Distribution Of Land Research Articles

Civic administrative centres in the northern and southern cities of Ghana: Assessing their state and locational distribution and the implications for urban growth and land demand

Land remains a vital resource for the growth of infrastructure and human populations; however, it is increasingly becoming a matter of necessity to manage the earth's limited land and natural resources sustainably. Employing a mixed-methods research approach and case-studying Cape Coast and Wa, this study assessed the state and locational distribution of civic administrative land uses in the northern and southern cities of Ghana and clinched its implications for urban growth and land demand. Following this, the study found that the Cape Coast is 48% developed land-use-wise, and land dedicated to civic and administrative purposes is 0.019 km2. Wa is 69% built-up, with 0.015 km2 allocated for civic purposes as of 2023. Also, the study found that the built environment and planning strategies pertaining to land optimisation relied heavily on governments’ policies, commitments, and support from the required agencies to formulate a comprehensive land use regime and land tenure system for fast-growing cities in Ghana. Therefore, the researchers suggest a proposed design of a model administrative centre that meets 21st century design requirements and standards for public offices should be envisioned, with strategies to initiate a new sustainable building regime for administrative centres in Ghana and similar geographies in sub-Saharan Africa.

Agricultural land suitability analysis in Manipur, India using GIS and AHP

This article aims to identify potential sites for agricultural use in the state of Manipur of north east India by employing the analytic hierarchy process in a geographic information system environment in conjunction with the use of remote sensing and soil data. Within the analytic hierarchy process, each terrain variable underwent a pairwise comparison and criteria weights were assigned according to their relative importance. Eight variables were selected and used in land suitability analysis for agriculture. It was found that Manipur had 57% (12,660 km2) of its total geographical area suitable for agriculture. However, 8126 km2 (37%) and 1374 km2 (6%) of the total geographical area was currently and permanently unsuitable land respectively. The distribution of suitable land varied greatly, with highly, moderately and marginally suitable land covering only 8%, 16% and 33% respectively of the total geographical area. The highly suitable agricultural land is predominantly concentrated in the Imphal valley (70%), though 90% of moderately suitable and 96% of marginally suitable land also exist in the hills. The hilly areas constitute 96% and 97% respectively of currently unsuitable and permanently unsuitable land in the state. Suitable land comprises of land with low to medium altitude, gentle to moderate slopes, soil of fine or acceptable quality, and with minimal flood risk. Unsuitable lands tend to be diametrically opposite to these attributes with steep hill slopes. The nature of distribution of land suitability types influences the agricultural pattern in Manipur. Agriculture in the hill areas comprises mainly of shifting cultivation on hill slopes, whereas in the valley region it is irrigated and permanent. This analysis of Manipur has a wider applicability since the shifting cultivation-irrigated agriculture combination is similar to that which exists across much of the highlands of South East Asia.

The First Global Insight of Cirrus Clouds Characterized by Hollow Ice Crystals From Space‐Borne Lidar

AbstractCirrus clouds often contain numerous hollow ice crystals, which are distinct in scattering properties from solid ice crystals, and will be challenging to microphysical retrieval and radiative forcing assessment. Currently, hollow ice crystals have not been observed by remote sensing methods, and the estimation of their hollowness is a complex task. To address this issue, the Mixed Modal Hollow Columns (MMHC) model for hollow ice crystals is introduced, and its backscattering properties are computed using the physical optics approximation method. Through comparison with spaceborne lidar observations, we identify a specific type of cirrus associated with the MMHC model for the first time. The visible optical depth of this cirrus is less than or equal to 0.1, and the temperature is between −60 and −40°C. The MMHC characteristic cirrus clouds are prevalent in middle and high latitudes but less common in low latitudes. They exhibit distinct patterns in terms of sea and land distribution as well as seasonal variation.

Long-Term Effects of Equal Sharing: Evidence from Inheritance Rules for Land

Abstract What are the long-term economic effects of a more equal distribution of wealth? We investigate consequences of land inequality, exploiting variation in land inheritance rules that traverse political, linguistic, geological, and religious borders in Germany. In some German areas, inherited land was to be shared or divided equally among children, while in others land was ruled to be indivisible. Using a geographic regression discontinuity design, we first show a more equal land distribution in areas with equal division; other potential drivers of growth are smooth at the boundary and equal division areas were not historically more developed. Today, equal division areas feature higher average incomes and more entrepreneurship which goes in hand with a right-shifted skill, income, and wealth distribution. We show evidence consistent with the more even distribution of land leading to more innovative industrial by-employment during Germany’s transition from an agrarian to an industrial economy that, in the long-run, led to more entrepreneurship.

Spatial utilization of historical topographic map and its application in land reconstruction of ancient Chinese urban land use

The historical topographic map preserves rich geographic information and can provide direct assistance for the reconstruction of various geographic elements. Based on the historical data of cities throughout the Qing Dynasty, the land use scale data of cities across the country was obtained using GIS and urban perimeter conversion models. This study combines city information and city circumference records from the historical maps and archives of the late Qing Dynasty to quantitatively reconstruct the use patterns of ancient China’s urban land at a spatial resolution of 1° × 1°. Uncertainty analysis of the reconstruction results was conducted using modern remote sensing image data as the validation data set. The results showed the following. (1) During the late Qing Dynasty, the total area of urban land in the various provinces and regions was 1456.015 km2. The maximum value was 208.691 km2 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, the minimum value was 1.713 km2 in Qinghai, and the average value was 56.001 km2. (2) The results of grid reconstruction show that among the 398 grids with urban land distribution, the maximum value is 64.099 km2/grid, the minimum value is 0.013 km2/grid, and the average value is 3.658 km2/grid. (3) Of all the grids with urban land, the urban land grid to the west of the Hu Line accounts for 12.5% and the east to 87.5%. (4) During the late Qing Dynasty, urban land use in China was primarily concentrated in agriculturally developed areas such as the North China Plain, the Central Plains, Jiangnan, and the Sichuan-Chongqing region. (6) The results of a kernel density estimation showed that there were obviously three core areas of urban land agglomeration in China during the late Qing Dynasty: the North China Plain-Central Plains, the Jiangsu-Shanghai-Zhejiang-Anhui area, and the Sichuan-Chongqing urban core area. This study provides basic data for urban land use during historical periods and provides a basis for the quantitative reconstruction of relevant urban land data for historical archives.

Marginal land in China suitable for bioenergy crops under diverse socioeconomic and climate scenarios from 2020 to 2100

ABSTRACT Maximizing the development of renewable energy plays a critical role in mitigating the climate crisis. Marginal land provides space for the development of biomass energy; however, it remains unclear how the amount and spatial distribution of marginal land that is suitable for energy crop development will change in the future. Here, we project energy marginal land changes in China following the shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) and/or representative concentration path (RCP). We provide datasets of marginal land, agriculturally suitable land, and potentially suitable for energy crops under historical scenarios and six future scenarios (i.e. SSP1–1.9, SSP1–2.6, SSP4–3.4, SSP2–4.5, SSP4–6.0, and SSP3–7.0) for the period 2020–2100, with a spatial resolution of 5 km. Under the six scenarios, from 2020–2100, the area of suitable marginal land ranged from 1.90–16.28 (Jatropha curcas L.) to 37.37–73.97 (Panicum virgatum L.) (×104 km2), depending on the choice of energy crops and climate scenario. Based on the growing suitability of eight important bioenergy crops—Ricinus communis L., Saccharum officinarum L., Pistacia chinensis Bunge, Panicum virgatum L., Jatropha curcas L., Miscanthus giganteus J., Manihot esculenta Crantz, and Sorghum bicolor Moench—our dataset can be used to identify suitable locations for specific energy crops. This new synthetic dataset could support the development of multiscenario-based solutions related to carbon neutrality, ecosystem services, and energy transition.

The changing distribution of land in rural Vietnam, 2004–2014

This paper analyses the changing distribution of land in rural Vietnam based on plot-level information in the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys. Both agricultural and residential land holdings in Vietnam became more unequally distributed between 2004 and 2014, due to rising landlessness in the bottom quintile and land accumulation in the top quartile of the land distribution. Applying Fields’ regression-based inequality decomposition, we find the main drivers of land inequality were the share of household members working in agriculture and the shares of forestry and perennial crop land. In contrast, irrigation and off-farm employment contributed to reducing land inequality. Landlessness and near landlessness, which increased by almost two-fifths, is associated with similar factors, along with higher education of the household head. Taken together, these results underline the rapid structural transformation that has occurred in rural Vietnam. The rise in functional landlessness observed presents a challenge to the Vietnamese Government’s desire to promote growth with equity.

Identification of the existing Integrated Farming Systems in Udaipur District of Rajasthan

The integrated farming system (IFS) is an integrative whole-farm-oriented technique mainly used to resolve the problems of small and marginal farmers to enhance income and employment, living standards, etc. Due to numerous crises and challenges such as unawareness, poverty, droughts, dry climate, the small and marginal distribution of land, etc., the identification of an appropriate integrated farming system model is highly required. So, this research aims to deliver a solution for the identification and finalization of the IFS model which is a critical task in front of farm families, Agri-scientists, policy-makers, and business organizations. This study is conducted through a field survey in the district of Udaipur, Rajasthan. This work experimented with randomly selecting 4 panchayat samitis out of 20 panchayat samitis, 4 villages selected from each panchayat samiti ee to identify existing integrated farming systems among farm families. This study observed the prominent integrated farming system model among the considered models. This work identifies the IFS models which are the most prominent farming system (M1: crop+ dairy) and are adopted by most farm families. This research work also identified integrated farming models M1 and M2 as the most preferred, profitable, and very suitable for business decision-making. Similarly, M3 and M4 are also good but less preferred than M1 and M2.

Profitability of coffee-based agroforestry system to support farmers’ income in Toba Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia

Indonesia is a country with the application of agroforestry systems on community land. People who live in Toba Regency, North Sumatra have long applied coffee-based agroforestry systems and have become a hereditary tradition. The purpose of this study is to determine the profitability of coffee-based agroforestry land and economic value for farmers so that it can be developed further. Coordinate points of land distribution, taken with GPS, conducted interviews, profitability analysis and income analysis to obtain farmer land data. Mapping the distribution of farmers’ coffee-based agroforestry land was mapped with ArcGIS 10.8. Four respondent farmers implemented coffee-based agroforestry (Coffea arabica) with a planting distance of 2 m x 2.5 m combined with Gmelina arborea (white teak), Eucalyptus sp. (eucalyptus), Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon), Pinus merkusii (pine), Psidium guajava (guava), Durio zibethinus (durian), Persea americana (avocado), and others. Based on the profitability analysis, all four farmers’ lands are feasible for further development. The economic value of land depends on the area of land managed by the farmer, where farmers with a land area of 2 Ha have the largest income during 10 years of land management, namely Mr. Bisken with an income of IDR 162,719,500. Utilization of Multi-Purpose Trees Species (MPTS) or plantation and industrial crops can increase the economic value and profitability of farmers’ land.

Trends and Factors Influencing the Evolution of Spatial Patterns of Cropland toward Large-Scale Agricultural Production in China

Considering the essential expansion of agricultural production, current research primarily focuses on static factors, such as the distribution of fine-grained arable land, omitting an in-depth analysis of its developmental dynamics and key drivers. Addressing this knowledge gap is crucial for enhancing the scalability of agricultural production. This research utilizes landscape ecology techniques, correlation analysis, random forest algorithms, and structural equation modeling to explore spatial pattern trends of arable land in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region. Its objective is to clarify how the expansion of agricultural production scale affects food production through changes in arable land patterns and to determine the impact of socio-economic factors on these configurations. The results show that: (1) the landscape pattern of arable land is transitioning to a more fragmented arrangement with complex contours, (2) grain yield per unit area correlates positively with the landscape pattern index in Beijing, negatively in Hebei, and exhibits no significant correlation in Tianjin, and (3) land ownership plays a crucial role in land fragmentation, alterations in land morphology, and influences other socio-economic variables. Analyzing the spatial pattern of arable land in conjunction with socio-economic factors is essential for developing holistic land management approaches, improving resource efficiency, minimizing external inputs, and mitigating food security challenges.

Salinity distribution in agricultural land by geophysical, hydrochemical and geostatistical approaches: a pilot area located in Qelabshowah–Belqas, East Nile Delta region, Egypt

The study area is situated in the Qelabshowah–Belqas region, known for its Quaternary deposits. This research aims to demonstrate the two-dimensional (2D) variation of subsurface layers and salinity distribution using geoelectrical data, hydrochemical analysis, and geostatistical analysis. DC resistivity measurements were taken at fifteen vertical electrical sounding (VES) survey points using a Schlumberger array (AB/2 = 100 m) along three profiles. In addition, an electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey was conducted with a dipole–dipole array across one profile. Seven surface water samples were collected in the area. From the 1D and 2D inversion of VES and ERT data sets, three-to-four geoelectric layers were identified, including unconsolidated surface deposits, saturated clayey sand, saturated sand, and a salt-rich layer. The 2D inversion of VES data revealed an ancient salt-rich layer deposited in swampy conditions over a conductive wet sand layer along profile one due to salt mineral infiltration and dissolution. The 2D inversion of ERT data showed accurate lateral geometric accuracy compared to the 2D inversion of VES data, highlighting geological features, such as caves in the second layer and a buried water canal on the ground surface. Surface water samples showed high salinity levels with sodium hazards, indicating an Na–Cl composition. Geoelectric and hydrochemical data sets were geostatistically analyzed using spherical variogram supported ordinary Kriging interpolation. The analysis indicated weak to moderate spatial dependency for true resistivity parameters, while sodium content (SC) and permeability index (PI) showed strong spatial correlation. The 2D spatial distribution resistivity maps based on the 1D inversion of VES data displayed a general decrease in resistivity with depth, likely due to clay minerals or moist soil in the second layer and saline irrigation water infiltration in the third layer. The 2D spatial distribution of SC and PI showed a high concentration zone, posing a potential risk to agricultural crops regardless of soil permeability. It is recommended to use these maps when cultivating plants that can tolerate high sodium levels during the reclamation process.

The identification and efficiency evaluation of industrial parcels by integrating multi-source spatial data in Shenzhen, South China

ABSTRACT Industrial land status, encompassing quantity, distribution and efficiency, is pivotal in urban planning and sustainable development. However, obtaining detailed and up-to-date industrial land maps poses a significant challenge in many developing countries due to rapid urban expansion. Furthermore, the identification and efficiency assessment of industrial land at the parcel scale are rarely undertaken. To address these challenges, our study proposes an innovative approach to map industrial land, categorize its types and assess its efficiency at the parcel scale. We select Shenzhen, one of China’s largest industrial cities, as a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Our results unveil several key findings: (1) Shenzhen’s urban area was meticulously segmented into 15,591 multi-size socio-economic parcels, of which 5,738 were identified as industrial parcels (IPs); (2) IPs were further categorized into three distinct types: office industrial parcels at 69.47%, manufacturing industrial parcels at (6.08%) and comprehensive industrial parcels at 24.45%; (3) Their efficiency was classified into four levels: low (20.30%), middle (35.73%), fine (35.97%) and high (8.00%). Efficient IPs were predominately concentrated in the southwest, whereas other IPs clustered in the northwest. Our findings can provide valuable insights into industrial land identification, classification and efficiency evaluation at parcel scale.

Tingkat Kerapatan Mangrove dan Perubahan Garis Pantai Tahun 2016-2022 Menggunakan Citra Satelit Sentinel-2A di Kecamatan Bungus Teluk Kabung

This study aims to, (1) Know the distribution and extent of mangrove land in Bungus Teluk Kabung District, (2) Know the density of mangroves in Bungus Teluk Kabung District, (3) Know the changes in coastline in Bungus Teluk Kabung District, (4) Know the relationship between mangrove density with changes in coastline in Bungus Teluk Kabung District. The research method used is descriptive quantitative, with data presented in the form of tables and maps. Based on the results of the study, (1) Changes in mangrove land area in 2016-2022 amounted to 84.04 ha to 94.39 ha spread in the sub-district of Teluk Kabung Tengah and Teluk Kabung Selatan. (2) The level of mangrove density in 2016 and 2022 is equally dominated by the density level of tight and then followed by the level of very tight, moderate, sparse and very sparse, where the tight level in 2016 is 81.57 ha in 2022 is 80.78 ha. (3) Shoreline changes in 2016-2022 are divided into 5 sectors. (4) The presence of mangroves does not significantly affect the occurrence of shoreline changes in the form of abrasion.

“When We Believe in State Power, It Tends to Fail Us”: Insights Into the Management of Herder-Peasant Farmer Conflicts in Benue State, Nigeria

This paper examines management of herder-peasant farmer conflicts and internal security challenges in Benue state, Nigeria. It relied mainly on descriptive and cross-sectional survey designs. Four hundred and seven participants were collated and analyzed from 430 questionnaires distributed in 10 Local Government Areas with an age range of 20–79 years and mean age of 42.84 years. A structured questionnaire was adopted for measuring farmer-herder conflicts and analyzing the strategies deployed in tackling the conflict. The findings showed that certain laws and policies of the government significantly contributed to the onset and protraction of the herder-farmer conflict in Benue state, F (5, 406) = 186.51; p < 0.05. Further findings show that the inherent contradictions in the different policies and laws enacted by the government created obstructions to land access and utilization by the warring parties (herders and farmers). Pursuant to this, the paper linked the obduracy of the conflict to government’s poor handling of land and land-based resources. To address the conflict, the article recommends that land management policies should be unbundled to limit the influence of federal and state governments in land distribution and control.

Assessment of sustainability attributes of traditional and conventional maize cultivation in farmer agricultural systems

Objective: To carry out a comparative analysis of the sustainability of traditional and conventional maize cultivation systems in Cuanacaxtitlán. Design/Methodology/Approach: The proposal was implemented through a mixed method approach in which a qualitative research predominated. A sustainability assessment for the 23 farmer systems of maize production in Cuanacaxtitlán was carried out, according to the Indicator-Based Sustainability Assessment Framework (Marco para la Evaluación de Sistemas de Manejo Incorporando Indicadores de Sustentabilidad: MESMIS). Results: The sustainability level between the two types of agroecosystems does not differ much. According to the chosen indicators, TMS is more sustainable in the environmental and economic aspect, while CMS is more sustainable in the social aspect. The average profitability of TMS is better as a result of the milpa profits. Study Limitations/Implications: Family Production Units (FPUs) do not own their lands, which limits the improvement of profitability and sustainability in maize production. To this end, land distribution or support programs for landless farmers is important. Findings/Conclusions: Among the 23 systems under analysis, critical values were obtained for two environmental indicators: fertilizer application and pesticide use. Therefore, improving the use of these inputs is an important task.

Lower Atmospheric Ducts over the South China Sea Related to the Monsoon, Atmospheric, and Ocean Conditions Based on ECMWF Reanalysis Data

Abstract Atmospheric ducting is a highly refractive propagation condition that frequently occurs at sea and significantly impacts radar and communication equipment. This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal distribution of lower atmospheric ducts (LAD) in the South China Sea (SCS) and the variation of their occurrence rate with the monsoon by using reanalysis data from the ECMWF from 1980 to 2022. Additionally, the study discusses the relationship between ducting occurrences and atmospheric and oceanic conditions. The results indicate that wind dynamics in the SCS significantly impact ducting incidents. During the high-incidence period of LAD, humidity-gradient-constructed ducts are the primary mechanism. Before the onset of the monsoon, the mountains in the western part of Luzon Island obstruct the easterly wind, resulting in high temperatures and strong evaporation along the western coast of the mountains. Meanwhile, low temperatures and humidity prevail in the eastern part of the mountains, and they lead to a stratified atmosphere characterized by dry and cold upper layers and warm and humid lower layers in the western part of Luzon Island, which causes a distinct decrease in humidity with height. After the onset of the monsoon, the air from the Indochina Peninsula to the ocean is dry and cold, but the high-altitude area blocks it. This weakens the horizontal mobility of the low-level humid atmosphere over the sea, resulting in atmospheric stratification in the eastern coastal area of the Indochina Peninsula. This stratification leads to dry and cold upper layers and warm and humid lower layers. Significance Statement Atmospheric ducting is a superrefractive propagation condition that frequently occurs at sea and has a significant impact on radar and communication equipment and is related to large-scale or medium- and small-scale atmospheric stratification. The distribution of land and sea around the South China Sea (SCS) and the monsoon are important factors affecting the existence of atmospheric ducts in this region. Many scholars have studied the mechanism of atmospheric ducts in local areas based on observation data (or reanalysis data). The literature on the atmospheric ducts in the SCS mainly focuses on the spatial and temporal statistical distribution of seasons, months, and days, and gives the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the region within the statistical time, emphasizing the important influence of the monsoon on the duct, but there is no relevant research on the reasons for the existence of the specific relationship and its temporal and spatial distribution characteristics. The manuscript analyzes the temporal and spatial distribution of lower atmospheric ducts in the SCS and the variation of their occurrence rate with the monsoon, quantifies the contributions of temperature, humidity, and air pressure to the ducting occurrence, meanwhile discussing the ducting occurrence relation with atmospheric and oceanic conditions. In the end, we demonstrate that the development of high-incidence areas for SCS ducts prior to and following the onset of monsoon season is connected to factors such as wind patterns, seawater evaporation, and topography. Furthermore, unstable vertical transport of water vapor in both the atmosphere and oceanic conditions plays a crucial role in facilitating the creation of humidity-type ducts.

A machine learning-based computer model for the assessment of tsunami impact on built-up indices using 2A Sentinel imageries

This study aims to build a computer model to detect built-up land in the identified tsunami hazard zone based on Sentinel 2A imagery using the normalized built up area index (NBI), urban index (UI), normalize difference build-up index (NDBI), a modified built-up index (MBI), index-based builtup index (IBI) algorithms, optimized with machine learning Random Forest (RF) and extreme gradient boosting (XGboost) algorithms and the spatial patterns are predicted using the ordinary kriging (OK) method. Testing of the accuracy of the classification and optimization results was performed using the Kohen Kappa and overall accuracy functions. The results of the study show that a built-up land consisting of open land and water, settlements, industry areas, and agriculture and tourism areas can be identified using the parameters of built-up indices. The accuracy testings that were performed using overall accuracy and Kohen Kappa methods show that classification and prediction are highly accurate using XGboost machine learning, namely 91%. This study produces a novelty of finding, namely a computer model to detect and predict the spatial distribution of built-up land in 4 scales, i.e., very low, low, high, and very high based on NBI, UI, NDBI, MBI, IBI data extracted from Sentinel 2A imagery.

Constitutional and legal guarantees of the acquisition of private ownership rights to land in Ukraine

The paper raises the problems of acquiring the right to private ownership of land through the free privatization of land plots from reserve lands. Special attention is paid to the need to implement constitutional principles regarding the guarantee of land ownership, acquisition of ownership in accordance with the law, and equality of subjects of land ownership. The shortcomings of the legal provision of the procedure for acquiring ownership of a plot of land specified in the Land Code of Ukraine, which involves an independent search by a person concerned for a free plot of land within the boundaries of state and communal property and the absence of any criteria for determining the procedure for the allocation of a particular plot of land, have been revealed. The issue of ensuring the principle of equality of the subject of property rights before the law in the process of realizing the right to free privatization of the land plot is raised. Scientific approaches are being developed, according to which the exercise of the right to own land by state authorities and local self-government bodies has a slightly different legal nature and content than that of private owners. The mandatory procedure for the implementation of the relevant right by state authorities and local self-government bodies, which must ensure the right of citizens to free access to information about such a plot, as well as the specified mechanism for its free transfer to the citizen, is substantiated. Based on the results of the study, the need for further improvement of the legislative mechanism for acquiring the right to private ownership of land is substantiated, taking into account the analyzed constitutional principles. Among the key tasks of the legislative support of the relevant procedures, the following are highlighted: land inventory and filling of the state land cadastre at the expense of local budgets in order to determine the free land that is in reserve; determination of criteria and order of possible distribution of land, taking into account the characteristics of specific administrative-territorial units; review of the jurisdiction of consideration of the relevant category of cases in the direction of administrative jurisdiction.

Післявоєнне відновлення України: основні кроки та досвід провідних країн

The Russian attack has brought heavy losses to the Ukrainian economy. At the beginning of January 2023, the government estimated them at more than USD 700 billion. The authors have examined the experience of restoring the German and Japanese economies after 1945. In the West and in Ukraine a new Marshall Plan is being talked about. The Ukrainian plan is USD 750 billion over 10 years, which is a multiple of the funds allocated to the FRG after 1945. It is planned to give money mainly for energy, access to finance, infrastructure and housing construction. Compared to investing in the ruined German economy. There are common features, but the "new Marshall Plan" is a conventional name. The Japanese experience is considered, i.e. cartels destruction and land distribution to small owners. The German experience is useful for Ukraine.

Аграрное развитие Аргентины во второй половине XIX – начале ХХ вв.

The work is devoted to the final stage in the formation of agrarian regime in Argentina. The foundation for contempo-rary Argentina was built at that time On the Argentina pampas a significant change took place. A land that had produced cat-tle useful only for hides, tallow and salted beef was trans-formed into cultivated fields and pastures where fences closed stock into alfalfa pastures. The rise of the farming and sheep ranching accompanied this shift in the cattle economy. Frigorificos – plants for production of chilled beef made it possible to be sold in markets of Great Britain. Argentina be-came one of the world’s leading exporters of wheat, corn, beef mutton and wool. It indicates that behind this economic accomplishment lies land structure – the predominance of large ownership – latifundia. Argentina had no homestead act or other long-seal land distribution plan that wood root immi-grants to the nation by granting them ownership of the soil. The Argentina landed elites owned most of the good land with the result that immigrants became tenants on short term leases. The farming developed primary as servant to the predom-inant sheep and cattle interests. The result was a pampa without settler filled with migrant tenant farmers a land exploited but not possessed. The predominance of latifundia and the land tenant system retarded the intensification of agrarian sector: Argentina failed to build a modern agrarian economy.