Distribution Of Land Research Articles

Agricultural infrastructures: Land, race, and statecraft in Turkey

This article argues that biopolitical infrastructures have been central features of Turkey’s ongoing colonization of Kurdish territories and populations and that the Green Revolution, despite its promise of progress and abundance, needs to be understood as part of this history of racialized state-making. In doing so, it joins recent literature that uncovers the local roots of the Green Revolution in domestic politics and land struggles in the global south, also revealing the entwined histories of accumulation and colonial and racial dispossession with agricultural norms and practices. Drawing on research in the records of the Economic Cooperation Administration, US Agency for International Development, Rockefeller Foundation Archives, Turkish parliamentary debates, and contemporaneous journals, I show how the Green Revolution can in fact be retold as an episode in a longer history of struggles over the distribution and use of land, the construction of agricultural infrastructures, and how these questions have been complicated by class, ethnic, racial, gender, and political divisions. The paper thus situates Turkey in a transnational history of agrarian development, while also relating the adoption of high yield seeds, pesticides, and grain cultivation to projects of land consolidation, internal colonialism, and racialized methods of state formation.

Characteristic analysis and integration method of urban planning data based on GIS of internet of things

The analysis of urban planning data provides a fast and effective means of information acquisition and management for urban planning management. However, there is currently no suitable feature analysis method for analyzing urban planning data. In order to conduct a comprehensive and detailed feature analysis of the urban planning data, this paper studies the overall design of the urban planning management information system based on the Internet of Things GIS, and conducts a horizontal spatial difference analysis and a vertical spatial evolution analysis. The composition of land used for 2015–2019 was analyzed from multiple angles including land distribution, and the rational evaluation of urban construction land structure and analysis of construction land trends in XX Province were carried out. City A, City B construction project site selection opinions have the most approved areas; City B, City D and City F construction land planning permits have the most approved areas; City A, City D and City E construction project planning permits have the most approved areas. The total approved area of the construction project site selection submission in XX province increased rapidly from 2015 to 2016, and then fell continuously for the next two years. The highest value of 47.74 % in 2018 and decrease to 36.92 % in 2019. In the past five years, the proportion of land used for public facilities has fluctuated steadily, around 10 %. From 2015–2016, the proportion of land used for public management and service facilities remained basically unchanged, about 10 %. There was a certain increase in 2017, rising to 19.39 %, then decreasing to 6.56 % in 2018, and returning to about 10 % in 2019.

Evaluation of Cultivated Land Quality in Semiarid Sandy Areas: A Case Study of the Horqin Zuoyihou Banner

Objective: The evaluation of cultivated land quality from the regional perspective and the clear level and change in cultivated land quality in the whole region can better guide the construction of cultivated land quality, carry out scientific optimization allocation, improve grain production capacity, and promote the sustainable use of cultivated land. Research methods: The utilization of local resources and natural conditions were comprehensively considered, and the evaluation was carried out from the four dimensions of ecology, quantity, spatial structure and scale to comprehensively reflect the level of regional cultivated land utilization. Results: (1) The cultivated land quality level of the Horqin Zuoyihou Banner is low, and the pressure of regional water resources is great. Some cultivated land is located in the area with poor natural conditions, and there are many thin and narrow cultivated areas of land. The area of cultivated land that can be carried by regional water resources under current irrigation is 184,492.17 hm2, and that under water-saving irrigation is 259,703.72 hm2, which are lower than the current cultivated land areas. (2) During the study period, the total amount and spatial distribution of cultivated land changed greatly, and there were good natural conditions and utilization conditions of newly added cultivated land, but the quality of cultivated land from the regional perspective showed a downward trend. The dynamic attitude of cultivated land change was 0.99%. (3) According to the evaluation results, the cultivated land was divided into the following four categories: priority protection type, optimization and coordination type, gradual conversion type and priority conversion type, which accounted for 34.18%, 30.59%, 28.83% and 6.40% of the total cultivated land area, respectively. Conclusions: There is a sharp contradiction between the supply and demand of water resources, and the quality of cultivated land in the region is low and shows a downward trend, which is not conducive to the sustainable use of regional land resources. In this regard, the Horqin Zuoyihou Banner should actively curb the growth of cultivated land, develop water-saving irrigation processes, strengthen ecological environment protection, and systematically optimize the layout of cultivated land on the premise of ensuring ecological security according to the actual conditions of different regions.

Global food systems transitions have enabled affordable diets but had less favourable outcomes for nutrition, environmental health, inclusion and equity

Over the past 50 years, food systems worldwide have shifted from predominantly rural to industrialized and consolidated systems, with impacts on diets, nutrition and health, livelihoods, and environmental sustainability. We explore the potential for sustainable and equitable food system transformation (ideal state of change) by comparing countries at different stages of food system transition (changes) using food system typologies. Historically, incomes have risen faster than food prices as countries have industrialized, enabling a simultaneous increase in the supply and affordability of many nutritious foods. These shifts are illustrated across five food system typologies, from rural and traditional to industrial and consolidated. Evolving rural economies, urbanization and changes in food value chains have accompanied these transitions, leading to changes in land distribution, a smaller share of agri-food system workers in the economy and changes in diets. We show that the affordability of a recommended diet has improved over time, but food systems of all types are falling short of delivering optimal nutrition and health outcomes, environmental sustainability, and inclusion and equity for all. Six ‘outlier’ case studies (Tajikistan, Egypt, Albania, Ecuador, Bolivia and the United States of America) illustrate broad trends, trade-offs and deviations. With the integrated view afforded by typologies, we consider how sustainable transitions can be achieved going forward.

Religiosity and Ubuntu Contexts For Critique of the Agency Framework

This article focuses on how the white farmers responded to violent take-over of land. Having had a privileged status in society, the white farmers found themselves in a very fragile state as Third Chimurenga began. The violent take-over of land was spearheaded by war veterans. Images of white farmers who were beaten, killed, exiled and driven from their homes became synonymous with land invasions. Such events and acts of eviction became commonly referred to as Jambanja as more and more farmers suffered violent confrontations on their farms. The white farmers were portrayed as being in direct opposition to the government land distribution agenda that had given approval to the invasions and evictions. The article examine the effectiveness of Commercial Farmers Union in responding to the invasions, the new splinter groups and how they responded to the invasions and also the SADC tribunal petition by Mike Campbell. The article will also provide an analysis on how Jambanja spread and how it was carried out. Thus through reading library sources and literature in collections as well as carrying out interviews this article seeks to demonstrate that white farmers tried without much success to resist the sanctioned farm invasions. Ultimately the white farmers lost their prized possession that is the land. The article will highlight the dynamics of land politics in Zimbabwe. Keywords: Commercial Farmers Union, Implications, Jambanja, Land Politics, Third Chimurenga

Analysis of Vegetable Waste Pollution Risk and Resource Potential Based on Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing

Land resources are an important foundation for human survival and development. In recent years, land resources have experienced rapid industrialization and urbanization. With the expansion of urban construction land and the sharp decline of natural and agricultural landscapes, ecological and social problems have gradually surfaced. Based on the intuitive interpretation of LandsatTM/ETM +/OLI image data from 2016 to 2020, this work created an annual land use reference database. The use of resources and the recovery of nutrients from vegetable waste are necessary measures to achieve sustainable and environmentally friendly agriculture. Collecting and analyzing data from the literature are to determine the risk of vegetable waste pollution and the possibility of resource utilization. The amount of vegetable waste produced and the total amount of nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium pollution in the study area are estimated, and ArcGIS is used to characterize TN (total nitrogen) and TP (total phosphorus). The spatial distribution of TK (total potassium) pollution intensity and pollution risk comprehensive index determines the key areas of vegetable waste nonpoint source pollution control in the region and compares the resource utilization potential of vegetable waste based on the demand for fertilizer. This paper combines the research of the subject; takes cultivated land as the research object; clarifies the main pollutants, contaminated area, content, and distribution of cultivated land; uses factor analysis method to conduct a preliminary study on the causes of heavy metal contaminated soil in the study area; and adopts a source-sink balance model, analyze the cumulative characteristics of soil pollution. Based on geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing technology, this paper investigates the risk assessment of vegetable waste pollution and discusses the analysis of resource potential.

Spatial Layout Analysis of Urban and Rural Buildings under Multicriteria Constraints

With the development of the times, the rational use of land has become the focus of social and economic development. In order to make more efficient use of land value, this study analyzes the spatial layout of urban and rural buildings under multicriteria constraints. From 2016 to 2021, the city showed a stable growth trend, and the growth rates of the three showed obvious correlation. In 2019, the average growth rate of machine learning algorithm is 46.6%, the average growth rate of decision tree algorithm is 48.2%, the average growth rate of cloud computing is 51.8%, and the average growth rate of this method is 52.5%. It can be seen that in these four ways, it is based on this reasonable land distribution system that has promoted the process of urban modernization. With the rapid economic growth, the scale of urban and rural construction land has expanded rapidly. Only when the experience and decision-making ideas of planning decision-makers are effectively applied to the process of land use spatial layout, a scientific land use spatial layout scheme can be obtained.

Mismatched Relationship between Urban Industrial Land Consumption and Growth of Manufacturing: Evidence from the Yangtze River Delta

Background: The precise allocation and efficient use of industrial land are necessary for the development and optimization of urban production space; however, the mismatches between urban industrial land consumption and the growth of manufacturing are becoming more serious and has become the primary obstacle to sustainable urban development. Methods: Based on a combination of the Boston Consulting Group matrix, spatial mismatch model, decoupling index, GIS, and Geodetector tools, this paper conducts an empirical study on the Yangtze River Delta region in an attempt to reveal the spatio-temporal evolution of the mismatch between urban industrial land changes and the growth of manufacturing and provide a basis for spatial planning and land management in the new era. Results: The distribution of urban industrial land is characterized by high heterogeneity and agglomeration, the coexistence of expansion and contraction, and increasingly complex and diversified changes. Gross domestic product, government revenue, the added value of tertiary industry, and government investment in science and technology indicate that the goal orientation and scale effect of economic growth play a decisive role in the allocation of urban industrial land and that the influence of industrial structures and technological innovation is rapidly increasing. The interaction between the different factors is a bifactor enhancement, for example, land used for logistics and storage, utilities, commercial and other services, and the import and export trade, which have a strong synergistic enhancement effect. The mismatches between urban industrial land changes and the growth of manufacturing are still within a reasonable degree but there is an increasing number of cities with negative mismatches, making it necessary to implement a differentiated spatial adjustment and management policy. Conclusions: Compared with the mismatches of mobile resources such as labor, finance, and capital, the mismatches of immovable land resources have an increasing impact with more serious consequences and it is harder to make optimizations and corrections. However, the academic community has limited knowledge about land resource mismatches. By quantitatively assessing the mismatches between industrial land consumption and the growth of manufacturing in YRD cities, this paper argues that the mismatches can be rectified through spatial and land use planning and suggests the establishment of a zoning management and governance system to achieve the optimal allocation of urban industrial land resources through the implementation of a “standard land + commitment system” and industrial land protection lines.

Use of evidence NDVI, NDBI, NDWI, MSAVI to reveal the uses of agricultural land in karma district using modern technologies

The study of agricultural land uses in karma district relied on a range of ideas using modern geographical techniques to build a model of simulation of spatial distribution of land uses, which used sensor data after key sources in detections uses of land cover through reliance on satellite data (Land Sat-8) and sensor (OLI) For 2020, to achieve the study's objective, normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built Up Index (NDBI), Normalized Difference Up Index (NDBI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Ms AVI ) Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index.

Long-Term Effect of Tamarisk Plantation on Soil Physical Properties and Soil Salt Distribution in Coastal Saline Land

Ecological restoration of coastal land by planting salt-tolerant plants has been widely used to construct vegetation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes induced by tamarisk (Tamarix chinensis) shrub on coastal soil physical quality and as well as the corresponding impact on salt distribution in the soil. A field study was conducted on coastal saline land, North China, where tamarisk plantation was established 5-year-old (T-5yr) and 11-year-old (T-11yr), and compared with barren land as control (CK). Quantitative soil physical properties, soil physical quality index, soil salt distribution, and salt leaching were examined. The results indicated that planting tamarisk improved the coastal soil properties at higher degree in topsoil than in deep soil layers. Tamarisk plantation significantly increased soil organic carbon content and pH. It also enhanced the formation of soil large aggregates and porosity; however, reduction soil bulk density and salt content in topsoil were recorded. Soil physical quality index was positively correlated with root weight density of tamarisk, and soil of T-11 yr plantation exhibited the highest soil physical quality index, with promoted soil physical functions of supporting root growth and the resistance to soil degradation. In addition, tamarisk induced soil physical changes which enhanced the salt-leaching in rainy season and contributed to the homogeneous salt distribution in soil profile. Consequently, the ecological benefits of tamarisk vegetation turned coastal saline land into a fertile land by plant–soil interaction and the soil structure improvement, therefore, it prevented the natural soil accumulation by accelerating the salt leaching after tamarisk was restored. This study provides some insights into the mechanism of tamarisk on coastal soil restoration and its regulation of soil salt distribution.

Central and Decentral Aspects of Land Use: Optimizing Public Finance and Payments for Nature in Space by Control Theory

Payments for eco-system services and nature (words are used synonymously) cannot be treated independently from spatial outlays. We adopt a modified “von Thünen” framework and ask for optimal land allocation in space in case of land rent change and regional preference. Yet, our approach is not circular; rather, we see provision of nature along transport routes (stretches, i.e. within a segment or wedge of circle) and ask whether nature (conservation) should be closer to cities or in the periphery; i.e. in terms of priorities, which are planning variables, nature is reckoned as integrated in farming instead of being a segregated entity. For the conflict of amenities from nature (usually wished closer to cities because of lesser transport costs for citizens) vs. provision at the periphery (because of lower opportunity costs), we develop a model which optionally foresees both nature along cities and in peripheral areas. Hereby, we work on the explicit question of land distribution between the two options in space. Our planning approach optimizes nature shares along a gradient from urban to peripheral areas. Further, we include land price dynamics, in general already very pronounced today in intensively used landscapes around cities, and reference to the situation that land prices close to cities are usually quite a bit higher than in periphery. This requests larger payments, inflicted on overall efficacy of programs. As nature provision conflicts with food provision and provate land use, models should also comprise food needs of cities. Yet, we reckon spatial opportunity costs and costs are minimized. Benefits in space for citizens are also spatially distributed. We suggest using control theory in order to attain a comprehensive analysis for and answer to regional priority setting. Archetypally, an integrated vs. a segregated nature provision concept is pursued; nature becomes relatively arranged in a mixed landscape, and farmers receive payments differently.

Spatial Pattern and Influencing Factors of Rural Settlements in Qinba Mountains, Shaanxi Province, China

Spatial patterns and the influencing determinants of rural settlements are the most important indicators for understanding the constituent structure of rural regional systems. However, there is little knowledge addressing the characteristics from the settlement perspective by realizing the spatial reconstruction and sustainable development of rural settlements. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the geographical, size, and morphological properties of rural settlement patterns in the Qinba Mountains in southern Shaanxi Province, China, using rural settlement and remote sensing data through spatial measurement index, gradient transects, demographic-economic index, and geodetector analysis. The results show the following: (1) Overall, rural settlements have spatial characteristics of “high-density multi-core clusters (0.8–1.6/km2) and low-density broadly scattered (<0.08/km2)”. There is a significant positive correlation between the scale of rural settlement density and the characteristics of high-value agglomeration. (2) The spatial disparities of morphological traits of settlement shapes are significant. Furthermore, 1840 NP/piece of plain basin landform types provide high-value areas for each settlement feature value, and locations with moderate slopes are best for settlement dispersal. Moreover, rivers, roads, and distance from township centers are all examples of beneficial directivity. There is consistency between the spatial differentiation of rural settlement areas per capita and the distribution of settlement scale. Conversely, the settlement density is inconsistent with the agricultural production value density’s spatial distribution features. (3) The impact of geographical factors on the diversification of settlement characteristics has significant spatial differences. Moreover, natural ecological characteristics such as elevation and landform and the distribution of cultivated land strongly influence the spatial pattern of the study region. Finally, the study findings can be beneficial for land and space planning and rural governments to develop sustainable rural settlements.

The Concept of Democracy in the Policies and Discourses of the Republican People's Party (RPP) in the 1946 Elections

In this study, the policies of the Republican People's Party (RPP) in the general and local elections held in 1946, the discourses of party members and party supporters were discussed in the context of the concept of “democracy,” and their effects on domestic politics were searched. First of all, external and internal factors that were effective in Turkey's multi-party system were discussed. In this context, the victory of the democracy front in the World War II, the signing of the United Nations Constitution, and the necessity to take measures against the increasing Soviet threat caused Turkey to turn its face to the West. All these external factors signaled the democratic steps that would take place in Turkey in the years following 1945. In addition, the socio-economic problems experienced before and after the war, the pressures of the RPP government, and the extreme dissatisfaction of the people due to all these reasons made the political system be bound to change. In addition to these problems, the disagreements in the RPP regarding the “The Land Distribution Law”, “Budget Proposed Law” and the “Memorandum of the Four,” which caused great debates in domestic politics, were mentioned. As a result of those as mentioned above external and internal factors, how Turkey turned into a multi-party system was mentioned, and in this context, the establishment of the Democrat Party (DP) and the expectations and discourses of the RPP about this party were discussed. Afterward, the effects of the II. RPP Extraordinary Congress, which had a great impact on domestic politics, were mentioned. In this congress, RPP also decided to hold the general election earlier than planned, together with the local election. With the early elections, the RPP wanted to show the world public opinion that the system was democratic and tried to preserve the current one-party rule by preventing opposition parties from getting stronger. The study has an important and unique quality in terms of showing that democracy could not be fully adopted due to the policies and discourses of the RPP and that it could not find an applicable area within the one-party system. The main purpose of the research was to include the politics of domination that the RPP was trying to establish on the DP and the entire state system, by addressing the anti-democratic discourses and political steps of the RPP. The literature review method was used in the research, and archival sources constituted most of the research. In this context, the RPP's policies on democracy in the 1946 elections, the discourses of party members and supporters of the party were investigated by analyzing the important national and local newspapers of the period, the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA), and political party minutes, party programs and election manifestos. The study has revealed that the RPP's policies regarding the 1946 elections, the discourses of party members and party supporters were incompatible with the concept of democracy and that this concept could not be assimilated. Especially what happened in the general election has caused this election to be remembered as a “shady election” in Turkish political history. As a result of the events that took place in both elections, it has been understood that the RPP was trying to maintain its position in the state with its traditional, tutelary one-party understanding of democracy rather than trying to maintain the multi-party democratic system.

Using time series vector features for annual cultivated land mapping: A trial in northern Henan, China.

Annual monitoring of the spatial distribution of cultivated land is important for maintaining the ecological environment, achieving a status quo of land resource management, and guaranteeing agricultural production. With the gradual development of remote sensing technology, it has become a common practice to obtain cultivated land boundary information on a large scale with the help of satellite Earth observation images. Traditional land use classification methods are affected by multiple types of land cover, which leads to a decrease in the accuracy of cultivated land mapping. In contrast, although the current advanced methods (such as deep learning) can obtain more accurate cultivated land mapping results than traditional methods, such methods often require the use of a massive amount of training samples, large computing power, and highly complex model tuning processes, increasing the cost of mapping and requiring the involvement of more professionals. This has hindered the promotion of related methods in mapping institutions. This paper proposes a method based on time series vector features (MTVF), which uses vector thinking to establish the features. The advantage of this method is that the introduction of vector features enlarges the differences between the different land cover types, which overcomes the loss of mapping accuracy caused by the influences of the spectra of different ground objects and ensures the calculation efficiency. Moreover, the MTVF uses a traditional method (random forest) as the classification core, which makes the MTVF less demanding than advanced methods in terms of the number of training samples. Sentinel-2 satellite images were used to carry out cultivated land mapping for 2020 in northern Henan Province, China. The results show that the MTVF has the potential to accurately identify cultivated land. Furthermore, the overall accuracy, producer accuracy, and user accuracy of the overall study area and four sub-study areas were all greater than 90%. In addition, the cultivated land mapping accuracy of the MTVF is significantly better than that of the maximum likelihood, support vector machine, and artificial neural network methods.

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Urban Land Use Structure in Small Towns in China

This study analyzes the spatial and temporal characteristics of urban land use structure of more than 18,000 small towns in China by using the National Urban Land Use Survey Data between 2009 and 2013. It finds that the urban land area of small towns expanded rapidly during the research period. The spatial pattern of urban land use structure in small towns exhibits significant regional differences. Small towns in developed coastal regions, particularly those located in global urban areas, have a higher urban land use scale relative to small towns in central and western regions. However, the urban land use scale of small towns located in less developed inland areas has grown faster. The spatial distribution of urban stock land in small towns is mainly influenced by demographic and socio-economic factors. However, the spatial distribution of new urban land is primarily influenced by the land supply policy, which is tilted toward the central and western regions. In terms of structure, the proportion of production and living land in small towns is high, while the proportion of public services and facilities land is low. This trend is being strengthened, with commercial service land and industrial, mining, and storage land becoming the major drivers for the rapid rise of urban land in small towns. The allocation of construction land quotas should be consistent with the direction of population movement and the demands of socioeconomic development.

Marketing in the organization of the development ecological tourism the Carpathian region

Introduction. Sharpening attention to environmental issues and finding new marketing approaches and forms of rational use of natural recreational resources in the Carpathian region will contribute to the formation of environmental culture, environmental values, ability to follow moral and legal norms and rules of environmentally sound behavior and more. An important place in the problems solving is given to eco-tourism and marketing in the organization of ecotourism development, which will help to realize that rational recreational nature using will not only stimulate the flow of entry into the region, increase welfare, but also play an important role in preserving natural resources as parts of global resources.The purpose of the study is to identify ecologically attractive areas for the development of ecological tourism, substantiate the unique potential of the Carpathian region for this type of tourism and identify areas of creative implementation of foreign experience to establish stages of marketing process in the organization of ecological tourism.Methods. The using of the analysis method, questionnaires, study of foreign experience, system-structural approach became the methodological basis of the study.Results. The uniqueness of the region for ecological tourism is established on the analysis of opportunities for the ecological tourism development in the Carpathian region, in particular, the distribution of protected lands and their functional structure, the availability of reserves and national parks, etc. A high level of interest in ecological tourist products was established by surveying tourists who visited Vyzhnytsia National Park. Based on the study of foreign experience, the stages of the marketing process that can be implemented in the practice of organizing the development of ecotourism in the Carpathian region are identified. The most promising types of ecological tourist products are offered and the influence of ecotourism development on the balance of nature protection, economic, social, cultural, integration and other interests in the region is established.Discussion. Important areas of further research in the context of determining the role and place of marketing in the ecotourism development are, in particular, the determination of target categories of visitors, assessing the demand for various ecotourism programs and competition analysis.

Mitigating Extreme Summer Heat Waves with the Optimal Water-Cooling Island Effect Based on Remote Sensing Data from Shanghai, China.

Due to the progress in global warming, the frequency, duration and intensity of climate extremes are increasing. As one of these extremes, heat waves influence the well-being of human beings and increase societies’ energy consumption. The Water-Cooling Island (WCI) effect of urban water bodies (UWBs) is important in urban heat wave mitigation. In this paper, the impact of WCI, especially the landscape pattern of the surrounding area, was explored. The results indicate that water bodies with a larger total area and simpler shape have a longer cooling effect. In the areas surrounding UWBs, a lower percentage or discrete distribution of impervious surfaces or green land provide a longer cooling effect. The amplitude of WCI is mainly decided by the impervious surface in the surrounding areas. A lower percentage or discrete distribution of impervious surfaces or green land leads to a smaller-amplitude WCI. The gradient is impacted by the shape of the UWB and surrounding green land. A complex shape and discrete distribution of green land lead to a higher gradient of WCI. The linear regress model was significant in terms of WCI range and gradient, while the model of WCI amplitude was not significant. This indicates that WCI is directly decided by impact factors through gradient and range. The conclusions provide a methodology for WCI prediction and optimization, which is important when mitigating summer heat waves.

On the Character and Causes of Inequality in Latin America

On the Character and Causes of Inequality in Latin America

Real Estate Developers as Agents in the Simulation of Urban Sprawl

Urban expansion is one of the processes that generates the greatest impact on the distribution of land uses, leading to important territorial changes. Its evolution has become a highly relevant object of analysis and studies on the subject have gradually advanced from a focus on patterns of land use and cover, towards a more detailed analysis of the dynamic interactions between all the actors involved in these processes. Among the agents usually included as an active and decisive part of these dynamics are the real estate developers. This study aims to analyze these agents, identify their behavioral patterns, and categorize and better understand them. For this, a qualitative approach was employed, in which a structured questionnaire elaborated from the point of view of an expert was administrated to the real estate developers in the area of the Henares urban–industrial corridor, between Madrid and Guadalajara, where important processes of urban expansion have taken place. The information obtained from an interview with an expert and the questionnaire revealed important information about the work of real estate developers and will be of great help in the elaboration of an Agent-Based Model to simulate and analyze urban growth. This process is crucial to determine in a more empirical way the different decision rules that are necessary to develop this type of model.

What Is the Operation Logic of Cultivated Land Protection Policies in China? A Grounded Theory Analysis

Cultivated land protection policies (CLPP) are essential for maintaining social stability, guaranteeing food security, and ensuring sustainable development. However, a mismatch exists between policy performance and the objectives that influence the implementation of CLPP, and the system mechanisms of CLPP must be revealed and explored. Based on the literature review, this paper summarizes the current dilemmas of China’s cultivated land protection at the theoretical level, and preliminarily depicts the external foundation of CLPP in view of China’s topography and spatial distribution of cultivated land. This paper uses CLPP texts as research samples based on grounded theory to construct an analytical framework. The results show that the operation logic of the CLPP is founded on situation–structure–motivation–action–space–outcome. Accordingly, systematic analysis and in-depth understanding of the operation logic of CLPP will help to re-examine the profound relationship between policy text and implementation effect from such perspectives as transnational, trans-regional, and multi-scale. It also helps to reveal the hidden scientific value of spatiotemporal pattern for cultivated land protection, and serve the formulation and implementation of relevant policies in the future. Under the background of the new era of ecological civilization, it is urgent to enhance the operational effectiveness of the CLPP, identifying the focus of policy implementation, and scientifically formulating the CLPP is of great significance to its success.