Gamma-ray Distribution Research Articles

Duration distributions for gamma-ray bursts registered in various experiments since VENERA11/KONUS up to Fermi/GBM.

Gamma-ray bursts duration distributions properties for events registered by experiments CGRO/BATSE, VENERA11/KONUS, VENERA12/KONUS, Swift/BAT, GRANAT/PHEBUS, Suzaku/WAM, RHESSI and Fermi/GBM are considered. GRBs observed since 1967 and now several thousands of events were listed in more than 30 catalogues. Gamma-ray bursts duration distribution was the first analysed using data of BATSE instrument onboard the CGRO. The GRBs duration distribution analysis had shown the existence of two bursts classes: long and short separated by t90 = 2 s. But results of similar distributions for bursts observed by other detectors have shown shifting of boundary between short and long events from value of 2 s. For example, Swift/BAT GRBs subset analysis gives the value of ∼1 s for this separator point. Moreover, t90 has dependence from instrument registered this burst - it is function of detector sensitivity threshold and operation energy band. For instance, the duration of GRB060418 burst t90 is ∼52 s according to Swift/BAT data and only 36 s according to RHESSI data. Therefore, the type of GGB (whether it short or long) should be defined only taking into account distinctive features of instrument detected this event. Also attributes of third intermediate GRBs subgroup appearance in events subsets for various detectors are discussed. Firstly this subgroup was found some years ago in BATSE GRB duration and duration-hardness distributions.

Tomographic Constraints on High-Energy Neutrinos of Hadronuclear Origin.

Mounting evidence suggests that the TeV-PeV neutrino flux detected by the IceCube telescope has mainly an extragalactic origin. If such neutrinos are primarily produced by a single class of astrophysical sources via hadronuclear (pp) interactions, a similar flux of gamma-ray photons is expected. For the first time, we employ tomographic constraints to pinpoint the origin of the IceCube neutrino events by analyzing recent measurements of the cross correlation between the distribution of GeV gamma rays, detected by the Fermi satellite, and several galaxy catalogs in different redshift ranges. We find that the corresponding bounds on the neutrino luminosity density are up to 1 order of magnitude tighter than those obtained by using only the spectrum of the gamma-ray background, especially for sources with mild redshift evolution. In particular, our method excludes any hadronuclear source with a spectrum softer than E^{-2.1} as a main component of the neutrino background, if its evolution is slower than (1+z)^{3}. Starburst galaxies, if able to accelerate and confine cosmic rays efficiently, satisfy both spectral and tomographic constraints.

Time Evolving Fission Chain Theory and Fast Neutron and Gamma-Ray Counting Distributions

We solve a simple theoretical model of time evolving fission chains due to Feynman that generalizes and asymptotically approaches the point model theory. The point model theory has been used to analyze thermal neutron counting data. This extension of the theory underlies fast counting data for both neutrons and gamma rays from metal systems. Fast neutron and gamma-ray counting is now possible using liquid scintillator arrays with nanosecond time resolution. For individual fission chains, the differential equations describing three correlated probability distributions are solved: the time-dependent internal neutron population, accumulation of fissions in time, and accumulation of leaked neutrons in time. Explicit analytic formulas are given for correlated moments of the time evolving chain populations. The equations for random time gate fast neutron and gamma-ray counting distributions, due to randomly initiated chains, are presented. Correlated moment equations are given for both random time gate and triggered time gate counting. Explicit formulas for all correlated moments are given up to triple order, for all combinations of correlated fast neutrons and gamma rays. The nonlinear differential equations for probabilities for time dependent fission chain populations have a remarkably simple Monte Carlo realization. A Monte Carlo code was developed for this theory and is shown to statistically realize the solutions to the fission chain theory probability distributions. Combined with random initiation of chains and detection of external quanta, the Monte Carlo code generates time tagged data for neutron and gamma-ray counting and from these data the counting distributions.

Scene data fusion: Real-time standoff volumetric gamma-ray imaging

An approach to gamma-ray imaging has been developed that enables near real-time volumetric (3D) imaging of unknown environments thus improving the utility of gamma-ray imaging for source-search and radiation mapping applications. The approach, herein dubbed scene data fusion (SDF), is based on integrating mobile radiation imagers with real-time tracking and scene reconstruction algorithms to enable a mobile mode of operation and 3D localization of gamma-ray sources. A 3D model of the scene, provided in real-time by a simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm, is incorporated into the image reconstruction reducing the reconstruction time and improving imaging performance. The SDF concept is demonstrated in this work with a Microsoft Kinect RGB-D sensor, a real-time SLAM solver, and a cart-based Compton imaging platform comprised of two 3D position-sensitive high purity germanium (HPGe) detectors. An iterative algorithm based on Compton kinematics is used to reconstruct the gamma-ray source distribution in all three spatial dimensions. SDF advances the real-world applicability of gamma-ray imaging for many search, mapping, and verification scenarios by improving the tractiblity of the gamma-ray image reconstruction and providing context for the 3D localization of gamma-ray sources within the environment in real-time.

Measurement of spatial distribution of neutrons and gamma rays for BNCT using multi-imaging plate system

Quality assurance of the spatial distributions of neutrons and gamma rays was tried using imaging plates (IPs) and converters to enhance the beam components in the epithermal neutron mode of the Kyoto University Reactor. The converters used were 4mm thick epoxy resin with B4C at 6.85 weight-percent (wt%) 10B for epithermal neutrons, and 3mm thick carbon for gamma rays. Results suggested that the IP signal does not need a sensitivity correction regardless of the incident radiation that produces it.

감마선 분포 측정을 위한 섬광필름 기반의 감마 영상 검출기 제작 및 성능평가

As a feasibility study on development of a gamma imaging probe, we developed a scintillating film-based gamma imaging detector that can obtain scintillation images with information of gamma-ray distribution. The scintillating film-based gamma imaging detector was composed of a sensing probe, an image intensifier, and a beam profiler. To detect and transmit scintillation image, the sensing probe was fabricated by coupling a scintillating film, a fiber-optic image conduit, and a fiber-optic taper, consecutively. First, the optical images of USAF 1951 resolution target were obtained and then, modulation transfer function values were calculated to test the image quality of the sensing probe. Second, we measured the scintillation images according to the activity of the 137Cs and the distance between the surface of 137Cs and the distal-end of sensing probe. Finally, the intensities of scintillating light as functions of the activity and the distance were evaluated from the region of interest in the scintillation image. From the results of this study, it is expected that a fiber-optic gamma imaging detector can be developed to detect gamma-rays emitted from radiopharmaceuticals during radioimmunoguided surgery.

Angular power spectra with finite counts

Angular anisotropy techniques for cosmic diffuse radiation maps are powerful probes, even for quite small data sets. A popular observable is the angular power spectrum; we present a detailed study applicable to any unbinned source skymap S(n) from which N random, independent events are observed. Its exact variance, which is due to the finite statistics, depends only on S(n) and N; we also derive an unbiased estimator of the variance from the data. First-order effects agree with previous analytic estimates. Importantly, heretofore unidentified higher-order effects are found to contribute to the variance and may cause the uncertainty to be significantly larger than previous analytic estimates---potentially orders of magnitude larger. Neglect of these higher-order terms, when significant, may result in a spurious detection of the power spectrum. On the other hand, this would indicate the presence of higher-order spatial correlations, such as a large bispectrum, providing new clues about the sources. Numerical simulations are shown to support these conclusions. Applying the formalism to an ensemble of Gaussian-distributed skymaps, the noise-dominated part of the power spectrum uncertainty is significantly increased at high multipoles by the new, higher-order effects. This work is important for harmonic analyses of the distributions of diffuse high-energy gamma-rays, neutrinos, and charged cosmic rays, as well as for populations of sparse point sources such as active galactic nuclei.

Investigation of 166Er in the respective (n, n′γ) reaction

The spectrum, angular distribution, and linear polarization of gamma rays from the (n, n′γ) reaction on 166Er were measured in a beam of reactor fast neutrons. The known scheme of levels and gamma transitions for this nucleus was supplemented. Previously unknown gamma transitions and levels were found along with their features. The completeness of the scheme of levels whose quantum numbers J π range from 0+ to 4+ and whose excitation energy extends up to 1.9 MeV was established. The absence of rotational levels for the nonrotational states at 1703.11 keV (2+), 1713.42 keV (0+), and 1760.51 keV (4+) was confirmed.

The Polaris-H imaging spectrometer

Recently, H3D has designed and introduced a gamma-ray imaging spectrometer system named Polaris-H. Polaris-H was designed to perform gamma spectroscopy and imaging throughout nuclear power plants. It integrates a 3D-position-sensitive pixelated CZT detector (20mm×20mm×15mm), associated readout electronics, an embedded computer, a 5-h battery, and an optical camera in a portable water-proof enclosure. The total mass is about 4kg, and the system startup time is 2min. Additionally, it has a connection for a tablet, which displays a gamma-ray spectrum and isotope-specific images of the gamma-ray distribution in all directions in real time. List-mode data is saved to an external USB memory stick. Based on pixelated depth-sensing technology, spectroscopy is routinely better than 1.1% FWHM at 662keV, and imaging efficiency at 662keV varies less than a factor of two for all directions, except through the battery. Measurements have been performed in contaminated environments, in high radiation fields, and in cramped quarters.

Structure of $^{26}$Na via a Novel Technique Using ($d,p\gamma $) with a Radioactive $^{25}$Na Beam

States in 26Na were populated in the (d, pγ) reaction, induced by bombarding deuterium target nuclei with an intense reaccelerated beam of 25Na ions from the ISAC2 accelerator at TRIUMF. Gamma-rays were recorded in coincidence with protons and used to extract differential cross sections for 21 states up to the neutron decay threshold of 5 MeV. Results for levels below 3 MeV are discussed in detail and compared with shell model calculations and with previous work. The angular distributions of decay gamma-rays were measured for individual states and are compared to theoretically calculated distributions, highlighting some issues for future work.

Measurements of longitudinal gamma ray distribution using a multichannel fiber-optic Cerenkov radiation sensor

Cerenkov radiation occurs when charged particles are moving faster than the speed of light in a transparent dielectric medium. In optical fibers, Cerenkov radiation can also be generated due to the fiber’s dielectric components. Accordingly, the radiation-induced light signals can be obtained using the optical fibers without any scintillating material. In this study, we fabricated a multichannel, fiber-optic Cerenkov radiation sensor (FOCRS) system using silica optical fibers (SOFs), plastic optical fibers (POFs), an optical spectrometer, multi-anode photomultiplier tubes (MA-PMTs) and a scanning system to measure the light intensities of Cerenkov radiation induced by gamma rays. To evaluate the fading effects in optical fibers, the spectra of Cerenkov radiation generated in the SOFs and POFs were measured based on the irradiation time by using an optical spectrometer. In addition, we measured the longitudinal distribution of gamma rays emitted from the cylindrical type Co-60 source by using MA-PMTs. The result was also compared with the distribution of the electron flux calculated by using the Monte Carlo N-particle transport code (MCNPX).

사용후핵연료 집합체 모사장치를 이용한 광섬유 체렌코프 방사선 센서 시스템의 성능평가

Abstract When the charged particle travels in transparent medium with a velocity greater than that of light in the same medium, the elec-tromagnetic field close to the particle polarizes the medium along its path, and then the electrons in the atoms follow the waveform ofthe pulse which is called as Cerenkov light or radiation. This type of radiation can be easily observed in a spent fuel storage pit. In opticalfibers, the Cerenkov light also can be generated due to their dielectric components. Accordingly, the radiation-induced light signals canbe obtained using optical fibers without any scintillating material. In this study, to measure the intensities of Cerenkov radiation inducedby gamma-rays, we have fabricated the fiber-optic Cerenkov radiation sensor system using silica optical fibers, plastic optical fibers,multi-anode photomultiplier tubes, simulated spent fuel assembly and a scanning system. To characterize the Cerenkov radiation gen-erated in optical fibers, the intensities of Cerenkov radiation generated in the silica and plastic optical fibers were measured. Also, wemeasured the longitudinal distribution of gamma rays emitted from the Ir-192 isotope by using the fiber-optic Cerenkov radiation sensorsystem and simulated spent fuel assembly.Keywords: Cerenkov radiation, Fiber-optic sensor, Gamma ray, Ir-192 isotope, Simulated spent fuel assembly

Measurement of Gamma Energy Distributions and Multiplicities Using STEFF

Prompt gamma-ray energy distributions and multiplicities released during thermally induced fission of 235U have been measured using STEFF (SpecTrometer for Exotic Fission Fragments). Thermal neutrons are provided by the high-flux reactor at the ILL, Grenoble. STEFF is a unique 2E2v device that uses a coincidence timing method to measure the emission of prompt gamma rays as a function of the fragment mass and energy. Following scission, the fission fragments contain excitation energy that is released via prompt neutron and gamma-ray emission as the fragment decays to the ground state. STEFF contains an array of 11 NaI detectors surrounding the uranium target providing a 6.8% photopeak detection efficiency for gamma rays released within 1 ns of the scission time. STEFF also consists of 7 NE213 detectors, which detect the emission of prompt neutrons, the release of which is associated with reduction of fragment energy and, to a lesser extent, fragment spin. This experiment acts as a direct response to the NEA high priority demand which requires more accurate knowledge of heating caused by gamma emission in the next generation of nuclear reactors.

Synchrotron radiation, pair production, and longitudinal electron motion during 10-100 PW laser solid interactions

At laser intensities above 1023 W/cm2, the interaction of a laser with a plasma is qualitatively different to the interactions at lower intensities. In this intensity regime, solid targets start to become relativistically underdense, gamma-ray production by synchrotron emission starts to become an important feature of the dynamics and, at even higher intensities, electron-positron pair production by the non-linear Breit-Wheeler process starts to occur. In this paper, an analysis is presented of the effects of target density, laser intensity, target preplasma properties, and other parameters on the conversion efficiency, spectrum, and angular distribution of gamma-rays by synchrotron emission. An analysis of the importance of Breit-Wheeler pair production is also presented. Target electron densities between 1022 cm−3 and 5 × 1024 cm−3 and laser intensities covering the range between 1021 W/cm2 (available with current generation laser facilities) and 1024 W/cm2 (upper intensity range expected from the ELI facility are considered. Results are explained in terms of the behaviour of the head of the laser pulse as it interacts with the target.

Study on detecting spatial distribution of neutrons and gamma rays using a multi-imaging plate system

In order to measure the spatial distributions of neutrons and gamma rays separately using the imaging plate, the requirement for the converter to enhance specific component was investigated with the PHITS code. Consequently, enhancing fast neutrons using recoil protons from epoxy resin was not effective due to high sensitivity of the imaging plate to gamma rays. However, the converter of epoxy resin doped with 10B was found to have potential for thermal and epithermal neutrons, and graphite for gamma rays.

Development of a gamma camera to image radiation fields

Measurement of radioactive contamination and confirmation of the decontamination effects are important for the recovery from the nuclear accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant. We have developed a gamma camera which can visualize the gamma-ray intensity distribution in real time. Experiments were conducted to investigate its performance. An energy resolution of 2.3 % and spatial resolution of 0.68 m at a distance of 5 m were confirmed. In addition, field tests were conducted in the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant. The gamma-ray intensity distribution was successfully visualized within as short a time as 10 seconds in an environment with an air dose rate of 1 - 10 mSv/h. Prominent gamma-ray radiation was found from the penetration holes, which connect the inside and outside of the primary containment vessel. From this result, it was found that shielding the penetration holes will improve the work environment during decontamination and cleanup activities. These results indicate the gamma camera will contribute to decontamination work and radiation exposure reduction for workers.

The Precise Methods for the Measurement of Collimator Hole Angulation and Center of Rotation of SPECT by Adaptive Quality Control Phantom

The Adaptive Quality Control Phantom (AQCP) is a computer-controlled phantom which positions and moves a radioactive source in the Field of View (FOV) of an imaging nuclear medicine device on a definite path to produce a spatial distribution of gamma rays to perform QC Tests such as the Collimator Hole Angulation (CHA) and the Center of Rotation (COR) of Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT). The collimator hole angulation for six collimators was measured using a point source and a computer-controlled cylindrical positioning system. In this method, the displacement of the image of a point source was examined as the AQCP was moving point source vertically away from the collimator face. The results of the high-accuracy measurement method of CHA show that the measurement accuracy for absolute angulation errors is better than ±0.024°. The Root Mean Square (RMS) of CHA for LEHR, LEHS and LEUHR collimators of SMV dual heads camera and LEGP, MEGP and HEGP of GE Millennium MG were evaluated to be 0.290°, 0.292°, 0.208°, 0.154°, 0.220° and 0.202°, respectively. It is to be added in this connection that the evaluated RMS of CHA for LEHR collimator with the distance variation from the collimator’s surface ±1 mm has been varied ±0.04 degree. A new method for the center of rotation assessment by AQCP is introduced and the results of this proposed method as compared with the routine QC test and their differences are discussed in detail. We defined and measured a new parameter called Dynamic Mechanical Error (DME) for applying the gantry motion correction.

Measurements of natural gamma radiation in beach sediments of north east coast of Tamilnadu, India by gamma ray spectrometry with multivariate statistical approach

The distribution of natural gamma ray emitting 238U, 232Th and 40K radionuclides in beach sediments along north east coast of Tamilnadu, India has been carried out using a NaI(Tl) gamma ray spectrometric technique. The total average concentrations of radionuclides 238U, 232Th, and 40K were 35.12, 713.16, and 349.60 Bq kg−1, respectively. Correlations made among these radionuclides prove the existence of secular equilibrium in the investigated sediments. The total average absorbed dose rate in the study areas is found to be 504.75 nGyh−1, whereas the annual effective dose rate has an average value of 0.62 mSvy−1. The mean activity concentrations of measured radionuclides were compared with other literature values. The ratios between the detected radioisotopes have been calculated for spatial distribution of natural radionuclides in studied area. Also the radiological hazard of the natural radionuclides content, radium equivalent activity, external hazard index of the sediment samples in the area under consideration were calculated. Multivariate Statistical analyses (Pearson Correlation, Cluster and Factor analysis) were carried out between the parameters obtained from radioactivity to know the existing relations.

Response Function of Collimated Detector for Non Axial Detector-Source Geometry

Response function is a fundamental parameter for all detectors in order to analyze the energy distribution of gamma ray which undergoes scattering interaction with the material. The response functions of a 3 in. x 3 in. NaI(Tl) collimated detector for non axis detector-source geometry has been calculated using a Monte Carlo approach from GEANT4 simulation code with 0.662 MeV of mono-energetic of photon gamma ray. Collimated Pb with 4 cm thickness and 2 cm of holes diameter were employed for shielding. The source was assumed as an isotropic point source and it is placed at various positions to the detector axis. The comparison between the measured energy response functions and the simulated energy response functions after normalization were also performed in order to validate the modeling results.

Angular Distribution of Multiple Compton Scattered Gamma Rays in Carbon

This work studied the angular distribution of multiple Compton scattering of gamma energy 662 keV, obtained from 137Cs source. The gamma rays are incident on carbon scatterer of varying the scattering angles. The phenomenon of multiple Compton scattering has been successfully observed using NaI(Tl) scintillation detector. The energy spectra of the detected photons are observed as a long tail to the single-photon Compton line on the lower side of the full-energy peak in the recorded scattered energy spectrum. The full-energy peak corresponding to singly scattered events is reconstructed analytically and observe that the number of multiply scattered events, having same energy as in the singly scattered distribution.