Intensity Distribution Research Articles

Texture Analysis in Volumetric Imaging for Dentomaxillofacial Radiology: Transforming Diagnostic Approaches and Future Directions

This narrative review explores texture analysis as a valuable technique in dentomaxillofacial diagnosis, providing an advanced method for quantification and characterization of different image modalities. The traditional imaging techniques rely primarily on visual assessment, which may overlook subtle variations in tissue structure. In contrast, texture analysis uses sophisticated algorithms to extract quantitative information from imaging data, thus offering deeper insights into the spatial distribution and relationships of pixel intensities. This process identifies unique “texture signatures”, serving as markers for accurately characterizing tissue changes or pathological processes. The synergy between texture analysis and radiomics allows radiologists to transcend traditional size-based or semantic descriptors, offering a comprehensive understanding of imaging data. This method enhances diagnostic accuracy, particularly for the assessment of oral and maxillofacial pathologies. The integration of texture analysis with radiomics expands the potential for precise tissue characterization by moving beyond the limitations of human eye evaluations. This article reviews the current trends and methodologies in texture analysis within the field of dentomaxillofacial imaging, highlights its practical applications, and discusses future directions for research and dental clinical practice.

Sensitivity of seismic fragility curves to multiple parameters using CyberShake simulated ground motions

AbstractSeveral alternatives exist to compute seismic fragility curves. This study takes advantage of the large pool of site‐specific CyberShake simulated ground motions (GMs) to investigate the sensitivity of fragility curves to multiple analysis parameters: the analysis method (Multiple Stripe Analysis (MSA), Cloud Analysis (CA), or Incremental Dynamic Analysis), the number and intensity measure distribution of the GMs used, the GM selection method, and the amount of scaling. To this end, the fragility curve of a two‐dimensional steel frame is calculated for every analysis variation at the life safety limit state. By varying one parameter at a time, we can separate the effects of the various parameters from one another. We also assess the effect of the analysis parameters on the mean annual rate of exceedance of life safety. We find that if GMs are selected adequately for each method, different analysis methods can lead to consistent mean annual rates of exceedance despite some differences in their fragility curves. Generally, MSA and the proposed CA that models the increase of response variability with ground motion intensity best match empirical fragility points. The number of GMs affects the results for all analysis methods, while the intensity distribution of GMs affects results differently in different methods. When GMs are required to match earthquake scenario parameters in addition to intensity, more conservative fragility curves are obtained. Finally, fragility curves are sensitive to excessive scaling. This study provides important insights for performance‐based earthquake engineering.

Three-dimensional computer holography with phase space tailoring

Computer holography is a prominent technique for reconstructing customized three-dimensional (3D) diffraction fields. However, the quality of optical reconstruction remains a fundamental challenge in 3D computer holography, especially for the 3D diffraction fields with physically continuous and extensive depth range. Here, we propose a 3D computer-generated hologram (CGH) optimization framework with phase space tailoring. Based on phase space analysis of the space and frequency properties in both lateral and axial directions, the intensity of the 3D diffraction field is adequately sampled across a large depth range. This sampling ensures the reconstructed intensity distribution to be comprehensively constrained with physical consistency. A physics-informed loss function is constructed based on the phase space tailoring to optimize the CGH with suppression of vortex stagnation. Numerical and optical experiments demonstrate the proposed method significantly enhances the 3D optical reconstructions with suppressed speckle noise across a continuous and extensive depth range.

An Experimental Study of Flow and Turbulence Properties near the Rising Sector Gate Mouth Considering the Gate Opening with a PIV Measuring System

Hydraulic structures, such as movable weir gates, are widely installed in rivers and streams for various purposes. Among these is the rising sector gate, which is the focus of this study. This research investigated how different gate openings affect flow velocity and turbulence distributions at the gate mouth. A hydraulic analysis of flow and turbulence characteristics near the mouth of a rising sector gate model was conducted through laboratory experiments with various flow conditions and gate openings utilizing a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system. Experimental tests were carried out with two gate-opening angles (30 and 45 degrees). The PIV measurements revealed significant variations in flow velocity and turbulence properties in response to the gate openings and flow conditions. Notably, in the vicinity of the gate mouth, where the flow regime changes rapidly between the upstream and downstream regions, the turbulence properties in the upstream part of the gate mouth were more than twice those in the downstream part. Additionally, the streamwise distribution of depth-averaged relative turbulence intensity was analyzed. The results showed that the depth-averaged relative turbulence intensity decreased by nearly half as the gate opening increased from 30 to 45 degrees, with the lowest values observed at the gate mouth, followed by an increase downstream. A functional relationship between the maximum flow velocity at the gate mouth during underflow operation and the Froude number was established to guide practical gate operation in the field.

Comparative analysis of buoyancy-driven hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer in a partially heated square enclosure using Cu-Fe3O4 and MoS2-Fe3O4 nanofluids

Purpose This study aims to investigate entropy generation through natural convection and examine heat transfer properties within a partially heated and cooled enclosure influenced by an angled magnetic field. The enclosure, subjected to consistent heat production or absorption, contains a porous medium saturated with a hybrid nanofluid blend of Cu-Fe3O4 and MoS2-Fe3O4. Design/methodology/approach The temperature and velocity equations are converted to a dimensionless form using suitable non-dimensional quantities, adhering to the imposed constraints. To solve these transformed dimensionless equations, the finite-difference method, based on the MAC (Marker and Cell) technique, is used. Comprehensive numerical simulations address various control parameters, including nanoparticle volume fraction, Rayleigh number, heat source or sink, Darcy number, Hartmann number and slit position. The results are illustrated through streamlines, isotherms, average Nusselt numbers and entropy generation plots, offering a clear visualization of the impact of these parameters across different scenarios. Findings Results obtained show that the Cu-Fe3O4 hybrid nanofluid exhibits higher entropy generation than the MoS2-Fe3O4 hybrid nanofluid when comparing them at a Rayleigh number of 106 and a Darcy number of 10–1. The MoS2 hybrid nanofluid demonstrates a low permeability, as evidenced by an average Darcy number of 10–3, in comparison to the Cu hybrid nanofluid. The isothermal contours for a Rayleigh number of 104are positioned parallel to the vertical walls. Additionally, the quantity of each isotherm contour adjacent to the hot wall is being monitored. The Cu and MoS2 nanoparticles exhibit the highest average entropy generation at a Rayleigh number of 105 and a Darcy number of 10–1, respectively. When a uniform heat sink is present, the temperature gradient in the central part of the cavity decreases. In contrast, the absence of a heat source or sink leads to a more intense temperature distribution within the cavity. This differs significantly from the scenario where a uniform heat sink regulates the temperature. Originality/value The originality of this study is to examine the generation of entropy in natural convection within a partially heated and cooled enclosure that contains hybrid nanofluids. Partially heated corners are essential for optimizing heat transfer in a wide range of industrial applications. This enhancement is achieved by increasing the surface area, which improves convective heat transfer. These diverse applications encompass fields such as chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, surface research, energy production and heat recovery processes. Researchers have been working on improving the precision of heated and cold corners using various methods, such as numerical, experimental and analytical approaches. These efforts aim to enhance the broad utility of these corners further.

Anticrossing and Mode Coupling in Bent All-Glass Leakage Channel Microstructured Optical Fibers with Large Mode Area

This paper presents the results of a detailed theoretical study of the bending properties of original all-glass leakage channel microstructured optical fibers (LC MOFs) over a bending radius range from 3 cm to 11 cm. These LC MOFs contain two layers of fluorine-doped silica glass elements with reduced refractive index, different diameters, and different distances between them. We determined the spatial distributions of the electric field components of different modes in addition to the usual parameters such as effective refractive indices, bending losses, and spatial intensity distributions. A detailed analysis showed that three modes for each polarization have to be considered to correctly calculate the bending losses. Two pairs of these three modes couple in two distinct bending radius ranges, specifically near 3.68 cm and near 5.95 cm, and the mode coupling in these pairs is resonant. The resulting bending losses of the LC MOF for two polarizations are very close to each other and have two maxima at bending radii of 3.68 cm and 5.95 cm. However, the nature of these maxima is not resonant; they are caused by the combined influence of all three modes, each of which has specific dependencies of losses and other parameters on the bending radius that exhibit quasi-resonant behavior near the corresponding bending radii.

Catalytic behavior, electronic structure and spectroscopic (FT-IR, Raman, UV–vis) properties for the new ionic liquid imidazolium hydrogen sulfate

Catalytic performance, chemical reactivity, vibrational modes and electronic transitions of the ion pair [H–Im]+[HSO4]– were investigated in the current paper. Hence, a combined experimental (Hammett acidity function, infrared, Raman and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopies) and theoretical (molecular electrostatic potential surface, reduced density gradient, frontier molecular orbital analysis, quantum theory of atoms in molecules, net atomic charges, global and local reactivity descriptors) study was conducted. In terms of the catalytic performance, the acetic acid esterification with butanol was evaluated. Important kinetic (rate constant, activation energy, pre-exponential factor) and thermodynamic (enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs free energy barrier) factors for ester production as a function of the temperature and catalyst loading have been determined. Results revealed intensive electron density distribution in [H–Im]+[HSO4]– due to chemical interactions between the cationic and anionic moieties. These bonds were established as electrostatic in nature. The pronounced charge transfers within [H–Im]+[HSO4]– managed the title compound acidity (H0) and its catalytic behavior towards butyl acetate synthesis. Using the thermodynamic and kinetic measurements, a mechanism for acetic acid esterification with butanol in the presence of imidazolium hydrogen sulfate ionic liquid was offered.

Study on radiation characteristics of multi-phase plumes containing ice crystals in orbit-control engines

In order to obtain the radiation characteristics of the multiphase plume containing ice crystals in the high-altitude orbit control engine and analyze its influence on the telemetry effect, this paper deduces the radiation characteristics parameters of gases based on Einstein radiation theory and radiation transfer equation. Based on the latest HITRAN2020 spectral line library solving gas radiation and the Mie theory of particle scattering solving particle radiation, the radiation characteristic parameters of the multi-phase plume containing ice crystals in the high-altitude orbital control engine and the radiation intensity distribution in the near-infrared and mid-long wave infrared bands are simulated, and the main influencing factors of the radiation are analyzed. The results show that, in general, the main radiation of the engine plume includes the scattered light in the near infrared band and the thermal radiation in the middle long wave infrared band. In the near-infrared band, considering solar background radiation, the total radiation amount in the calculation domain is about 10 −6 W/sr, and the thermal radiation is dominant within the axial distance of 0.5 m, while the ice crystal scattering is dominant beyond the axial distance of 0.5 m . In the mid-long wave infrared band, the total radiation amount in the calculation domain is about 10 W/sr, and the thermal radiation of gas dominates within 1 m axial distance, while the thermal radiation of ice crystal dominates beyond 1 m axial distance.

Quantifying Bioluminescent Light Intensity in Breaking Waves Using Numerical Simulations

AbstractBreaking‐wave induced bioluminescence is a critical component of the biogeochemical process in the ocean. Understanding bioluminescence is important for monitoring red tides caused by bioluminescent microorganisms. In this study, we present the first numerical effort to quantify bioluminescent light intensity based on high‐fidelity direct numerical simulations of breaking waves and a quantitative bioluminescent model. The dynamics of breaking waves are extensively validated through comparison with existing studies. We find that the time‐averaged and Lagrangian‐averaged shear stress saturates as surface tension effects decrease and wave steepness increases. The spatial distribution of light intensity correlates with the wave crest overturning and air bubbles generated in plunging breakers. Furthermore, we observe that the maximum light intensity asymptotically approaches the emission of single cells, suggesting the potential for cost‐effective prediction models in future studies.

Individual domain characteristics determined by second-harmonic generation diffractometer for multi-domain multiferroics

We investigated the multi-domain states of a multiferroic La-doped BiFeO3 (BLFO) thin film by examining diffraction patterns in optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) measurement. By directing a laser onto the domain wall within the domain-patterned sample, we observed clear diffraction signatures of SHG waves generated from two ferroelectric domains. We explained the experimental results of the diffraction patterns, including the intensity distribution and the polarization characteristics, using Fresnel propagation of SHG waves. From this, we could determine the amplitude and phase of the SHG waves generated from each domain, and figure out not only the polarization direction of each ferroelectric domain but also the phase related to the complex-valued second-order susceptibility tensor. Consequently, we could present SHG diffractometry as an effective measurement method to reveal the phase details of electric polarization of the multi-domain states of ferroic materials.

Introduction of a modified anomalous vortex beam with self-focusing properties

This study introduces and experimentally demonstrates the concept of a modified anomalous vortex beam (MAVB), which carries orbital angular momentum (OAM) and exhibits unique self–focusing properties. By utilizing holographic techniques and customizing phase masks, we precisely control the beam’s phase and intensity distribution, enhancing self-focusing behavior while preserving traditional anomalous vortex beam features. We derive an analytical formula to describe MAVB propagation within a paraxial ABCD optical system. The self–focusing characteristics are influenced by initial parameters such as beam order, quantum number, beam waist, wavelength, and the modification parameter. Additionally, we simulate MAVB propagation and their OAM spectrum in maritime atmospheric turbulence. Through comprehensive theoretical analysis and experimental validation, we show how MAVBs achieve controlled self–focusing, leading to enhanced beam control and stability. Our study explores the mechanisms, design principles, and practical implications of MAVBs, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize optical applications.

Multimode light generation in an injection semiconductor laser based on a chiral AlAs/(Al, Ga)As/GaAs microcavity

Experimental investigations of chiral injection AlAs/(Al, Ga)As/GaAs vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers in the multimode generation regime are performed. A high circular polarization degree 70% of different generation modes measured with a high spectral resolution, is demonstrated. Detailed maps of spatial and angular distribution of laser radiation intensity were constructed.

Elevated Aβ aggregates in feces from Alzheimer’s disease patients: a proof-of-concept study

BackgroundMisfolding and aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ), along with neurofibrillary tangles consisting of aggregated Tau species, are pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) onset and progression. In this study, we hypothesized the clearance of Aβ aggregates from the brain and body into the gut.MethodsTo investigate this, we used surface-based fluorescence intensity distribution analysis (sFIDA) to determine the Aβ aggregate concentrations in feces from 26 AD patients and 31 healthy controls (HC).ResultsAβ aggregates were detectable in human feces and their concentrations were elevated in AD patients compared to HC (specificity 90.3%, sensitivity 53.8%).ConclusionThus, fecal Aβ aggregates constitute a non-invasive biomarker candidate for diagnosing AD. Whether digestion-resistant Aβ aggregates in feces are secreted via the liver and bile or directly from the enteric neuronal system remains to be elucidated.

Polarization‐Controlled Diffractions of Submicron Pillar Arrays of Azo Molecular Glass for Image Recording and Reconstruction

Recording and manipulating optical waves with functional structures are crucially important for many applications. Herein, the submicron pillar arrays of an azo molecular glass (IA‐Chol) are explored to show functional synergy of a recording medium and a diffractive optical element. The image recording is achieved through the pillar deformation along the electric‐field oscillation direction of incident light. When illuminated with a polarized beam, the reconstructed images appear in the first‐order diffraction spots of the pillar array with the tailored intensity distributions depending on the states of polarization of the recording beam and the image reconstruction beam. This approach enables several images to be recorded in the adjacent zones of the same pillar array using lights with different polarization directions, and then the images are reconstructed separately or simultaneously upon the polarization directions of the illumination light. Furthermore, the topographic features of the pillar array after the recording are replicated by replica‐molding to the surfaces of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) slices as negative replicas and transformed to surfaces of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) films through hot‐embossing. The PDMS and PMMA replicas are highly transparent in the visible light range and able to produce the reconstructed images with light in a wide‐wavelength extent.

Evaluation of soot emission and wall heat loss for the fuels with high aromatic contents using the coupled analysis of chemical luminescence images with heat flux

The stricter regulations on the sulfur content of marine fuel oil in the general sea area that came into effect in January 2020 have led to a prediction of the increase of light cycle oil with high aromatic contents. The higher aromatic content is expected to result in higher soot in the exhaust gas. During combustion, soot emits radiant heat because of blackbody radiation, some of which passes through the walls of the combustion chamber and is released outside. Therefore, the exhaust emission characteristics and wall heat loss are affected if soot formation during combustion differs depending on the aromatic content of the fuel oil. This study developed an analytical method that combines the temporal and spatial distributions of C2 and OH radicals (these species contribute to soot formation and oxidation) to evaluate the emission and wall heat loss characteristics of different aromatics in fuel oils via combustion and heat flux analysis. The method was applied to test fuels containing different aromatic contents. Two test fuels containing 60 vol% each of toluene (monocyclic) and 1-methylnaphthalene (bicyclic) were evaluated in a rapid compression machine with a 100 mm wall-to-wall distance combustion chamber. The results suggested that the differences in soot emissions were observed because of differences in aromatics, and no differences in the wall heat flux were observed. The distributions of C2 and OH radical luminescence intensities between the walls were examined, and the differences in soot production were attributed to differences in the C2 radical production upstream of the flame in the region of low air entrainment. The lack of difference in the heat flux between the test fuels can be attributed to the the differences in the C2 and OH luminescence intensities, which are related to the heat release rate and heat flux, being almost nonexistent near the walls.

Applying the Adomian Method to Solve the Fokker–Planck Equation: A Case Study in Astrophysics

The objective of this study is to model astrophysical systems using the nonlinear Fokker–Planck equation, with the Adomian method chosen for its iterative and precise solutions in this context, applying boundary conditions relevant to data from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). The results include analysis of 156 X-ray intensity distributions from X-ray binaries (XRBs), exhibiting long-tail profiles consistent with Tsallis q-Gaussian distributions. The corresponding q-values align with the principles of Tsallis thermostatistics. Various diffusion hypotheses—classical, linear, nonlinear, and anomalous—are examined, with q-values further supporting Tsallis thermostatistics. Adjustments in the parameter α (related to the order of fractional temporal derivation) reveal the extent of the memory effect, strongly correlating with fractal properties in the diffusive process. Extending this research to other XRBs is both possible and recommended to generalize the characteristics of X-ray scattering and electromagnetic waves at different frequencies originating from similar astronomical objects.

Gridded Grazing Intensity Based on Geographically Weighted Random Forest and Its Drivers: A Case Study of Western Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

ABSTRACTOvergrazing affects the grass‐livestock balance and endangers grassland ecological security. Despite extensive studies conducted on identifying and quantifying grazing intensity, there is still room for improvement in the research on gridding grazing intensity, particularly in areas with limited data on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Therefore, we proposed a grazing intensity spatialization method using geographically weighted random forest (GWRF) to gain further insights into the spatial heterogeneity of alpine grassland grazing intensity. This method incorporates multiple remote sensing data related to human activities and natural factors, as well as annual livestock statistics at the township level over several years, while adequately considering the spatial autocorrelation of grazing intensity. Additionally, we employed Lindeman Merenda Gold (LMG), the geographical detector model, and the structural equation model (SEM) to assess the contribution and influence path of driving factors to grazing intensity. We also utilize partial correlation analysis and dual‐phase mapping to examine the impact of natural and human activities on the spatial distribution of grazing intensity. The results demonstrate that the GWRF‐based grazing intensity spatial model accurately predicts grazing intensity by demonstrating its consistency with township‐scale livestock data (R 2 = 0.92 (p < 0.01), RMSE = 1.07). This provides valuable technical support for quantifying grazing intensity in alpine pastoral areas with limited data availability. We evaluate trends in grazing intensity and observe an increase in Gar and Purang counties. Furthermore, population density, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and temperature are identified as three influential factors affecting grazing intensity in alpine pastoral areas. Additionally, other factors indirectly impact grazing intensity by influencing population density and NDVI levels, while their interactions amplify their overall influence. The dual‐phase mapping technique has demonstrated a significant impact of population density on 45.92% (p < 0.01) of the study area, emphasizing the substantial influence of human activities on grazing intensity. Our study provides a novel framework for spatially analyzing grazing intensity and unraveling the intricated driving mechanisms behind spatiotemporal changes, particularly in areas with limited data availability.

Investigation of interfractional range variation owing to anatomical changes with beam directions based on water equivalent thickness in proton therapy for pancreatic cancer.

To assess the interfractional anatomical range variations (ARVs) with beam directions and their impact on dose distribution in intensity modulated proton therapy, we analyzed water equivalent thickness (WET) from 10 patients with pancreatic cancer. The distributions of the interfractional WET difference ($\Delta{\mathrm{WET}}^{\theta }$) across 360° were visualized using polar histograms. Interfractional ARVs were evaluated using the mean absolute error and ΔWET pass rate, indicating the percentage of $\Delta \mathrm{WE}{\mathrm{T}}^{\theta }$ < thresholds. The impact on dose distribution in proton therapy was evaluated based on two treatment plans for 40Gy(RBE)/5 fractions: 'Plan A', using two beam angles, in which the target was closest to the body surface among four perpendicular directions; and 'Plan B', using two beam angles with small ARVs. Analysis revealed individual variations in angular trends of interfractional ARVs. Three distinct trends were identified: Group 1 exhibited small ARVs around posterior directions; Group 2 exhibited small ARVs except ~60°; Group 3 demonstrated minimal ARVs only ~90°. In dose evaluation, while 150° and 210° were selected in Plan B for 9 out of 10 patients, for the remaining patient, 60° and 90° were chosen. Comparing dose volume histogram parameters for all patients, Plan B significantly reduced target coverage loss while maintaining organ-at-risk sparing comparable to Plan A. These results demonstrated that selecting beam angles with small interfractional ARVs for each patient enhances the robustness of dose distribution, reducing target coverage loss.

Non-uniform phase distribution of a tightly focused elliptically polarized vortex beam

Abstract Tight focusing of elliptically polarized vortex beams has been previously studied for optical manipulation, optical information encoding, and so on. Still, there is a lack of research on the status of the phase distribution on the focal plane. In this study, we found that the phase distribution of a tightly focused elliptically polarized vortex beam is non-uniform, i.e., the phase distribution exhibits flatter and steeper regions due to the elliptical polarization of the input vortex beam. It is mentioned that the phase non-uniformity was related to the ellipticity of the polarization of the incident beam. Furthermore, we analyzed the intensity and phase distribution of a tightly focused elliptically polarized vortex beam. We found that the spin angular momentum was converted to the orbital angular momentum because the topological charge of the output beam was greater than that of the input beam. The non-uniform phase distribution of a tightly focused elliptically polarized vortex beam enables control over light–matter interaction, leading to advancements in optical tweezers, quantum information processing, and super-resolution microscopy.

Statistical properties of circular and rectangular multi-sinc Schell-model beams propagating in uniaxial crystals

With the extended Huygens–Fresnel principle, we derive the expressions for the spectral intensity, coherence, and effective beam width of circular and rectangular multi-sinc Schell-model (MSSM) beams propagating through uniaxial crystals. Numerical simulations are employed to extensively explore how beam and crystal parameters modulate the optical field. The results reveal that the propagating field exhibits multiple ring-shaped and array-like intensity distributions, with adjustable features such as the number of concentric rings, central brightness, array dimensions, and the morphology and diversity of sub-beams. Additionally, the spectral coherence displays an oscillatory distribution that evolves into a Gaussian distribution as the transmission distance increases. The anisotropy of uniaxial crystals not only influences the morphology of intensity distribution but also affects the evolution rate of coherence and the expansion rate of effective beam width. Our work contributes to optimizing beam propagation through uniaxial crystals, potentially benefiting precision optical systems in laser technology.