Index Distribution Research Articles

Research of multimodal transport potential of major cities in China based on the satellite remote sensing

Abstract. By two or more modes of transportation to connect with each other and complete the transport process, multimodal transport could significantly improve transport efficiency, reduce costs, while promote energy conservation and emission reduction, compared with the traditional single mode of transport. Therefore, the multimodal transport development reflects the level of national or regional economic development to some extent. In this study, multimodal transport potential index was built to evaluate the possibility of multimodal transport. Remote sensing images from satellites were used to extract roads, railway stations and airports. A method was proposed to derive the road-rail transport potential index and road-air transport potential index, and then for the analysis of multimodal transport potential in 36 cities. Results show that there is a big gap among 36 cities on the development potential of road-rail and road-air transport. Compared with the road-rail transport potential index, the distribution of road-air transport potential index is more consistent among and within the seven regions. Index values of megacity and super cities are much higher than type I and II big cities. Moreover, in the 36 cities, there is a positive correlation between the multimodal transport potential index and GDP. The research results could be used to quantitatively evaluate the development of transport infrastructure, consequently provide more solid and reliable basic information for the planning, design and scheme adjustment of multimodal transport, thus comprehensively improve the efficiency and quality of multimodal transport, serve the territorial spatial planning.

Analysis of Co-expression of HSP 70 and BCL 2 in Oral Precancer and Cancer Patients Using Immunohistochemistry.

Understanding of molecular model of oral carcinogenesis has carried cancer chemotherapy far forward from conventional drug therapies. Small molecule inhibitors have gained acceptance as it has fewer adverse effects and also provide targeted drug therapy. The association of HSP 70 (Heat Shock Protein 70) and BCL 2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) proteins with oral precancer and cancer is already established. However, the complex interaction between these two proteins and how they affect each other's expression is still not understood completely. In our study, we aimed to correlate the expression of HSP 70 and BCL 2 with different histopathological grades of oral precancer and cancer tissue samples using tissue immunohistochemistry. Tissue samples were taken from a total of 250 patients (100 OPMDs and 150 OSCCs) and subjected to immunohistochemistry using anti-human mouse monoclonal antibodies to HSP70 and BCL2. Immunostaining was done, and the immunostaining intensity distribution (IID) index was calculated. Immunoreactivity scores for both HSP 70 and BCL 2 correlated with different grades of dysplasia. However, only HSP 70 had a statistically significant association (p=0.066). We also found that HSP 70 showed an inverse correlation, with higher expression majorly seen in well-differentiated OSCCs. Our study unveiled the HSP 70-BCL 2 interaction and provides insights about how this might affect drug designing and help overcome therapeutic lags. However, further studies are needed to provide a comprehensive review of such interactions among various small molecules.

The Role of Subcutaneous Fat Composition on Blood Pressure: A Study on Students Aged 15-18 at Kalam Kudus II Senior High School Jakarta, Indonesia

Background: Hypertension is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. There was an increase in the prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents ≤19 years of age from 2000 to 2015. Body mass index (BMI) and subcutaneous fat distribution are linked to blood pressure variations. Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out at Kalam Kudus II Senior High School Jakarta from June – August 2023. The inclusion criteria in this study included students of Kalam Kudus II Senior High School Jakarta, aged 15-18 years, registered as active students at the time the study was conducted, physically and spiritually healthy, and willing to participate in the study. The exclusion criteria for this study include students who refused participation, did not obtain permission from their parents, or students with medical disorders that affect anthropometric results and blood pressure. Data was taken from direct measurement and performed multivariate testing using the double linear regression test enter method in SPSS. The statistical significance is 0.05. Results: An analysis of 102 students found that only BMI had a significant relationship with systolic blood pressure, and no anthropometric variable had a meaningful relationship with diastolic pressure. Conclusion: There are many ways and factors for measuring body composition. It is important to test the body composition and BMI of adolescents to reduce the risk of hypertension later in the day.

Insights on the effect of process conditions on the optical properties of silver ion exchanged soda-lime silicate glass

The effects of ion exchange time and temperature on the optical properties and plasmonic response of silver ion exchanged soda-lime silicate glass were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) configuration, m-lines spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, and UV–visible absorption spectroscopy. SEM analyses in EDS mode provided profiles of silver oxide molar concentration. These profiles were directly correlated to the silver diffusion coefficient using an adjustment procedure. The effective indices of ion exchanged glasses measured by the standard prism coupling technique (m-lines) allowed access to refractive index distributions in ion exchange regions. These ion-exchanged glasses underwent evaluation to determine their potential suitability for use in multimode planar systems. The PL results acquired after ion exchange demonstrated that the creation of Ag0 atoms from Ag+ ions was responsible for the decline and quenching of PL intensity at ion exchange times and temperatures increase. Silver nanoparticles were generated in the samples subjected to ion exchange at 480 °C without the need for post-exchange treatments. The emergence of the surface plasmon resonance band around 427 nm in the optical absorption spectra confirmed the formation of Ag nanoparticles in annealed glasses. Estimates of the UV–visible absorption spectra indicated an average size of silver nanoparticles ranging from 1.8 to 2.4 nm.

Infrastructure competitiveness of regencies and cities in Java Island

Regional infrastructure competitiveness is highly influential in regional development. This research aims to: (1) compile the infrastructure competitiveness index for regencies or cities in Java, (2) assess the level of infrastructure competitiveness disparity between regencies or cities, and (3) analyze the relationship between the regional infrastructure competitiveness index and economic growth. In investigating the regional infrastructure competitiveness index, five infrastructure groups were assessed, namely social infrastructure, information technology, transportation, economy, and culture. The infrastructure competitiveness between regions (regencies and cities) was determined by scoring and standardization. The Gibbs & Martins index was used to measure the infrastructure competitiveness gap. Meanwhile, the relationship trend between the infrastructure competitiveness index and regional economic growth was analyzed using crosstabs. For the competitiveness of regional infrastructure in Java, this research observed spatial variations between regencies or cities. Besides, the regional infrastructure competitiveness index is not distributed concentrically and tends to have a diffuse pattern. Different distributions of the competitiveness index were also observed in every group of infrastructure. In general, clusters of high infrastructure competitiveness were observed in each province on the island of Java. The Gibbs & Martins index measurement illustrates Java's high regional infrastructure gap. The gap is due to the infrastructure in development centers and activity centers not being accompanied by infrastructure development in the hinterland areas. The social infrastructure has the highest level of inequality. Besides, this research also found a different relationship between infrastructure competitiveness and economic growth in the provinces.

Randomness of optical turbulence generated by Rayleigh–Bénard convection using intensity statistics

The experimental study of optical turbulence proves difficult due to challenges in generating controllable conditions in a laboratory environment. Confined water tanks that produce Rayleigh–Bénard (RB) convection are one method to generate optical turbulence using a controllable temperature gradient. It is of utmost concern to quantify the properties of the optical turbulence generated for characterization of other optical applications such as imaging, sensing, or communications. In this experimental study a Gaussian beam is propagated through a RB water tank where two intensity measurements are made at the receiver’s pupil and focal plane. The pupil and focal plane results include quantification of the intensity fluctuation distribution, scintillation distribution, and refractive index structure constant at various values of the temperature gradient. The angle of arrival fluctuations is also calculated at the focal plane to obtain a second estimate of C n 2. The pupil plane estimate for C n 2 using scintillation index and focal plane angle of arrival fluctuations is compared to preliminary predictions of C n 2 as a function of RB temperature gradient showing C n 2∼ΔT4/3. The outcomes of the study confirm that the RB process produces intensity fluctuations that follow gamma–gamma and log-normal probability density functions. Estimates of the refractive index structure constant C n 2 produce the same trends with different magnitudes when measured from the pupil and focal plane.

Associations of Plasma and Fecal Metabolites with Body Mass Index and Body Fat Distribution in Children.

Childhood obesity continues to be a critical public health concern with far-reaching implications for the well-being. This study aimed to investigate the association between metabolites in plasma and feces and indicators including body mass index (BMI), BMI for age Z score (BMIZ), and body fat distribution among children aged 6-9 years in China. This cross-sectional study enrolled 424 healthy children, including 186 girls and 238 boys. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to determine the body fat content and regional fat distribution. Plasma and fecal metabolites were analyzed using targeted metabolomic technologies. A total of 200 plasma metabolites and 212 fecal metabolites were accurately quantified via ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). By using Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) and random forest model, we discovered that 9 plasma metabolites and 11 fecal metabolites were associated with different weight statuses. After adjusting for potential covariates and false discovery rate (FDR) correction, multiple linear regression analyses revealed that plasma metabolites (fumaric acid, glycine, l-glutamine, methylmalonic acid, and succinic acid) and fecal metabolites (protocatechuic acid) were negatively associated (β: -1.373--0.016, pFDR: <0.001-0.031; β: -1.008--0.071, pFDR: 0.005-0.033), while plasma metabolites (isovaleric acid, isovalerylcarnitine, l-glutamic acid, and pyroglutamic acid) and fecal metabolites (3-aminoisobutanoic acid, butyric acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid, octanoylcarnitine, oleoylcarnitine, palmitoylcarnitine, stearoylcarnitine, taurochenodesoxycholic acid, and taurodeoxycholic acid) exhibited positive associations with BMI, BMIZ, and body fat distribution (β: 0.023-2.396, pFDR: <0.001; β: 0.014-1.736, pFDR: <0.001-0.049). Plasma and fecal metabolites such as glutamine may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the development of obesity.

Association between body mass index and vitiligo distribution: An observational cohort study

Association between body mass index and vitiligo distribution: An observational cohort study

Enhanced multi-model multi-scan data association and tracking algorithm via convex variational inference

Tracking multiple targets with unknown measurement-to-target association and uncertain target dynamics is a significant problem that arises in various applications such as surveillance monitoring and intelligent transportation systems. In this paper, we propose an enhanced multi-model multi-scan data association algorithm to address the problem of tracking multiple maneuvering targets. First, we use a probabilistic graphical model to represent the joint distribution of the dynamic model indices, target state, and multi-scan data association variables. This formulation transforms the inference of marginal distributions into a Bethe free energy (BFE) problem. Next, to transform the BFE problem into a convex one, we demonstrate that the BFE function can be made convex through re-weighting. Additionally, we decompose the re-weighted BFE function into a block-wise sum form. We prove that under certain regularization conditions, each block of the re-weighted BFE is convex, ensuring convergence of the primal–dual coordinate ascent algorithm to the minimum of the overall re-weighted BFE. Finally, we provide a particle implementation of the proposed algorithm, accompanied by an analysis of its complexity. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm exhibits favorable performance when compared to both the single-model multi-scan algorithm and the multi-model single-scan algorithm.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Methocarbamol and Nefopam in Orthopedic Surgical Pain.

Introduction Pain after orthopedic surgeries represents a special concern in patients with fractures. The use of multimodal analgesia significantly reduced the opioid need and reduced the risk of their side effects. Objectives This study compared the effectivenessand safety of methocarbamol and nefopam in the reduction of post-operative pain for patients undergoing orthopedic surgeries. Method This prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial took place at Al-Sader Teaching Hospital in Basrah, Iraq, from the first of February 2022 to the end of October 2023. The study aimed to assess the post-operative pain relief efficacy and safety of intramuscular nefopam (20 mg) and intravenous methocarbamol (1 g) in 110 adults (aged 18-65) undergoing elective orthopedic surgeries. Exclusions were made for allergies to the drugs, substance abuse history, and severe hepatic or renal impairment. Participants were randomized into two groups, with pain intensity measured at one hour, six hours, and 12 hours post-operation using the visual analog scale (VAS). Side effects were also evaluated. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 27, with a significance level set at p<0.05 and a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results In this study, we conducted a rigorous comparison between two groups, methocarbamol and nefopam, to evaluate their efficacy and safety in post-operative pain management. We started by ensuring that the groups were well-matched in terms of age, gender distribution, and body mass index (BMI). The results showed remarkable similarities in mean age, gender distribution, and BMI, supported by robust p-values, affirming the effective matching of the two groups. Moving to pain management, we observed a significant advantage in favor of methocarbamol. At all-time intervals (one hour, six hours, and 12 hours post-operation), methocarbamol consistently demonstrated lower mean VASscores compared to nefopam. These differences were highly statistically significant, underscoring the superior pain relief efficacy of methocarbamol. Exploring side effects, we found no statistically significant disparities in the occurrence of nausea and vomiting between the two groups. However, there was a noticeable trend towardhigher tachycardia incidence in the nefopam group, though it did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion The present study showed a higher efficacy of methocarbamol in post-operative pain reduction in comparison to nefopam. No serious side effects were observed with both drugs.

The Study of Mode-switching Behavior of PSR J0614+2229 Using the Parkes Ultra–wide-bandwidth Receiver Observations

In this paper we present a detailed single-pulse and polarization study of PSR J0614+2229 based on the archived data observed on 2019 August 15 (MJD 58710) and 2019 September 12 (MJD 58738) using the ultra−wide-bandwidth low-frequency receiver on the Parkes radio telescope. The single-pulse sequences show that this pulsar switches between two emission states, in which the emission of state A occurs earlier than that of state B in pulse longitude. We found that the variation in relative brightness between the two states varies temporally and both states follow a simple power law very well. Based on the phase-aligned multifrequency profiles, we found that there is a significant difference in the distributions of spectral index across the emission regions of the two states. Furthermore, we obtained the emission height evolution for the two emission states and found that, at a fixed frequency, the emission height of state A is higher than that of state B. What is even more interesting is that the emission heights of both states A and B do not change with frequency. Our results suggest that the mode switching of this pulsar is possibly caused by changes in the emission heights that alter the distributions of spectral index across the emission regions of states A and B, resulting in frequency-dependent behaviors, i.e., intensity and pulse width.

Establishment of local diagnostic reference levels for computed tomography with cloud-based automated dose-tracking software in Türkiye

The purpose of this study is to establish local diagnostic reference levels (LDRLs) for computed tomography (CT) procedures using cloud-based automated dose-tracking software. The study includes the dose data obtained from a total of 104,272 examinations performed on adult patients (>18 years) using 8 CT scanners over 12 months. The protocols included in our study were as follows: head CT without contrast, cervical spine CT without contrast, neck CT with contrast, chest CT without contrast, abdomen-pelvis CT without contrast, lumbar spine CT without contrast, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest, and coronary CT angiography (CTA). Dose data were collected using cloud-based automatic dose-tracking software. The 75th percentiles of the distributions of the median volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) values were used to determine the LDRLs for each protocol. The LDRLs were compared with national DRLs (NDRLs) and DRLs set in other countries. Inter-CT scanner variability, which is a measure of how well clinical practices are standardized, was determined for each protocol. Median values for each protocol were compared with the LDRLs for dose optimization in each CT scanner. The LDRLs (for DLP and CTDIvol, respectively) were 839 mGy.cm and 41.2 mGy for head CT without contrast, 530.6 mGy.cm and 19.8 mGy for cervical spine CT without contrast, 431.9 mGy.cm and 15.5 mGy for neck CT with contrast, 364.8 mGy.cm and 9.3 mGy for chest CT without contrast, 588.9 mGy. cm and 11.2 mGy for abdomen-pelvis CT without contrast, 713 mGy.cm and 24.3 mGy for lumbar spine CT without contrast, 326 mGy.cm and 9.5 mGy for HRCT, and 642.3 mGy.cm and 33.4 mGy for coronary CTA. The LDRLs were comparable to or lower than NDRLs and DRLs set in other countries for most protocols. The comparisons revealed the need for immediate initiation of an optimization process for CT protocols with higher dose distributions. Furthermore, protocols with high inter-CT scanner variability revealed the need for standardization. There is a need to update the NDRLs for CT protocols in Turkey. Until new NDRLs are established, local institutions in Turkey can initiate the optimization process by comparing their dose distributions to the LDRLs established in our study. Automated dose-tracking software can play an important role in establishing DRLs by facilitating the collection and analysis of large datasets.

Analysis on characteristics of extreme precipitation indices and atmospheric circulation in Northern Shanxi

This article utilizes daily precipitation data from 28 national meteorological stations in northern Shanxi Province spanning from 1972 to 2020, and the US NCEP/NCAR monthly average reanalysis and ERA5 monthly average reanalysis data. The study employs techniques such as empirical orthogonal function (EOF) decomposition, Mann-Kendall mutation and other methods to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of extreme precipitation index in northern Shanxi and their correlation with atmospheric circulation. The research results show that: the absolute index, relative index, intensity index and sustained dry period index (CDD) in the continuous index appear from southwest to northeast. The spatial distribution characteristics of the central region decrease, while the continuous wet period (CWD) decreases from the central to the east and west. The three indices Rx1day, Rx5day, and CWD mutated in 1978, 1975, and 1983 respectively, and other extreme precipitation indices all appeared in a sudden change from a low-value period to a high-value period occurred around 2010. In the high-value years of the summer extreme precipitation index, there is a significant negative anomaly in the height field in the mid-high latitude regions of Eurasia. Northern Shanxi is controlled by a broad low-pressure trough in the Lake Baikal area. Water vapor transported via the east, west, and south routes converges in the northern Shanxi region and encounters cold air from the north. There is a strong upward motion anomaly at 500 hPa in the troposphere, and the dynamic conditions of upper-level divergence and lower-level convergence lead to more summer extreme precipitation in the northern Shanxi region. Conversely, in the low-value years of the summer extreme precipitation index, northern Shanxi is affected by a strong high-pressure ridge north of Lake Baikal. There is a downward motion anomaly at 500 hPa, and the northern Shanxi region lacks water vapor. The cold and warm air cannot converge, and both the water vapor conditions and dynamic conditions are poor, which is not conducive to the production of extreme precipitation in northern Shanxi.

Disparities in Child Growth Patterns: A Multi-Indicator Examination Across Districts in Uttar Pradesh

The Indian economy is accelerating due to its significant demographic advantage of a young and growing workforce, emphasizing the importance of addressing malnutrition to fully harness its potential. Uttar Pradesh, blessed with a vast human resource pool in its children, stands poised to significantly contribute to shaping the nation's future. Thus, addressing child malnutrition within the state is imperative. Currently, according to NFHS 5 data, malnutrition prevalence among children under 5 years is alarming, with 39.7% experiencing stunting, 17.3% facing wasting, , and 32.1% being underweight. District-level data on child growth failure indices were sourced from NFHS-published district fact sheets of Uttar Pradesh. This study leverages data from two time periods within the NFHS series (NFHS-4 &amp; NFHS-5) to assess changes in child growth indices at the district level. The spatial distribution of current child growth indices was visualized through thematic mapping. The findings highlight an uptick in stunted children across 7 districts, and both underweight and stunted children in 12 and 32 districts respectively in Uttar Pradesh. NFHS-5 data reveal that several districts in Uttar Pradesh still exhibit prevalence rates exceeding 50% for stunting, 20% for wasting, and 30% for underweight

On the Origin of the X-Ray Emission in Heavily Obscured Compact Radio Sources

X-ray continuum emission of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) may be reflected by circumnuclear dusty tori, producing prominent fluorescence iron lines at X-ray frequencies. Here, we discuss the broadband emission of three radio-loud AGNs belonging to the class of compact symmetric objects (CSOs), with detected narrow Fe Kα lines. CSOs have newly born radio jets, forming compact radio lobes with projected linear sizes of the order of a few to hundreds of parsecs. We model the radio-to-γ-ray spectra of compact lobes in J1407+2827, J1511+0518, and J2022+6137, which are among the nearest and the youngest CSOs known to date, and are characterized by an intrinsic X-ray absorbing column density of N H > 1023 cm−2. In addition to the archival data, we analyze the newly acquired Chandra X-ray Observatory and Submillimeter Array (SMA) observations, and also refine the γ-ray upper limits from Fermi Large Area Telescope monitoring. The new Chandra data exclude the presence of the extended X-ray emission components on scales larger than 1.″5. The SMA data unveil a correlation between the spectral index of the electron distribution in the lobes and N H, which can explain the γ-ray quietness of heavily obscured CSOs. Based on our modeling, we argue that the inverse-Compton emission of compact radio lobes may account for the intrinsic X-ray continuum in all these sources. Furthermore, we propose that the observed iron lines may be produced by a reflection of the lobes’ continuum from the surrounding cold dust.

Study on uniformity of multi‐needle electrostatic spinning by auxiliary flow field

AbstractMulti‐needle electrospinning is a simple and general method for mass preparation of nanofiber membrane, which has great industrial potential. However, the bending instability produced in the electrospinning process makes that the deposition uniformity of the nanofiber is still a big concern, resulting in non‐uniform nanofiber membrane, which seriously affects the application of electrospun membrane in environmental filtration, new energy and medical fields. In order to improve the uniformity of nanofiber deposition in multi‐needle electrospinning, an auxiliary flow field system (AFF) is proposed, which can effectively improve the uniformity of nanofiber deposition. After image processing, the uniformity of nanofiber deposition is quantified with the index of grey distribution, and the effectiveness of this method is verified. Combined with the multi‐physical field analysis, the influence mechanism of cross‐wind field on the uniformity of fibre deposition was revealed. By optimizing the experimental parameters, the non‐uniformity of nanofiber deposition was reduced by 49.19%. Based on multi‐needle electrospinning technology, a reliable idea (AFF) and experimental basis are provided for the uniform preparation of nanofiber membrane.

Simulating the epoch of helium reionization in photon-conserving semi-numerical code SCRIPT

The reionization of the second electron of helium (HeII) leaves important imprints on the thermal and ionization state of the intergalactic medium (IGM). Observational evidence suggests that HeII reionization ended at z ≃ 3 due to ionizing photons emitted predominantly by quasars. We present efficient semi-numerical simulations of helium reionization in a 230 h-1 Mpc box, that takes into account the spatial patchiness of reionization coupled with photoheating of the IGM. Dark matter haloes are assigned quasars using empirical measurements of the quasar luminosity function, assuming a universal quasar lifetime consistent with duty cycle values inferred from measurements of the quasar clustering. The ionizing photon field from quasars is then included in the semi-numerical Code for ReionIzation with PhoTon conservation (SCRIPT), which was originally developed for modeling hydrogen reionization. In this work, we make appropriate modifications to SCRIPT for modeling inhomogenous HeII reionization and the corresponding thermal history of the IGM is modelled via a subgrid prescription. Our model has three main free parameters i.e. the global clumping factor 𝒞HeIII, the temperature increase due to photoheating T re He and the quasar spectral energy distribution (SED) index, α UV. Our fiducial model with 𝒞HeIII = 15.6 and T re He ∼ 6000 K gives reasonable values for the empirical measurements of the temperature density equation of state at these redshifts, assuming that quasars brighter than M1450 < -21 and having α UV = 1.7 contribute to HeII reionization. The efficiency of our code shows promising prospects for performing parameter estimation in future, for models of HeII reionization using observations of the Lyα forest.

Unveiling the Small-scale Jets in the Rapidly Growing Supermassive Black Hole IZw1

Accretion of black holes at near-Eddington or super-Eddington rates represents the most powerful episode driving black hole growth, potentially occurring across various types of objects. However, the physics governing accretion and jet–disk coupling in such states remains unclear, primarily due to the difficulty in detecting associated jets, which may emit extremely weakly or exhibit episodic behavior. Only a few near/super-Eddington systems have demonstrated radio activity, and it remains uncertain whether jets exist and what their properties are in super-Eddington active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and ultraluminous X-ray sources. This uncertainty stems mainly from the complex radio emission mix, which includes contributions from jets, star formation activity, photoionized gas, accretion disk wind, and coronal activity. In this work, we conducted high-resolution, very long baseline interferometry observations to investigate jets in the highly accreting narrow-line Seyfert I system I Zw 1. Our observations successfully revealed small-scale jets (with a linear size of ∼45 pc) at both 1.5 and 5 GHz, based on the high radio brightness temperature, radio morphology, and spectral index distribution. Additionally, the parsec-scale jet observed in I Zw 1 displays a knotted morphology reminiscent of other sources accreting at similar rates. In summary, the high accretion rates and jet properties observed in the AGN I Zw 1 may support the AGN/X-ray binary analogy in this extreme state.

Spectral Index Distribution of Various Scale Components in Supernova Remnant Cassiopeia A

Cassiopeia A (Cas A) is a well-known candidate for studying cosmic-ray acceleration, in which compact features of various scales have attracted much attention. Based on observations by the Very Large Array of Cas A at 6 cm and 21 cm, we measure the spectral index distribution of various scale components using the observation of the 1998 epoch. We decompose its total density image into nine scale components, and map the temperature spectral index distribution of each component, which ranges from −2.48 ± 0.01 to −2.91 ± 0.05. We find that the spectral indices increase from the small scale to large scale components. A damped post-shock magnetic field model with a strength larger than ∼200 μG and a damping length scale less than ∼10% of the remnant radius can account for the spectral index variation naturally.

Spatial Identification and Distribution Pattern of the Complexity of Rural Poverty in China Using Multisource Spatial Data

Regional poverty is one of the most serious challenges facing the world today. Poverty, antipoverty, and poverty alleviation are the focus of the attention of scholars and the public. This paper takes China’s counties as the research unit, selects the influencing factors of poverty from natural and socio-economic factors, establishes an evaluation index system, simulates the natural poverty index and socio-economic poverty eradication index of each county, and clarifies the distribution characteristics of spatial poverty using GIS spatial analysis and BP artificial neural network. The results indicate that natural factors are the main cause of poverty in Chinese counties, with 710 counties having a high natural poverty index, accounting for nearly 30% of the total number of counties in the country. The national county-level natural poverty index shows a clear strip distribution pattern along latitude and longitude, with a strip distribution from north to south and from west to east; socio-economic factors have played a certain role in poverty alleviation, with as many as 1521 counties with low socio-economic poverty alleviation indices, accounting for approximately 64% of the total number of counties in the country. The spatial distribution of the county-level socio-economic poverty alleviation index is relatively fragmented. Through spatial scanning statistics, a total of 44 county poverty pressure index risk clusters reached a statistical significance level, involving 243 counties and districts. In poverty reduction practice, the internal counties and districts of contiguous poverty-stricken areas should strengthen cooperation and exchange. In the process of poverty alleviation and development, targeted poverty alleviation and economic development should be carried out based on the poverty-dominant type and self-development ability of the county, in order to improve efficiency. Regions that are relatively prosperous and have taken the lead in poverty reduction should play a leading and exemplary role in strengthening the radiation power of regional central cities. The prominent feature of this study is the comprehensive utilization of multisource data and the use of new spatial analysis methods (flexible spatial scanning method is widely used in the field of infectious disease prevention and control research). By constructing a multidimensional poverty measurement system that includes natural and social factors, it distinguishes the differences between the factors that cause poverty and the factors that eliminate poverty in regional poverty. At the same time, the flexible spatial scanning detection method was used to detect the differentiation mechanism of poverty spatial patterns.