Distribution Of Lung Cancer Research Articles

Environmental geochemical characteristics of Xuanwei Formation coal and their controlling geological factors, with comments on the relationship with lung cancer incidence and distribution

This paper attempts to review the environmental geochemical characteristics (re.: enriched elements) in coals of the Late Permian Xuanwei Formation of NW Yunnan, China, and gauge the possible existence of significant relationships with the incidence and distribution of lung cancer in the region. To achieve this goal, 27 samples were collected in this region; the mineralogical characteristics and major and trace elements were analysed; the Pb isotopic composition was traced; the contribution of the source rock was calculated; and principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out. Our current findings are summarized as follows: (1) the minerals are mainly quartz (silica), chamosite, calcite and kaolinite; (2) MnO, SiO 2 , V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd and W are enriched; (3) the LREYs (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm and Eu) and HREYs (Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu and Y) have similar enrichment degrees, and the fractionation degree of HREYs is higher than that of LREYs; (4) the source distance restricts the Pb isotope composition; (5) MnO, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Cd are controlled by the Emeishan basalt; the origin of SiO 2 (authigenic quartz) is unclear; (6) the lung cancer tissue characteristics, PCA, and toxicological characteristics of elements suggest that the main components of enriched elements probably come from V, Cr, Co, Ni and Cd, not SiO 2 . In conclusion, the carcinogenic elements V, Cr, Co, Ni and Cd may be related to lung cancer. Since our study is highly explorative, this result leaves many interesting aspects to be further studied. Thematic collection: This article is part of the Geochemical processes related to mined, milled, or natural metal deposits collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/geochemical-processes-related-to-mined-milled-or-natural-metal-deposits Supplementary material : The coal mine and coal sample description, major, trace elements, and XRD results of coal as well as regional geological map are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6444476

The Prediction of Lung Cancer Prognosis with Blood Lipid Levels and Ratios at the Time of Diagnosis

Background:Emerging evidence has linked lipid metabolism disorder with lung diseases, but the relationship between blood lipid profile and lung cancer risk is controversial and inconclusive. It was aimed to investigate the relationship of lipid levels and ratios at the time of diagnosis to the prognosis prediction of lung cancer.Methods:Sociodemographic and disease-related clinical characteristics of 92 patients diagnosed with lung cancer were reviewed retrospectively. Patients with available lipid parameters at the time of diagnosis were evaluated. Hemogram parameters of the patients included in the study, creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate, alanine aminotransferase level, albumin level, C-reactive protein level, as well as total cholesterol (TC)/high-density cholesterol (HDL) ratio, non-HDL/HDL ratio, low-density lipoprotein/HDL ratio, and triglyceride/HDL ratios were examined.Results:The mean age at presentation was 64.2 ± 9.1 years. The distribution of lung cancers is 6 (6.5%) for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and 86 (93.5%) for non-SCLC. The median follow-up period of the patients is 12 months. During the follow-up, 63 (68.5%) of the patients died. In the univariate analysis, increased non-HDL/HDL ratio was related to mortality. In multivariate analysis, disease stage, albumin level, and TC level were found to be variables affecting the mortality.Conclusion:TC levels at the time of diagnosis can be a guide in determining the prognosis. More experimental studies are needed to elucidate the relationship between the lipid metabolism and lung cancer etiology and to determine the role of lipid levels and ratios in prognosis prediction.

Epidemiological profile of lung cancer in a Nepalese population: A single-institution review.

e13087 Background: Lung cancer is one of the common cancers worldwide, and is the commonest cancer in Nepal, with an incidence of 16%. There is a high incidence of smoking in Nepal, being highest in the mountain region in the north and lowest in the tarai region in the south. Smoking kills around 15,000 people per year. The prevalence of smoking in the urban population of Kathmandu over the age of 15 has been estimated at 64.6% in men and 14.2% in women. Nepal has diverse population with various ethnicities and different cultures. The aim of this study was to determine the relation of smoking, epidemiology of lung cancer and distribution of lung cancer in various ethnicities of Nepal. Methods: All patients attending National Hospital and Cancer Research Center in Kathmandu who were diagnosed with lung cancer between January 2012 and December 2018 were enrolled in the study. Informed consent was taken before enrollment and data was collected by the nursing staffs prospectively using a preset questionnaire for interviewing patients. Results: Data was collected from 250 patients over the seven years with histologically proven lung cancer. About 85.6 % of patients were male and 80% of them were smokers. 50% of men and 30 % of the women were smokers. Most common age to start smoking was in 11-20 years group (60%). 58% of patients were from Kathmandu valley, and 42% of patients from outside the valley. 38% of male were literate and 16% were illiterate where as 13.6% of female were literate and 32.4% were illiterate. Among the various ethnic groups, 44% were Newars, 20% Mongols, 18% in Chhetris and 18% Brahmins. The incidence of lung cancer was highest (57.6%) in the age 61-80 years age group. 14.4% of the patients had family history of cancer M = 8.6% and F = 6.0%). Squamous cell carcinoma was the highest (51.2%) followed by small cell carcinoma (22%) and adenocarcinoma (26.8%). Carcinoma of right lung was frequent (62%) compared to the left lung (38%). Local cigarette were used by 82.5% of the smokers and 54.5% of them used filtered cigarettes. 40% practiced relighting the butt ends. Conclusions: The study shows that smoking is a single major contributing factor observed in lung cancer in Nepal across various age groups as well as diverse ethnic groups. Given the high incidence of smoking starting before the age of 20, there is an urgent need for organized mass anti-smoking campaigns, especially in schools targeting the younger age group. Need of awareness against the smoking and the cause of lung cancer needs to emphasized to reduce the burden of the lung cancer.

Incidence of lung malignancy in a tertiary care centre – A one year study

Background: Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer in males and the leading cause of death in both sexes. It accounts for 11.3% of all new cancers in India and also associated with a mortality rate of 13.7%. This desolate mortality necessitates for the early diagnosis of lung cancer. The study was conducted to evaluate incidence, gender and age wise distribution of lung cancer and its association with smoking. Methodology: This study was done in the department of pulmonary medicine in Guntur Medical College from September 2016 to august 2017. The study includes 52 patients having clinical and radiological suspicion of lung cancer. All the cases were subjected to USG guided transthoracic needle aspiration was sent for cytology. Inconclusive and malignant cases were further subjected to histopathological examination for confirmation. Results: Out of the 52 patients suspicious of malignancy, 32 patients were finally diagnosed as malignant, 5 patients had benign/inflammatory lesions, 6 cases had no evidence of malignancy/non-specific inflammation, 8 had no opinion possible. Most common type is adenocarcinoma followed by squamous cell carcinoma with an incidence rate of 71.8% & 15.7% respectively. The highest incidence of lung malignancies is seen in 5th decade in both sexes. Conclusions: There is increase in the incidence of lung malignancies in females, throwing light on the causes other than smoking like bio-mass fuel exposure and second-hand smoking. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type. Further, USG guided transthoracic needle aspiration has a good sensitivity in detecting lung malignancies. Keywords: Adenocarcinoma; Transthoracic fine needle aspiration; Lung malignancy.

Risk factors of lung cancer among women in Menoufia governorate, Egypt

Objectives The objectives of this study were to assess the risk factors and distribution of lung cancer among women in Menoufia governorate. Background Lung cancer used to be thought of as a man's disease, but women now account for almost half of new cases and deaths from lung cancer. Patients and methods The study was a case–control study. Women were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: adult females above 18 years, histopathological proof lung cancer, controlled comorbidity. The recruited participants were 60 women from the clinical oncology hospital records from January 2011 to December 2015 in Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Menoufia Governorate. Sixty women were found meeting our inclusion criteria. A similar number of controls was recruited from the patients' female relatives. Both groups were subjected to a questionnaire and clinical examination for clinicoepidemiological study and determination of risk factors of cancer lung. Results The most common type of lung cancer among women was adenocarcinoma (56.7%). The risk factors for developing lung cancer in women were passive smoking smoking, performing oophorectomy before menopause and using coal for cooking or warming (P Conclusion The risk factors for developing lung cancer among women were passive smoking, smoking, oophorectomy before menopause, use of hormonal replacement therapy among smoking, and use of organic fuel (coal) for cooking or warming. Having breast cancer or having radiation therapy may influence the progress of lung cancer.

Adaptive Robust Estimators to Handle Missing Values in Estimati ng Tumor Stage Distributions in Population-Based Cancer Registrati on

Accurate cancer stage at diagnosis is essential not only for assessing quality of care and associated prognosis but also for monitoring trends in cancer stages and for assessing effectiveness of early detection interventions. Because the cancer stage is associated with many factors that are not under control of cancer registries, it is infeasible to completely record stages in all cases from registry database. It is necessary to reduce the bias in stage analysis induced by unknown stage cases through statistical adjustment. In this paper, we propose a new adaptive robust method that estimates the distribution of unknown stage cases using both essential and nonessential predictors of cancer stage. Multiple additive regression trees were used to assess the association of explanatory variables (including patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment) with unknown stage. The 2004-2009 incidence data on invasive lung cancer from 38 population-based cancer registries that met NAACCR’s high data quality criteria were used to estimate the population stage distribution of lung cancer over the years. Multiple artificial incomplete datasets with unknown stages and predictors were created from the complete datasets, with varying missing data mechanism and different proportions of missingness. The simulated datasets were used to test the efficiency of the proposed method in estimating population stage distribution. In general, the proposed method is more efficient in terms of estimation accuracy and time consumption, compared with the traditional methods such as multiple imputation method and weighting method.

Reply: Stage Distribution of Lung Cancers Detected by Computed Tomography Screening in the NELSON Trial

Reply: Stage Distribution of Lung Cancers Detected by Computed Tomography Screening in the NELSON Trial

Abstract A18: Spatial analyses reveal increased incidence of large cell lung carcinoma in specific regions of Maine that differ in men and women

Abstract Lung cancer is a major cause of death among cancers in the U.S. Environmental exposures to tobacco or radon are considered the two highest risks for lung cancer. Maine is one of the top 15 states with the highest rates of lung cancer in the U.S., with smoking rates that vary from 20–30% across counties. We recently reported on spatial variations in radon exposure. In this study, we investigated if there were spatial regions of excessive lung cancer by gender in Maine, and if these might overlay the high radon exposure regions. Age-adjusted lung cancer incidence rates in Maine were compared to those of the US overall, using NCI SEER and CDC databases. Data for all lung cancer cases in Maine reported during 1995–2006 were obtained from the Maine Cancer Registry. Population data used Base U.S. Census 2000 data. Lung cancer incidence was adjusted for age and population density. We assessed the spatial distribution of lung cancer by subtype, using spatial scan statistic, assuming a discrete Poisson distribution. We did not adjust for race as Maine is 95% white. We also examined spatial variations by pathology sub-types classified as adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma. Within Maine, Washington County, which also has the highest smoking rate, reported the highest lung cancer incidence rates [men: 131.7 (110.5,156.2); women: 73 (58.5, 90.5), compared to Maine overall (men: 97.2 (93.9,100.5); women: 66.6 (64.2, 69.1) or the US (men: 84.3 (84.1, 84.5); women: 55.8 (55.6, 55.9)]. Maine is a rural, mostly nonagrarian state, with significant health disparities due to poverty, access to healthcare and geographic isolation. In considering other disadvantaged populations, lung cancer incidence rates for Maine men and women were higher than those reported for U.S. blacks, Hispanics and American Indians. Our results showed small “hotspots” for lung cancer overall with RR greater than 1 for females (RR 1.8, p 0.03) in eastern Washington County, and for males (RR 1.7, p 0.03) in northern Washington County and in the Pittsfield Region, Somerset County. No significant differences were detected in spatial distribution for adenocarcinoma or small cell carcinoma. The most striking geospatial regions with RR greater than 1 were detected for large cell lung cancer in Washington County, one of the poorest counties in the U.S. Women exhibited very high rates (RR 5.3, p 0.002) along the southern coastal region of Washington County while men exhibited very high rates (RR 3.7, p 0.04) within a smaller region in northern coastal Washington county where we have mapped use of pesticide sprays. Published literature linking large cell carcinoma with smoking is ambivalent. Washington County and the Pittsfield Region have air and water radon exposures below 4 pCi. There are no heavy industry or highways that could implicate particulate matter. In conclusion, we found statistically significant spatial regions (p<05; RR greater than 1) of high large cell lung carcinoma incidence in coastal regions of Washington County, but “hotspots” for men and women differed geographically. Environmental risk factors commonly correlated with lung cancer did not appear to explain the distribution of large cell lung cancer cases. More research is needed to explain the high incidence of large cell lung cancer in a nonagrarian, mostly white population with cancer and health disparities.

The distribution of lung cancer across sectors of society in the United Kingdom: a study using national primary care data

BackgroundThere is pressing need to diagnose lung cancer earlier in the United Kingdom (UK) and it is likely that research using computerised general practice records will help this process. Linkage of these records to area-level geo-demographic classifications may also facilitate case ascertainment for public health programmes, however, there have as yet been no extensive studies of data validity for such purposes.MethodsTo first address the need for validation, we assessed the completeness and representativeness of lung cancer data from The Health Improvement Network (THIN) national primary care database by comparing incidence and survival between 2000 and 2009 with the UK National Cancer Registry and the National Lung Cancer Audit Database. Secondly, we explored the potential of a geo-demographic social marketing tool to facilitate disease ascertainment by using Experian's Mosaic Public Sector ™ classification, to identify detailed profiles of the sectors of society where lung cancer incidence was highest.ResultsOverall incidence of lung cancer (41.4/100, 000 person-years, 95% confidence interval 40.6-42.1) and median survival (232 days) were similar to other national data; The incidence rate in THIN from 2003-2006 was found to be just over 93% of the national cancer registry rate. Incidence increased considerably with area-level deprivation measured by the Townsend Index and was highest in the North-West of England (65.1/100, 000 person-years). Wider variations in incidence were however identified using Mosaic classifications with the highest incidence in Mosaic Public Sector ™types 'Cared-for pensioners, ' 'Old people in flats' and 'Dignified dependency' (191.7, 174.2 and 117.1 per 100, 000 person-years respectively).ConclusionsRoutine electronic data in THIN are a valid source of lung cancer information. Mosaic ™ identified greater incidence differentials than standard area-level measures and as such could be used as a tool for public health programmes to ascertain future cases more effectively.

Reproducibility of diagnosis and its influence on the distribution of lung cancer by histologic type in Osaka, Japan.

The histologic types of lung cancer cases diagnosed in 1979–1980 (n=799) and 1987 (n=587) were independently reviewed by two pathologists in order to investigate the reproducibility of the diagnosis of the histologic type when the WHO classification (1981) was used. The specimens from 354 surgical cases and biopsy or cytology specimens from 1032 non‐surgical cases were reviewed. The inter‐observer agreement was 87.9% (k=0.79) for surgical cases and 81.4% (k=0.72) for non‐surgical cases. When compared to the original diagnosis, the agreement was 86.8% (k=0.78) for surgical and 86.4% (k=0.79) for non‐surgical cases in 1979–1980 and the agreement was 92.8% (k=0.87) for surgical and 89.1% (k=0.83) for non‐surgical cases in 1987. By histologic type, no difference in the agreement was observed except for large cell carcinoma. The distribution of histologic types after the review differed only slightly (less than 6%) from the original distribution. This suggests that in Osaka, Japan, the diagnosis based on the WHO classification (1981) had only a limited influence on the distribution of histologic types, and is not a major reason for the changing trends in lung cancer incidence by histologic type.

756 Changing pattern in histological distribution of lung cancer

756 Changing pattern in histological distribution of lung cancer

The variation of cell type distribution in lung cancer: a study of 10,910 cases at a medical center in Taiwan between 1970 and 1993.

The rise in the incidence of lung cancer has been associated with shifts in histologic distribution. A study was conducted to investigate changes in the cell type distribution in lung cancer in relation to age, sex, and smoking history, based on a retrospective analysis of 10,910 proven cases of lung cancer at the Veterans General Hospital-Taipei during the period from 1970 to 1993. The diagnosis in each case was substantiated by histologic samples from the original tumor site in the lung. Detailed smoking histories were obtained by personal interview at the time of the first admission. Adenocarcinoma (38.3%) was the most common type of lung cancer, followed by squamous cell carcinoma (37.1%) and small cell carcinoma (12.2%). Over the study period, the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma decreased from 46.4% to 36.2% in men (P < 0.005), adenocarcinoma increased from 30% to 36% in men (P = 0.001) and 50.7% to 64.8% in women (P = 0.008), and small cell carcinoma increased from 7% to 14% in men but showed no significant change in women. Adenocarcinoma exhibited a marked increase in both men and women, and surpassed squamous cell carcinoma as the most frequent type of lung cancer. Lung cancer among younger men, and among non-smoking older men and women, was more often adenocarcinoma. Small cell carcinoma showed a significant increase among males, differing from the trend for squamous cell carcinoma in men, though both are strongly associated with smoking. These findings suggest factors other then cigarette smoking could influence the development and distribution of lung cancer.

Female lung cancer.

Female lung cancer death rates increased by more than 550 percent between 1950 and 1991. In 1986 lung cancer surpassed breast cancer to become the leading cause of cancer death in women in the United States. The lung cancer epidemic is primarily attributable to cigarette smoking, which is responsible for at least 80% of the disease in women. There are gender differences in the distribution of lung cancer by histologic type, even controlling for smoking, and some data suggest greater female than male susceptibility to lung cancer at a given level of smoking. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke increases risk of lung cancer in nonsmoking women. Family history of lung cancer, personal history of lung disease (e.g. asthma, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, or tuberculosis), and a history of radiotherapy also appear to be associated with increased risk. Data specific to women on the role of household radon exposures or of specific occupational or environmental exposures are relatively sparse and inconsistent. Finally, many studies have reported a decreased risk of lung cancer in individuals who consume high levels of fruits and vegetables; however, clinical trials fail to support a beneficial effect of beta-carotene supplementation. Since cigarette smoking accounts for the vast majority of lung cancer cases in women, efforts to prevent adolescent girls from starting to smoke and to encourage cessation among established smokers have the greatest potential for reducing the female lung cancer burden.

Is the Armadale epidemic over? Air pollution and mortality from lung cancer and other diseases, 1961-82.

In Armadale, a town in central Scotland, the standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for lung cancer were exceptionally high during 1968-74. A large cluster of cases was found in a residential zone downwind from a foundry. In the present study death certificates in the mortality registers of three town parishes were analysed for 1961-82 and the time trends of mortality from major categories of disease were examined. The distribution of mortality from lung cancer within Armadale's six residential zones was compared with that of the other diseases for the periods 1968-75 and 1976-82; the zone of particular interest was that containing the original cluster of lung cancer. The distribution of lung cancer was also compared with the pattern of air pollution by metals, collected by Sphagnum moss bags. The annual numbers of deaths from respiratory cancer in Armadale rose to a plateau in 1968-77; after a fall during 1978-80, the numbers returned in 1981 and 1982 to their previous high values. Between 1968-75 and 1976-82 the mean SMRs for all the disease categories except respiratory cancer rose. The SMR for total mortality in 1976-82 was the same as in preceding years when the standardised death rate for Armadale was the highest for Scotland in the annual reports of the Registrar General. In the zone with the highest mortality from lung cancer in 1968-75 the SMR for that disease continued to be higher than expected. That zone also showed the highest SMRs for cancer of the upper alimentary tract, cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, and coronary heart disease; its SMR for bronchitis was the second highest in the town. Pollution studies indicated that zones with high SMRs for respiratory and non-respiratory cancer were exposed to air pollution by metals. The temporal and spatial patterns are consistent with the view that the problem of mortality from cancer and non-malignant diseases in Armadale remains.

A study of the geographical pattern of cancer mortality for selected sites by means of factor analysis

Abstract The spatial distribution of cancer mortality and morbidity has been studied by many authors, and its characteristic pattern as to the various cancer sites was the object of the research of many epidemiologists. It has been generally recognized that any of the specific factors do not contribute independently but interdependently to the etiology in chronic diseases. With this in mind, it is natural to assume that there exist multiple factors which collaborate with each other in the pathogenesis of cancer of various sites. To test interdependence of variables, we set out to analyse the pattern of the geographical distributions of the cancer deaths in Japan, using the method of factor analysis which has been characterized as a useful method for analyzing the correlated variables. Five independent factors are extracted from the mutual correlations among the site-specific mortality rates on various cancers and that these factors were commonly found in both sexes, although slight discordance was noticed in some factors. Among the factors extracted, the first one attracted us the most, since the fact that bone, bladder, skin and buccal cancers clustered in one group suggest a possible relationship of these cancers to atmospheric temperature. An alternative fact that interests us is the conspicuous variability in the geographical distribution of lung cancer. Finally, we add that consistently high correlations were obtained for the mortality rates between any two of the different three time periods.

Relationship between lung cancer and distance of residence from nonferrous smelter stack effluent.

Because of a reported association between residence in counties with nonferrous smelters and increased risk of lung cancer, we studied the relationship between distance of residence from nonferrous smelters and lung cancer. Patients with lung cancer and patients with other cancers not known to be associated with smelter effluent (breast, prostate, and colon) were compared. All patients lived within a 20-kilometer radius around one of 10 nonferrous smelters in five western states during 1970-1977. Data were obtained from cancer registries or death certificates and were examined separately for each area. Addresses at the time of diagnosis or death were plotted on U.S. Geological Survey maps to calculate distance from each smelter. The distribution of lung cancer near the smelters was not significantly different from the distribution of control cancers in any of the areas studied.

The distribution of lung cancer and bronchitis in England and Wales.

The distribution of lung cancer and bronchitis in England and Wales.