Distribution Of Human Papillomavirus Research Articles

Prevalence of Carcinogenic Genotypes of HPV-Infected Women in a Ten-Year Period (2014-2023) in Vojvodina, Serbia.

Background and Objectives: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and its etiological role in the development of cervical cancer are well established. The cervical cancer mortality rate in Serbia is one of the highest among European countries, and this cancer is the second-leading cause of death in Serbian women aged from 15 to 44. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina. A total of 10,062 cervical specimens from Serbian women were collected and HPV tested in ten years. The study patients were divided into five age groups. HPV genotype testing was performed using a commercial kit to detect 14 high-risk (HR) HPV genotypes. Additionally, cervix cytology data have been available for patients tested in 2022 and 2023. Results: An overall positive rate was found in 43.3% of patients (4356/10,062). A single HPV infection (62.1%) was the main infection pattern. The most frequent HR HPV genotypes were HPV 16, 31, 52, 56, 39, and 51, comprising 62.3% of the detected genotypes, including multiple infections. A significant difference was noted in the HPV prevalence across the different age groups, with a bimodal distribution of HPV infection. The highest prevalence was recorded in the age group ≤ 30 and those after 61 years. Women diagnosed with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) were significantly older compared to others. HR HPV is the most prevalent in patients with HSIL cytological findings (76.5%). The most common type, according to age-specific distribution and cytological findings, was HR HPV 16. Conclusions: This study provides comprehensive data on HR HPV distribution among Serbian women, which can serve as a basis for subsequent monitoring of genotypic distribution. It is particularly significant considering they are missing in the updated ICO/IARC Report for Serbia, and the cervical cancer mortality rate in Serbia is one of the highest among European countries.

Distribution of HPV types among women with HPV-related diseases and exploration of lineages and variants of HPV 52 and 58 among HPV-infected patients in China: A systematic literature review

ABSTRACT To summarize the distribution of types of human papillomavirus (HPV) associated with HPV-related diseases and investigate the potential causes of high prevalence of HPV 52 and 58 by summarizing the prevalence of lineages, sub-lineages, and mutations among Chinese women. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI, and WanFang from January, 2012 to June, 2023 to identify all the eligible studies. We excluded patients who had received HPV vaccinations. Data were summarized in tables and cloud/rain maps. A total of 102 studies reporting HPV distribution and 15 studies reporting HPV52/HPV58 variants were extracted. Among Chinese women, the top five prevalent HPV types associated with cervical cancer (CC) were HPV16, 18, 58, 52, and 33. In patients with vaginal cancers and precancerous lesions, the most common HPV types were 16 and 52 followed by 58. For women with condyloma acuminatum (CA), the most common HPV types were 11 and 6. In Chinese women with HPV infection, lineage B was the most prominently identified for HPV52, and lineage A was the most common for HPV58. In addition to HPV types 16, which is prevalent worldwide, our findings revealed the unique high prevalence of HPV 52/58 among Chinese women with HPV-related diseases. HPV 52 variants were predominantly biased toward lineage B and sub-lineage B2, and HPV 58 variants were strongly biased toward lineage A and sub-lineage A1. Further investigations on the association between the high prevalent lineage and sub-lineage in HPV 52/58 and the risk of cancer risk are needed. Our findings underscore the importance of vaccination with the nine-valent HPV vaccine in China.

Cervical cytology and HPV distribution in Cape Verde: A snapshot of a country taken during its first HPV nation-wide vaccination campaign

Cervical cancer ranks as the third most common female cancer in Cape Verde and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in the country. While Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, which started in 2021, is anticipated to significantly reduce disease incidence, cervical screening remains crucial for non-vaccinated women. We retrospectively reviewed gynecologic cytology exams and HPV tests performed in Cape Verde between 2017 and April 2023 and processed at IMP Diagnostics. For this study, we considered 13035 women with cytology examinations performed and, 2013 of these, also with an HPV molecular test. Cytology diagnostics comprised 83 % NILM cases; 12 % ASC-US; 2.7 % LSIL; 1.2 % ASC-H; 0.5 % HSIL and 0.1 % SCC. In 505 (25.1 %) high-risk HPV infection was detected. Prevalence of HPV infection varied with age, peaking at young ages - ≤24 years old (55.5 %) and 25-35-year-old women (31.5 %) - and the lowest after 66 years old (9.7 %). Herein we present a comprehensive study regarding Cape Verde's cervical cytology and HPV distribution, aiming to provide a snapshot of the country's cervical cytology results and HPV distribution in recent years. Moreover, these data may contribute to establish a baseline to assess, in the future, the vaccination impact in the country.

Prevalence of specific human papillomavirus genotypes among Moroccan women with invasive cervical cancer

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in Moroccan women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer and to assess the association between HPV infection and some socio-demographic characteristics and clinicopathological features. Methods: In this study, 80 fresh biopsies from patients with confirmed diagnoses of cervical cancer during the study period (2020–2021) were collected. All cases were subject to HPV detection by nested PCR using MY09/11 and GP5+/6+ primers. HPV genotyping was performed by type-specific PCR targeting HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, and 33. Results: The average age of patients was 54 years. Most patients were diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; 82.5%) at stage II (71.3%). Overall, 91.3% of cervical cancer cases were HPV-positive. HPV 16 is the most prevalent genotype, reported in 60.3% of HPV-positive cases, followed by HPV 18, 33, and 31 genotypes, identified in 20.5%, 12.3%, and 6.8%, respectively. No double infection with these genotypes was observed. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between HPV infection and age at menarche (P = 0.028), parity (P = 0.004), childbirth delivery (P = 0.040), and marital status (P = 0.042). Conclusions: HPV-DNA was prevalent in most examined cervical cancer tissues and HPV 16, HPV 18, HPV 33, and HPV 31 were present, at single infection, in all HPV-positive cases. These results emphasize already reported data on HPV distribution in Morocco and may contribute significantly to promoting the use of HPV DNA-based screening tests and available vaccines to limit HPV infection, viral dissemination, and cancer cervical development.

HPV prevalence and distribution characteristics in postmenopausal women from Nanjing, China

BackgroundCervical cancer is strongly associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. In this retrospective study, we analyzed the data of postmenopausal women who were tested for HPV in Nanjing First Hospital from 2019 to 2021.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the data of 14,608 postmenopausal women aged 45–90 years, who underwent HPV examination in Nanjing First Hospital between January 2019 and December 2021. All participants were tested for 23 HPV genotypes. We subsequently analyzed the infection rate and evaluated the distribution of HPV using the chi-square test.ResultsOur results showed that the HPV infection rate in postmenopausal women in Nanjing, China was 22.36%. In terms of age group, the infection rate was 19.54%, 24.30%, 26.58%, and 14.99% in those aged ≤ 50, 51–60, 61–70, and ≥ 71 years, respectively. The most common HPV subtypes were HPV52 (22.1 3%), HPV58 (15.86%), HPV53 (14.17%), HPV16 (12.61%), and HPV81 (11.66%), in that order. The single-HPV infection rate was 14.23%, and the multiple-genotype infection rate was 8.14% (1189/14,608).ConclusionsThis study showed that in Nanjing, China, the different age groups of post-menopausal women could have different rates of HPV infection, and the most common types were HPV52, HPV58, HPV53, HPV16 and HPV81. These findings highlighted the importance of understanding the epidemiology of HPV infection in specific populations, such as postmenopausal women in Nanjing, China. The results could provide valuable information for healthcare professionals and policymakers to develop targeted prevention and screening strategies for reducing the burden of HPV-related diseases in this population.

Prevalence characteristics of cervical human papillomavirus infection in Chengdu and Aba District, Sichuan Province, China.

The genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection varies greatly in different regions. This study aims to determine the prevalence and type-specific distribution of HPV among females from Chengdu and Aba in Sichuan Province, which differ in geographical location, economic status, and living habits. These can serve as evidence of epidemic patterns for future design and implementation of vaccination and screening programs. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 144 113 women who underwent cervical screening at Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital from January 2015 to September 2020. Meanwhile, 1799 samples from February 2018 to December 2021 were collected from Aba Maternal and Child Health Hospital. HPV DNA genotype testing was performed using real-time PCR. The overall prevalence, annual trend, age-specific prevalence, and type distribution were analyzed. The overall HPV prevalence was 22.51% in Chengdu. During 2015-2020, the highest prevalence rate was observed in 2018. Age-specific HPV distribution displayed a bimodal distribution among women aged ≤25 or ≥46 years old. The top three prevalent genotypes were HPV52, -16, and -58. Although the total prevalence of HPV in Aba was 14.23%, there was an upward trend from 2018 to 2021. However, no significant differences were identified in HPV infection rate across all age groups. HPV52, -53, and -16 were the major genotypes. Furthermore, single-type HPV infections and high-risk HPV infections were identified as the most common infection types in both regions. Our findings demonstrate the overall prevalence of HPV was still high in Chengdu and Aba. The age-specific prevalence distribution demonstrated different patterns. Non-vaccine-covered HR-HPV53, -51and LR-HPV81, -CP8304 were frequently detected, which was worth significant clinical attention. In summary, regional HPV screening provides valuable clinical guidance for cervical cancer prevention and vaccine selection in Western China.

High-risk human papillomavirus distribution according to human immunodeficiency virus status among women with cervical cancer in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, 2018 to 2020.

As human papillomavirus (HPV) immunisation and HPV-based cervical cancer (CC) screening programmes expand across sub-Saharan Africa, we investigated the potential impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status on high-risk (HR)-HPV distribution among women with CC in Côte d'Ivoire. From July 2018 to June 2020, paraffin-embedded CC specimens diagnosed in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire were systematically collected and tested for HR-HPV DNA. Type-specific HR-HPV prevalence was compared according to HIV status. Of the 170 CC specimens analysed (median age 52 years, interquartile range: [43.0-60.0]), 43 (25.3%) were from women living with HIV (WLHIV) with a median CD4 count of 526 [373-833] cells/mm3 and 86% were on antiretroviral therapy (ART). The overall HR-HPV prevalence was 89.4% [95% CI: 84.7-94.1]. All were single HR-HPV infections with no differences according to HIV status (P = .8). Among HR-HPV-positive CC specimens, the most prevalent HR-HPV types were HPV16 (57.2%), HPV18 (19.7%), HPV45 (8.6%) and HPV35 (4.6%), with no significant differences according to HIV status. Altogether, infection with HPV16/18 accounted for 71.1% [95% CI: 55.9-86.2] of CC cases in WLHIV vs 78.9% [95% CI: 71.3-86.5] in women without HIV (P = .3). The study confirms the major role of HPV16/18 in CC in Côte d'Ivoire and should support a regional scale-up of HPV16/18 vaccination programmes regardless of HIV status. However, vaccines targeting additional HR-HPV types, including HPV45 and HPV35, could further decrease future CC incidence in Côte d'Ivoire, both for WLHIV and women without HIV.

Analysis of the anatomical distribution of HPV genotypes in head and neck squamous papillomas.

Squamous papillomas (SPs) of the head and neck are usually benign lesions associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. However, the reported HPV detection rates vary widely, especially with respect to anatomical distribution. The etiology of SPs in the head and neck remains unclear; analyzing HPV genotypes of SPs based on anatomical sites could assist in clarifying the pathogenesis of SPs in the head and neck. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the prevalence, subtypes, and anatomical distribution of HPV in head and neck SPs at a hospital in China; we also investigated whether p16, a marker of HPV infection in oropharyngeal carcinoma, could serve as a surrogate marker for HPV in head and neck SPs. The presence of HPV DNA of 23 types (5 low-risk HPV and 18 high-risk HPV types) was detected via real-time PCR. p16 immunohistochemistry was performed using SP sections. Age, sex, anatomical location, and HPV subtype were recorded for each case. In total, 105 SPs were identified, including 47 in the larynx, 42 in the pharynx, 6 in the external auditory canal (EAC), 5 in the oral cavity, and 5 in the nasal cavity. HPV was found in 57 (54.3%) cases, with the highest positivity rate in the larynx (46/47; 97.9%). Only 5/42 (11.9%) patients showed HPV positivity in the pharynx. HPV incidence was highly dependent on the anatomical site. SPs in the larynx and EAC were more likely to carry HPV than those in other anatomical sites. High-risk HPV infections were rarely associated with SPs in the head and neck region. The sensitivity and specificity of p16 immunohistochemistry for HPV infection were 88% and 96%, respectively. There may be an association between p16 and HPV infection in head and neck SPs, but further studies are needed to validate this assertion.

Prevalence and Genetype Distribution of Human Papillomavirus in Women with Condyloma Acuminatum in Henan Province, Central China.

This study aims to analyze the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes and the associations of demographic characteristics with HPV infection among women with condyloma acuminatum (CA) in Henan Province of China. From January 2019 to October 2022, 702 women with CA were sampled for HPV subtypes and surveyed by questionnaire at Henan Provincial People's Hospital. The HPV genotype was tested by flow-through hybridization after polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The location of warts was mainly vulva. The age of the subjects was mainly distributed in the 20-29-year-old, followed by 30-39-year-old. The most common subtypes were HPV 6 (43.59%), 11 (24.93%), 16 (11.82%), 52 (7.83%), 58 (7.55%), 51 (7.26%), 61 (5.70%), 39 (5.56%), 18 (5.13%), and 54 (4.70%), our results also suggested that HPV 6 and 11 were the dominant genotypes in each age group. The infection of low-risk HPV (LR-HPV) (74.50%) and single HPV (47.01%) were the main categories. In terms of educational level, women with senior high school or above were inclined to infect single and pure-LR HPV. Unmarried status, sometimes or never condom use increased the chances of multiple, pure high-risk (HR) and mixed HPV infections. Women with multiple sex partners were more likely to cause multiple and mixed HPV infections. Our experimental data on the prevalence and subtype distribution of HPV in women with CA could provide valuable reference for preventing CA in Henan Province. The application of the nine-valent vaccine provides a broad prospect for female CA prevention.

The distribution of HPV subtype in vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and the association with recurrent VIN and vulva cancer in Taiwan.

e17635 Background: Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is a precursor lesion of vulvar cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is causative for part of VIN lesions. This retrospective study aimed to investigate HPV distribution in patients with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and the factor associated with the recurrence of high-grade vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN2+), high-grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) , cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN) or progression to vulvar cancer. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients who diagnosed as vulvar squamous intraepithelial lesions between 1990 and 2014 in our institution. All the diagnoses and classifications were confirmed by two pathologists in 2015 ISSVD terminology. HPV DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples. SPF1/GP6+ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by HPV Blot and E6 type-specific PCR were performed. Results: Ninety-eight VIN patients were included in our analysis. Ninety-three percent were positive for HPV and HPV16 (43.9%), HPV6 (11.38%), HPV11 (8.94%), and HPV58 (4.88%) were the most prevalent types. Patients with positive HPV were diagnosed younger than those with negative results (43.0 years vs. 61.1 years, P = 0.049). In 15 patients who with recurrent VIN (n = 11) or progression to vulvar cancer (n = 4), had positive HPV. All 4 patients who had progression to cancer were positive for HPV16 in their initial VINs. High risk type HPV infection, positive HPV16, and positive alpha-9 types are significant risk factors for recurrent VIN and progression to cancer. Conclusions: Positive HPV was detected in 92.8% of VINs and was related to younger age at diagnosis. HPV16 was the most prevalent type and was significantly related to recurrence/ progression. Other significant risk factors for recurrent VIN or progression to cancer were high-risk HPV and alpha-9 types. Closely monitor of those patients with risk factors was indicated for early detection and treatment of recurrent VIN and vulvar cancer.

High-risk HPV prevalence and genotype distribution among women in Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China from 2016 to 2022.

Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and its associated disease are major problems affecting millions of individuals around the world. The distribution of HPV genotypes is specific to different areas and different populations. Therefore, understanding the prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV in different populations in different geographical regions is essential to optimize HPV vaccination strategies and to maximize vaccine effects. In this study, 34,076 women from January 2016 to July 2022 were retrospectively analyzed at Liaocheng People's Hospital. Of these, 7540 women were high-risk HPV positive and the infection rate was 22.13%. The top ten genotypes were as follows in descending order: HPV16, HPV52, HPV58, HPV53, HPV39, HPV59, HPV66, HPV51, HPV18, and HPV56 and the least frequent genotypes were, in order, HPV 26, HPV45, and HPV82. The HPV16 positive infection rate was 25.37% and was reduced with the increase in the number of individuals who had undergone HPV screening. The HPV52 infection rate increased with increasing numbers of individuals undergoing HPV screening, and then remained unchanged. The proportion of 20-29-year-olds among all positive women began to decrease since the vaccine was available in 2018. The 30-39-year-old group accounted for the highest percentage of positive women, and the 50-59-year-old group of HPV-positive women with cervical cancer accounted for most infections. This study confirmed that HPV16, HPV52, HPV 58, and HPV53 is widely distributed in this population and the total HR-HPV infection rate remains high in this region. Our findings indicate that prevention of HPV infection in this region still faces important challenges.

Characteristics of human papillomavirus infection among females and the genetic variations of HPV18 and HPV58 in Henan province, China

The present study aims to investigate the genotype distribution of Human papillomavirus (HPV) and variations of HPV18 and HPV58 infection among 6538 females in Luoyang city during 2019–2021. The overall positive rate of females with HPV infection was 12.34%, with 9.74% were infected with single HPV and 2.60% with multiple HPVs. The prevalent rate of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) was 9.85% and the top five HR-HPV genotypes were HPV52 (1.94%), HPV16 (1.93%), HPV58 (1.48%), HPV51 (1.02%) and HPVV39 (0.99%). Two peaks of HPV infections rates were observed in females aged ≤ 20 and 61–65 years old. To characterize mutations, 39 HPV18 and 56 HPV58 L1, E6 and E7 genes were sequenced and submitted to GenBank. In the HPV18 E6-E7-L1 sequences, 38 nucleotides changes were observed with 10/38 were non-synonymous mutations (5 in E6 gene, 1 in E7 gene and 4 in L1 gene). In the HPV58 E6-E7-L1 sequences, 53 nucleotides changes were observed with 23/53 were non-synonymous mutations (3 in E6 gene, 5 in E7 gene and 15 in L1 gene). Phylogenetic analysis based on L1 gene showed that 92.3% (36/39) of HPV18 isolates fell into sublineage A1 and 7.7% (3/39) belonged to A5. For HPV58, 75.0% (42/56) isolates belonged to sublineage A1 and 25.0% (14/56) were sublineage A2. There was no association between amino mutation and cervical lesions. The present study provides basic information about the distribution, genotypes and variations of HPV among females population in Luoyang city, which would assist in the formulation of HPV screening and vaccination programs and preventive strategies for HPV-attributable cancer in this region.

Prevaccination Prevalence of Type-Specific Human Papillomavirus Infection by Grade of Cervical Cytology in Estonia

Large-scale data on type-specific human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and disease burden worldwide are needed to guide cervical cancer prevention efforts. Promoting the research and application of health care big data has become a key factor in modern medical research. To examine the prevaccination prevalence of high-risk HPV (hrHPV) and type distribution by cervical cytology grade in Estonia. This cross-sectional study used text mining and the linking of data from electronic health records and health care claims to examine type-specific hrHPV positivity in Estonia from 2012 to 2019. Participants were women aged at least 18 years. Statistical analysis was performed from September 2021 to August 2022. Type-specific hrHPV positivity rate by cervical cytological grade. A total of 11 017 cases of cervical cytology complemented with data on hrHPV testing results between 2012 and 2019 from 66 451 women aged at least 18 years (mean [SD] age, 48.1 [21.0] years) were included. The most common hrHPV types were HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 51 and 52, which accounted for 73.8% of all hrHPV types detected. There was a marked decline in the positivity rate of hrHPV infection with increasing age, but the proportion did not vary significantly based on HPV type. Implementation of nonavalent prophylactic vaccination was estimated to reduce the number of women with high-grade cytology by 50.5% (95% CI, 47.4%-53.6%) and the number with low-grade cytology by 27.8% (95% CI, 26.3%-29.3%), giving an overall estimated reduction of 33.1% (95% CI, 31.7%-34.5%) in the number of women with precancerous cervical cytology findings. In this cross-sectional study, text mining and natural language processing techniques allowed the detection of precursors to cervical cancer based on data stored by the nationwide health system. These findings contribute to the literature on type-specific HPV distribution by cervical cytology grade and document that α-9 phylogenetic group HPV types 16, 31, 33, 52 and α-7 phylogenetic group HPV 18 are the most frequently detected in normal-to-high-grade precancerous lesions in Estonia.

Evaluation of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Genotyping and Viral Load Determination as Diagnostic Biomarkers of Cervical Cancer Risk.

HPV testing in cervical cancer screening programs offers the possibility of introducing molecular standardized biomarkers for the triage of HPV-positive women. This study aimed to evaluate the role of HPV genotyping and viral load as possible diagnostic biomarkers of high-grade cervical lesions (CIN2+) by performing a preliminary evaluation of a new HPV test. Cervical specimens were obtained from 200 women referred for a colposcopy. Samples were tested using both Anyplex™ II HR-HPV as well as OncoPredict HPV® Screening (SCR) and quantitative typing (QT). Using a cycle threshold cutoff (Ct) of 36.8 for the SCR assay and 1.27 log10 (viral copies/104 cells) for the QT assay, relative clinical sensitivity for CIN2+ and relative clinical specificity for CIN2- as compared to Anyplex™ II HR-HPV were, respectively, 0.92 and 1.00 for SCR and 1.35 and 1.24 for QT. The distribution of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) genotypes (p = 0.009) as well as the viral copy numbers (CIN2-: 3.7 log10 (viral copies/104 human cells); CIN2+: 4.3 log10 (viral copies/104 human cells); p = 0.047) were found to differ in women with high- and low-grade cervical lesions, suggesting a possible role of HPV genotyping and normalized viral load as potential biomarkers to identify women at increased risk of cervical lesions.

Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus Types 16/18 and Effect of Vaccination among Japanese Female General Citizens in the Vaccine Crisis Era

The Japanese government withdrew its recommendation for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in June 2013 and resumed it in April 2022. This period is known as the vaccine crisis in Japan. This study aimed to elucidate the prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV among Japanese female citizens, and the effect of vaccination against HPV-16/18 in the era of the vaccine crisis. We recruited Japanese female citizens and asked them to provide self-collected samples from the vaginal wall using cotton swabs for HPV genotyping. Furthermore, we collected the participants' characteristics, including lifestyle and experience of vaccination against HPV, to determine the significant association with HPV infection. HPV-16/18 positivity was found in 5.6% (115/2044) of participants. The highest vaccination rate was observed in the age group of 20-24 years (60.6%), whereas the lowest HPV-16/18 positivity was observed in the age group of 45-49 years (2.8%), followed by the age group of 20-24 years (4.0%). Experience with HPV vaccination significantly reduced the risk of HPV-16/18 infection (adjusted odds ratio, 0.047; 95% confidence interval, 0.011-0.196). Vaccinated women were much less likely to be infected by HPV-16/18, regardless of the HPV vaccine type or the vaccination dose.

HPV prevalence and genotype distribution among women in eastern China during the Covid-19 pandemic

ABSTRACT Since March 2020, the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected nearly all aspects of daily life. In this study, we investigated the age-stratified prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) among females in Shandong province (eastern China) and aimed to provide guidance on HPV-based cervical cancer screening and vaccination. The distribution of HPV genotypes was analyzed using PCR-Reverse Dot Hybridization. The overall infection rate of HPV was 16.4%, which was dominated by high-risk genotypes. The most prevalent genotype was HPV16 (2.9%), followed by HPV52 (2.3%), HPV53 (1.8%), HPV58 (1.5%), and HPV51 (1.3%). Among the positive cases with HPV infection, single-genotype infection was significantly higher than that of multi-genotype infection. In subgroup analyses by age (≤25, 26–35, 36–45, 46–55, >55), HPV16, 52, and 53 were consistently the three most common hrHPV genotypes in all age groups. The infection rate of multi-genotypes in the ≤25 and >55 age groups was significantly higher than that in other age groups. A bimodal distribution of HPV infection rate was observed in different age groups. Among lrHPV genotypes, HPV6, HPV11, and HPV81 were the three most common types in the ≤25 age group, while in other age groups, HPV81, HPV42, and HPV43 are the three most common lrHPV genotypes. This study provides basic information on the distribution and genotypes of HPV in the female population in eastern China, which could improve the application of HPV diagnostic probes and vaccines.

Cervical cancer in Ethiopia: a review of the literature.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting women worldwide with large geographic variations in prevalence and mortality rates. It is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in Ethiopia, where vaccination and screening are less implemented. However, there is a scarcity of literature in the field. Therefore, the objective of this review was to describe current developments in cervical cancer in the Ethiopian context. The main topics presented were the burden of cervical cancer, knowledge of women about the disease, the genotype distribution of Human papillomavirus (HPV), vaccination, and screening practices in Ethiopia. Published literature in the English language on the above topics until May 2021 were retrieved from PubMed/Medline, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and the Google database using relevant searching terms. Combinations of the following terms were considered to retrieve literature; < Cervical cancer, uterine cervical neoplasms, papillomavirus infections, papillomavirus vaccines, knowledge about cervical cancer, genotype distribution of HPV and Ethiopia > . The main findings were described thematically. Cervical cancer is the second most common and the second most deadly cancer in Ethiopia, The incidence and prevalence of the disease is increasing from time to time because of the growth and aging of the population, as well as an increasing prevalence of well-established risk factors. Knowledge and awareness about cervical cancer is quite poor among Ethiopian women. According to a recentreport (2021), the prevalence of previous screening practices among Ethiopian women was at 14%. Although HPV 16 is constantly reported as the common genotype identified from different grade cervical lesions in Ethiopia, studies reported different HPV genotype distributions across the country. According to a recent finding, the most common HPV types identified from cervical lesions in the country were HPV-16, HPV-52, HPV-35, HPV-18, and HPV-56. Ethiopia started vaccinating school girls using Gardasil-4™ in 2018 although the coverage is insignificant. Recently emerging reports are in favor of gender-neutral vaccination strategies with moderate coverage that was found superior and would rapidly eradicate high-risk HPVs than vaccinating only girls. Cervical cancer continues to be a major public health problem affecting thousands of women in Ethiopia. As the disease is purely preventable, classic cervical cancer prevention strategies that include HPV vaccination using a broad genotype coverage, screening using a high precision test, and treating cervical precancerous lesions in the earliest possible time could prevent most cervical cancer cases in Ethiopia. The provision of a focused health education supported by educational materials would increase the knowledge of women about cervical cancer in general and the uptake of cervical cancer prevention and screening services in particular.

Age-specific prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus in women from Northwest China.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the leading cause of cervical cancer with more than 200 genotypes. Different genotypes have different potentials in causing premalignant lesions and cervical cancers. In this study, we investigated the age-specific prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV genotypes in Northwest China. We recruited 145,918 unvaccinated women from Northwest China for population-based HPV DNA screening test during June 2015 to December 2020. And a lab-based test was performed for each volunteer by flow fluorescent technology to identify the genotypes of HPV. The overall infection rate of HPV was 22.97%. With the participants divided into 12 groups according to age, a bimodal curve of infection rate was obtained. And the two peaks appeared in the younger than 20 group and 61-65 group, respectively. The five most common HPV genotypes included HPV 16, 58, 52, 53 and 61 in all participants, which were in descending order of frequency. Among women younger than 25 years old, HPV 6 and 11 were more common and even higher than some genotypes mentioned above. Among women older than 65 years old, HPV 18 and 66 were more common than or as high as the six most common genotypes in all populations. Additionally, the distribution of single and multiple infections in each age group was also different. The baseline prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV in Northwest China was uncovered for the first time. Age was related to the epidemiology of different HPV genotypes. All the results would be of great significance for future healthcare services.

Prevalence and distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) in Luoyang city of Henan province during 2015\u20132021 and the genetic variability of HPV16 and 52

BackgroundPersistent high-risk Human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes infection has been implicated as a causative of cervical cancer. Distribution and genotypes of HPV infection among females and their variations would assist in the formulation of preventive strategy for cervical cancer. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the prevalence of HPV among females in central China.MethodsThe distribution and genotypes of HPV among 9943 females attending the gynecological examinations in central of China during 2015–2021 were investigated. HPV genotypes were detected using a commercial kit. Nucleotides sequences of L1, E6 and E7 genes in HPV16 or HPV52 positive samples collected in 2021 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Variations of L1, E6 and E7 in HPV16 and HPV52 were gained by sequencing and compared with the reference sequence. Sublineages of HPV16 and HPV52 were determined by the construction of phylogenetic tree based on L1 gene.ResultsThe overall prevalence of HPV infection was 22.81%, with the infection rate of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) was 19.02% and low-risk human papillomavirus (LR-HPV) was 6.40%. The most top five genotypes of HPV infection were HPV16 (7.49%), HPV52 (3.04%), HPV58 (2.36%), HPV18 (1.65%) and HPV51 (1.61%). Plots of the age-infection rate showed that the single HPV, multiple HPV, HR-HPV, LR-HPV infection revealed the same tendency with two peaks of HPV infection were observed among females aged ≤ 20 year-old and 60–65 year-old. The predominant sublineage of HPV16 was A1 and B2 for HPV52. For HPV16, The most prevalent mutations were T266A (27/27) and N181T (7/27) for L1, D32E for E6 and S63F for E7 in HPV16. For HPV52, all of the nucleotide changes were synonymous mutation in L1 (except L5S) and E7 genes. The K93R mutation was observed in most HPV52 E6 protein.ConclusionsThe present study provides basic information about the distribution, genotypes and variations of HPV among females population in Henan province, which would assist in the formulation of preventive strategies and improvements of diagnostic probe and vaccine for HPV in this region.

Human Papillomaviruses as Infectious Agents in Gynecological Cancers. Oncogenic Properties of Viral Proteins.

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which belong to the Papillomaviridae family, constitute a group of small nonenveloped double-stranded DNA viruses. HPV has a small genome that only encodes a few proteins, and it is also responsible for 5% of all human cancers, including cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV types may be classified as high- and low-risk genotypes (HR-HPVs and LR-HPVs, respectively) according to their oncogenic potential. HR-HPV 16 and 18 are the most common types worldwide and are the primary types that are responsible for most HPV-related cancers. The activity of the viral E6 and E7 oncoproteins, which interfere with critical cell cycle points such as suppressive tumor protein p53 (p53) and retinoblastoma protein (pRB), is the major contributor to HPV-induced neoplastic initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. In addition, the E5 protein might also play a significant role in tumorigenesis. The role of HPV in the pathogenesis of gynecological cancers is still not fully understood, which indicates a wide spectrum of potential research areas. This review focuses on HPV biology, the distribution of HPVs in gynecological cancers, the properties of viral oncoproteins, and the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.