Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs), which belong to the Papillomaviridae family, constitute a group of small nonenveloped double-stranded DNA viruses. HPV has a small genome that only encodes a few proteins, and it is also responsible for 5% of all human cancers, including cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV types may be classified as high- and low-risk genotypes (HR-HPVs and LR-HPVs, respectively) according to their oncogenic potential. HR-HPV 16 and 18 are the most common types worldwide and are the primary types that are responsible for most HPV-related cancers. The activity of the viral E6 and E7 oncoproteins, which interfere with critical cell cycle points such as suppressive tumor protein p53 (p53) and retinoblastoma protein (pRB), is the major contributor to HPV-induced neoplastic initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. In addition, the E5 protein might also play a significant role in tumorigenesis. The role of HPV in the pathogenesis of gynecological cancers is still not fully understood, which indicates a wide spectrum of potential research areas. This review focuses on HPV biology, the distribution of HPVs in gynecological cancers, the properties of viral oncoproteins, and the molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
Highlights
Viral infections are recognized as strong risk factors for some types of cancer
Vaginal cancer could be preceded by vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN), a precursor lesion caused by Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) exposure of unknown prevalence and progression rate
Basaloid and warty variants of vulvar squamous cell cancers (VSCCs) are more common in younger women, are often associated with HPV DNA detection [227], and get similar risk factors as in cervical cancer
Summary
Viral infections are recognized as strong risk factors for some types of cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection and occurs via direct skin-to-skin or mucosa-to-mucosa contact. The very important part of the genome is the region that encodes the early genes of the virus These genes encode only six regulatory proteins that are critical for the maintenance of the viral genome in the cell, its replication, and the activation of the lytic cycle [19]. E6 Protein The E6 oncoprotein in some types of cancer is involved in carcinogenesis It may participate in transcriptional activation, transformation, and immortalization or associate. The E6 oncoprotein in some types of cancer is involved in carcinogenesis It may participate in transcriptional activation, transformation, and immortalization or associate with cellwuliathr pcerloltuelianrs.pTrohteeiEn6s.pTrhoteeEin6apcrtostaesinaarcetpsraesssaorreopfreaspsooprtoofsiaspaonpdtopsrisomanodtepsrtohme otes the survivalsoufrsveivvaerleolfysdeavmeraeglyeddacmellasg. The interactions of the HPV oncoproteins with host cellular proteins are involved in the activation or repression of cell cycle progression in carcinogenesis. The precise role of E5 in neoplastic transformation has not yet been fully elucidated, indicating a broad spectrum of research areas
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