a long-term solution to the age-old problem of higher degree of incidence of indebtedness among the farming communities. This article explores the antecedents and consequences of farm loan waivers and the way forward. Besides, it also reconnoitres whether the state takes such decisions as farm loan waiver purely on the basis of economics or any hidden political agenda.

Aligning Preferences for Redistribution of Right and Left Wing Voters by Correcting Their Beliefs about Inequality: Evidence from a Randomized Survey Experiment in Australia

Are differences in preferences for redistribution between right and left wing voters amplified because of misperceptions of inequality? To answer this question, we conduct a nationally representative, randomized survey experiment of 2,584 Australians in which respondents either received information about the level of national inequality and economic mobility, their position in the national income distribution, or no information. We show that both types of information about inequality lead to convergence in preferences for redistribution and charitable giving between right and left wing voters. The effect from the treatments are predominantly due to right wing voters becoming more progressive in their views.

Formation of budget expenditure as a component of social development

Relevance of research topic. The development and implementation of effective policy in the field of financial and budgetary relations is a powerful tool for influencing the country's socio-economic development. Accordingly, ensuring effective influence on the pace and quality of economic growth requires the improvement of the system of budget expenditures as a component of social development taking into account the strengthening of globalization processes. Formulation of the problem. With the acceleration of the pace of financial and economic globalization, its increasing influence on the system of public finances and its components, the issues of increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of fiscal policy regarding the expenditure part of the budget are urgent, which requires further scientific research of the theoretical and applied aspects of the formation of budget expenditures as a component of social development. Analysis of recent research and publications. The problem of the formation and implementation of budget policy regarding the expenditure part of the budget, its impact on socio-economic processes is currently quite widespread in scientific research. These are works by well-known domestic and foreign scholars: J. Buchanan, P. Samuelson, J. Stiglitz, T. Bogolib, L. Lisyak, I. Lukyanenko, A. Mazaraki, V. Sidenko, I. Chugunov and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. The above-mentioned issues are actualized in connection with the strengthening of globalization processes, the adverse external and internal economic environment, which requires the solution of a number of specific tasks related to increased efficiency of the distribution and use of public financial resources, improvement of the budget policy of Ukraine in relation to the formation of budget expenditures. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The research objective is to reveal the role of the expenditure part of the budget in ensuring social development, to reveal the features of the budget policy regarding the formation of the expenditure part of the budget. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the priority tasks of the budget policy regarding the formation of budget expenditures and the improvement of their architectonics in the context of institutional transformations. Method or methodology for carrying out the research. The article uses a set of methods of scientific research: system approach, statistical analysis, structuring, analysis and synthesis, etc. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The role of the expenditure part of the budget in ensuring social development is determined and the priorities of the budget policy regarding budget expenditures formation, improvement of their architectonics in the context of institutional reforms are substantiated. The analysis and estimation of the structure of expenditures of the consolidated budget of Ukraine in terms of functional and economic classification, payments on repayment and servicing of the state debt are carried out. The field of application of results. The results of this study can be applied in the process of formation and implementation of the budget policy of Ukraine. Conclusions according to the article. The development of public finances depends on the direction of transformation of the formation of the expenditure part of the budget in line with changes in the socio-economic environment. The budget strategy for planning the expenditure part of the budget, its structure contributes to a balanced distribution of national income is substantiated. At the same time, the relevant strategy should be based on qualitative assessment and monitoring of the development trends of the domestic economy and aimed at ensuring the innovative activity of production. In the context of transformational transformations, the task of optimizing budget expenditures and ensuring a sufficient level of their flexibility based on economic cyclicality and macroeconomic situation in the country are important. The article defines the strategic priorities of budget policy regarding the formation of budget expenditures as a component of social development.

The Goldilocks effect: Convergence in national income distributions, 1990–2015

Recent work shows that national income distributions are converging, with stratified nations becoming more equal and egalitarian countries becoming more unequal. I replicate this finding using more recent data from multiple sources, drawing from 3006 observations across 152 countries from the Standardized World Income Inequality Database (SWIID) and 238 observations across 46 countries from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) during the 1990–2015 period. I find that a country's initial Gini is negatively related to subsequent change in the Gini (i.e., β-convergence), with egalitarian and stratified countries both drifting towards a more moderate level of inequality. I then test several theoretical explanations for this trend, including (1) sectoral transitions, (2) economic development, (3) global diffusion, (4) public sentiment, and (5) statistical bias. Overall, the results are most consistent with the latter two accounts, indicating a public aversion to, and statistical bias against, extreme levels of (in)equality. By contrast, β-convergence is not explained by sectoral transitions, nor do development or globalization appear to accelerate the process, casting doubt on alternative interpretations. Overall, the findings suggest that scholars should begin to account for convergence dynamics when modeling income distributions within nations.

National savings rate and sectoral income distribution: An empirical look at China

China's saving rate is found to be higher than predictions of empirical estimations based on conventional models of consumption. This problem has been recently admitted as arising from research attention biased towards household saving, yet savings by the corporate and public sectors (termed the non-household sector) may be more important in China. We find strong evidence that the biased distribution of national income towards the non-household sector is a key determinant of high aggregate saving in China, with this situation reinforced by its huge surplus labor. Such a sectoral perspective, albeit useful for elucidating Chinese savings, was previously used in descriptive discussions. This perspective is formally taken into account in our empirical study generating significant findings. We also show that high Chinese savings have more or less to do with other economic, demographic, and institutional factors as identified in the literature.

Your Place in the World: The Demand for National and Global Redistribution

Some of today’s most heated policy debates about Brexit, trade wars, climate change abatement, and migration involve redistribution of resources within a given country (national redistribution) and between countries (global redistribution). Nevertheless, theories and evidence on preferences for redistribution have focused almost exclusively on national redistribution. In this paper, we study preferences for global redistribution. The workhorse model in political economy predicts that individuals with incomes in the upper levels of the national income distribution are less supportive of national redistribution than those with incomes in the lower levels. Applied to the global arena, the model predicts that individuals who are richer in the global income distribution will be less supportive of global redistribution. We test this hypothesis using a two-year, face-to-face survey of a representative sample of German households. We show that respondents are misinformed about their positions in the national and global income distributions, and we provide novel evidence that those misperceptions are meaningful. Consistent with previous studies, we find support for the political economy model in the national arena: the correlational and experimental estimates indicate that the demand for national redistribution decreases with national relative income. However, the political economy model does not hold in the global arena: support for global redistribution does not depend on global relative income, but instead on national relative income.

ТИПОЛОГІЯ МОДЕЛЕЙ СКОРОЧЕННЯ НЕРІВНОСТІ В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛЬНОГО РОЗВИТКУ

Introduction . Recently there has been an increase in income inequality in almost all countries. This poses a threat to political, economic and social stability in the country. In most countries, there is no strategy to reduce inequality or little attention is paid to it. Therefore, there is a need to develop concrete practical measures to strike a balance between equal access to economic independence and social justice. Purpose . The research aims is to analyze and identify models of reducing inequality (social justice) in the face of global development. Results . Equity is seen as the optimum level of inequality, so a fair distribution of national income (national wealth) is the most important component of socio-economic development that affects economic growth and its determinants. It is established that social justice provides the necessary link between social structure of society and economic efficiency. Five concepts of social justice are analyzed: egalitarian, utilitarian, rosian, market and meritocratic, their principles, main tenets, advantages and disadvantages are revealed. It is established that most modern models of social justice (distribution) are mixed in nature and combine in different proportions the principles of market model, economic efficiency and social justice. Studying the experience of implementation of different models of social justice has allowed to establish the following features: they acquire signs of universality, institutions of equalization and incentive policy are being formed, they are changing according to the spatial, external and internal challenges of the present. It is argued that in today's global development, justice models are gradually transforming and inclusive. The inclusive development model is a hybrid model of social justice that focuses on equitable distribution of goods, sustainable economic growth in incomes and the level of protection and quality of life. Originality . The categorical apparatus of the concept of “justice” has been improved, which, unlike the existing ones, is proposed to be considered as a certain order that ensures equal opportunities for everyone and an honest distribution of wealth, benefits and income between members of society. Scientific and practical approaches to the formation of an inclusive model of social justice are proposed, which is a kind of clone of different models of justice, takes into account the combination of a number of development factors and uses swap mechanisms that will allow moving to a multi-level and multi-polar system of balanced development. Firstly, this is budgetary maneuvering to ensure a minimum level of social protection with the following options: 1) redistribution of current government spending; 2) an increase in tax revenue; 3) expansion of insurance premiums; 4) reducing the illegal movement of financial resources and establishing control over the dynamics of capital; 5) additional assistance, credit or restructuring of existing debt to free up resources; secondly, reorientation to the development of policies aimed at social protection of certain social categories and equalization of income (as is the practice in European countries); thirdly, ensuring conditions of social integration and equality in the provision of common services: expanding universal access to health care, education, and culture. Conclusion . The problem of inequality is perceived when the distribution of common goods is considered unfair. In practice, countries use various types and elements of socio-economic policy that dominate and are implemented in models of state development: liberal-democratic, corporatist (continental), conservative, social-democratic. The universal model of reducing inequality should be an inclusive model of social justice, which follows the principles of: accessibility of basic needs for each member of society; equal access to basic needs: education, medicine, etc.; compensation - the actual distribution between persons of the benefits (income) that the company receives from cost-effective changes. An inclusive justice model should be accompanied by a steady increase in population incomes, economic opportunities, security and quality of life, and not just simple GDP growth.

SWOT Analysis of Micro Entrepreneurship and Start-ups in Haryana

MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) have been globally considered as an engine of economic growth and as key instruments for promoting equitable development in most of the economies of the world. The MSMEs constitute over 90% of total enterprises in most of the economies and are credited with generating the highest rates of employment growth. They not only play crucial role in providing large employment opportunities at comparatively lower capital cost than large industries but also help in industrialization of rural & backward areas, which in turn, reduces regional imbalances, assuring more equitable distribution of national income and wealth. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) and Start-ups play vital role in the process of development in India. It generates employment at low cost and helps the society to move on the path of prosperity & growth. As more than 65% of Indians live in villages and as there is little scope for establishment of Large-scale industries in these areas, MSME is an important aspect with regard to development of rural areas. Even though the State has huge potential for industrialization, especially for MSME sector, its potential has not been fully harnessed so far. Thus the present paper is an attempt towards finding out the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats of MSMEs and Start-ups in the State of Haryana. The present study proposes interprets, analyse, and understand the challenges faced by the Micro entrepreneurs and their business in Haryana State. By virtue of so, the study will prove to be a panacea for Micro entrepreneurs and start-ups. The study further suggests them how to increase the innovativeness, decision making and diversification of their businesses in Haryana state.

The Incentive-constraint Cognitive Framework, Basic Thought, Principles and Recommendations for the Optimization of Income Distribution

Income distribution is a major and complex issue that directly affects the vital interests of hundreds of millions of people. To deepen the reform of the income distribution system, it is necessary to clarify the accurate connotation of the relationship between “fairness and efficiency” under the framework of “incentive-constraint”, make a correct analysis on the causes of income differences, and lay a foundation for understanding the rationality of the policy. The basic idea of optimizing income distribution in China should be to use the vision of common prosperity as the “goal-orientation” and combine the “problem-orientation” to accelerate the strategic transformation from “getting rich first” to “getting rich together”. The basic principles to be followed are the following: encourages entrepreneurial innovation with reasonable income distribution; recognizes the contribution of each factor and combines the distribution according to work with the distribution according to other factors; and appropriately allows and tolerates the expansion of the income gap in the first half of the “inverted U curve”, that is, actively adjusts and holds “polarization”; builds a system-engineered distribution system with promoting transparency, encouraging enthusiasm, promoting harmony and helping the weak as essentials; promotes the dynamic optimization of the distribution system and policy system with reform, namely effective institutional supply as the leader. On this basis, establish a system of initial distribution of national income with sound rules and fair process; establish a system of national income redistribution with appropriately equalized results; improve the third distribution system of national income; and promotes the reform of the supporting system for national income distribution.

Turn the Bull Loose: A Test of the Moderating Effect of Economic Liberalization on the Link Between Financialization and Income Inequality in Developed Economies*

ObjectiveA burgeoning field of research shows that financialization is positively associated with income inequality. However, while it is widely recognized that the recent growth of financial activity increases in tandem with the reduction of state controls in national economies, scholars often struggle to find a straightforward connection between economic liberalization and income inequality. In light of this confusion, this study presents the argument that liberalization does not share a direct connection to the distribution of national income. Rather, economic liberalization is a moderating variable that conditions the connection between financialization and income inequality.MethodsThese contentions are tested by way of interaction effects using a panel data set of 14 developed economies for the years 1995–2010.ResultsThe results confirm the main arguments of this study as the positive link between financialization and the income share of the top 1 percent is higher at increasing levels of financial liberalization.ConclusionsThis research indicates that cross‐national variations of income inequality are partially attributable to state policy decisions on financial activity.

Poverty risk of the unemployed in six European countries: why is it higher in some countries than in others?

ABSTRACTIn all European countries unemployed persons face a high risk of relative poverty, but poverty rates vary greatly among EU countries. We analyse to what extent these differences could be explained by a different composition of the unemployed or by differences in the national income distribution functions. Our results indicate that the effects of individual characteristics on the poverty risk are roughly comparable between countries, but the composition of the unemployed is very different, which explains on average half of the cross-country differences in poverty rates.

Межпоколенческие счета и демографический дивиденд в России

В предлагаемой статье представлена современная методология оценки вклада отдельных возрастных групп в производство и распределение национального дохода – национальные трансфертные (межпоколенческие) счета. Экономический жизненный цикл человека делится на стадии, которые определяются соотношением трудового дохода и потребления. В средних возрастах получаемый доход превышает текущее потребление. Возникает избыток или профицит ресурсов, который идет на покрытие дефицита дохода для обеспечения потребления в младших и старших возрастных группах. Оценки дефицита или профицита в отдельных возрастах выполнены для российского населения по состоянию на 2013 г. на основе построенных по результатам обследований и административных источников возрастных профилей доходов и потребления. Дается оценка изменений дефицита жизненного цикла на перспективу при разных сценариях демографического развития. Возрастные профили доходов и потребления были использованы для оценки эффективной экономической поддержки и влияния демографических изменений в России на темпы экономического роста в ближайшем будущем.

Legal Regulation of Budget Decentralization in Ukraine

The article describes the legal regulation of fiscal decentralization in Ukraine. It was stated that fiscal decentralization is part of the complex, multi-level, system concept of “financial resources”, including a set of elements endowed with institutional characteristics. Being the material basis for the functioning of the state, most of the financial resources created by the distribution of national income are mobilized in state centralized funds of funds and other funds of financial resources that are objectively necessary conditions for the implementation of the process of expanded reproduction at all its stages and in all forms. The necessity of the study of fiscal decentralization, as a technology that conditions and reflects the general political and legal course of government, is substantiated. The content of decentralization, in its broad sense, which involves the transfer of more significant powers to local authorities, with the aim of making independent decisions on the formation of income, expenditure and regulatory and legal regulation is disclosed. It was concluded that the processes started in 2014 on financial decentralization, testify to the strengthening of the financial basis of local governments, increasing not only the revenue part of local budgets, but also the expenditure side. It was stated that, given the global tendency of political institutions to democratization, almost all domestic systems in different countries are seeking to strengthen the decentralization processes in certain areas of politics, the organization of public authority and government, and the livelihoods of local communities. Objectivity and compulsory decentralization processes in the implementation of the financial and security function of public authority have been clarified. It emphasized the desire of all modern highly developed countries to decentralize the maximum possible range of social facilities, including the decentralization of budgetary funds and powers. The same desire has recently been observed in developing countries and countries with economies in transition, which implement fiscal decentralization policies in order to change the ratio of the degree of influence of central and local public authorities on the macroeconomic situation. Provided specific proposals to the legislation to improve the management of financial resources and the predictability of local budget expenditures.