Flood Distribution Research Articles

Analysis of Rainstorm Flood Induced Flash Flood in Wende River Basin

Due to the joint influence of climate and topography, flash flood disasters in the Wende River Basin of Jilin Province occurred repeatedly, causing serious casualties and huge economic losses; in July 2017, three floods with large rainfall intensity and profound influence occurred in a row in the main stream of Wende River. Based on official measured data of the Wende River basin, three typical rainfall processes (“July 13”, “July 20” and “, “August 3 “) are selected to discuss the rainfall characteristics. The triggered characteristics, induced factors and the disaster mechanism of the basin are preliminarily explored from the aspects of rainfall weather system, temporal and spatial distribution of rainstorm and flood, geographical factors to analyze the best countermeasures for flash flood prevention. The above will provide reference for the non-engineering measure project of flash flood prevention currently under construction.

Using Open-Source Sentinel-1A Images for Flood Susceptibility Mapping in North Bihar, India

Natural calamities such as floods are a severe menace, causing huge socio-environmental threats. Remote sensing technologies have proven to be a boon in precisely mapping the spatiotemporal effects and spread of floods, allowing remedial measures to be implemented on time. This paper aims to demarcate the extent of flooded areas in the study area by the application of remote sensing techniques that involve combining temporal images acquired during the flood (crisis images) with images acquired before the flood (archive images). In disaster mapping applications, the image that is acquired before the event takes place is referred to as the archive image, while the image that is acquired at the time of the event is referred to as the crisis image. The research objectives were achieved through the analysis of freely available Sentinel-1A data to delineate the extent of flooded areas in the European Space Agency's-Sentinel Applications Platform (ESA-SNAP) environment. Multi-looking, radiometric calibration, and range doppler terrain correction (geometric) were applied to the temporal images for better visualization and distinction and for projecting the pixels onto the proper map system. Later, the archive and crisis images were overlaid to form a Red Green Blue (RGB) composite that showed the extent and spread of floods in north Bihar, where each color represented areas of different significance. Further, the flood map was overlaid onto the Google Earth optical layer for better visualization and comparison. The work demonstrated the applicability and use of remote sensing and GIS technology to quickly gain insight into the spatial and temporal distribution of floods in a given region and could be used as a precursor for efficient flood management and relief measures.

Analisis Spasial Tingkat Bahaya Banjir Desa Amasing Kali Dengan Hec-RAS 2D

The phenomenon of flooding that occurs in various parts of the world continues to increase, both in terms of frequency and amplitude. Without neglecting the morphology of the region, global climate change and changes in land use as a result of economic growth are the main factors causing this disaster. Understanding flood characteristics, be it discharge, inundation height, and their distribution in an area is very important as a basis for determining flood control efforts. This study aims to analyze the level of flood vulnerability based on the characteristics of the occurred floods. Hydrological and topographical analyzes were performed as the basis for the flow hydraulics calculations performed with Hec-RAS 2D version 5.0.7. The flood distribution simulation results with return periods of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years show that the area of ​​the village that has the potential to be inundated is ± 22.57 ha, ± 37.11 ha, ± 41.81 ha, and ± 47.27 ha, with inundation heights varying between 0.25 m. – 1.50 m, which can be classified as low to high hazard.

ANALISIS TINGKAT KERAWANAN DAN MITIGASI BANJIR PERKOTAAN DI KECAMATAN PULAU LAUT UTARA KABUPATEN KOTABARU

Several efforts are needed in dealing with urban flood disasters to minimize the potential for large losses for the community. By mapping and knowing the pattern of flood distribution, this study was also built to determine the urban flood disaster mitigation system in Pulau Laut Utara District, Kotabaru Regency.
 The value of the flood susceptibility class interval aims to distinguish the flood susceptibility class, and by determining the intensity of inundation based on the inundation area and the elevation of the flood level. With processing the value from the investigation in Nort Pulau Laut covering several villages and roads, the level of vulnerability to flooding in Dirgahayu Village is 10.24% (low water level), 6.54% (medium water level), 1.33% (high water level). In Sungai Paring Village it was 2.81% (low water level), 10.18% (medium water level), 8.48% (high water level). In Baharu Village, it was 3.69% (low flood), 3.21% (medium water level), 10.87% (high water level). In Semayap Village it was 4.11% (low water level), 2.21% (medium water level), 2.58% (high water level). And in Sebelimbingan Village it was 4.67% (low water level), 3.90% (medium water level), and 8.25% (high water level). With intervals from each flood location, a value of 73.98 was obtained in the category of sufficiently prone to flooding.

Drought and flood characteristics in the farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China based on the Standardized Precipitation Index

The farming-pastoral ecotone of northern China (FPENC) provides an important ecological barrier which restrains the invasion of desert into Northwest China. Studying drought and flood characteristics in the FPENC can provide scientific support and practical basis for the protection of the FPENC. Based on monthly precipitation data from 115 meteorological stations, we determined the changes in climate and the temporal and spatial variations of drought and flood occurrence in the FPENC during 1960–2020 using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Morlet wavelet transform, and inverse distance weighted interpolation method. Annual precipitation in the FPENC showed a slightly increasing trend from 1960 to 2020, with an increasing rate of about 1.15 mm/a. The interannual SPI exhibited obvious fluctuations, showing an overall non-significant upward trend (increasing rate of 0.02/a). Therefore, the study area showed a wetting trend in recent years. Drought and flood disasters mainly occurred on an interannual change cycle of 2–6 and 9–17 a, respectively. In the future, a tendency towards drought can be expected in the FPENC. The temporal and spatial distribution of drought and flood differed in the northwestern, northern, and northeastern segments of the FPENC, and most of the drought and flood disasters occurred in local areas. Severe and extreme drought disasters were concentrated in the northwestern and northeastern segments, and severe and extreme flood disasters were mainly in the northeastern segment. Drought was most frequent in the northwestern segment, the central part of the northeastern segment, and the northern part of the northern segment. Flood was most frequent in the western part of the northwestern segment, the eastern part of the northeastern segment, and the eastern and western parts of the northern segment. The accurate evaluation of the degrees of drought and flood disasters in the FPENC will provide scientific basis for the regional climate study and critical information on which to base decisions regarding environmental protection and socio-economic development in this region.

Mapping of the Flood Distribution in an Urban Environment: The Case of Palma (Mallorca, Spain) in the First Two Decades of the 21st Century

The City of Palma de Mallorca has been historically affected by flood events, with the latest flood of great magnitude occurring in 1962. After decades without large flooding events, since the start of the 21st century, 28 floods have been identified within the city boundaries. As change in the spatial location of these events has been observed, a research to identify where the floods are located nowadays and which causes can be related to such distribution has been undertaken. Six types of floods were identified and the events classified accordingly, with the deficient planned infrastructures, flat urban areas without defined drainage and coastal sectors the three most common types. The results highlight the importance of the urban sprawl and malpractices related to flood risk areas, thus increasing the occurrence of floods of less spatial impact but with greater disturbance on the daily activity of the city inhabitants. Nevertheless, some uncertainties are identified in this research, demonstrating the need of further investigations.

The Revitalization of Makassar Urban Drainage System Based on Eco Drainage Retention Pond

One of the causes of flooding in Makassar City is the management of the water system that is not optimal. It is necessary to arrange a drainage system to overcome flooding in Makassar City. In this study the topography on Catchment area analysis, analysis of hydrology and hydraulics analysis. Modeling the distribution of flood performed using HEC-RAS applications. This research was conducted in the Tallo watershed which consists of the Upper Tallo sub-watershed and the Mangalarang sub-watershed. The results of the analysis of flood discharge in the Tallo Hilir sub-watershed are 523.76 m3/s and in the Mangalarang sub-watershed are 886.82 m3/s. The flood overflow of the Tallo River spread over 6.48 km2 of Manggala District, 0.31 km2 of Rappocini District, 4.24 km2 of Panakukang District, 3.37 km2 of Tallo District, 11.59 km2 of Tamalanrea District and 0.01 km2 of Biringkanaya District. The total area of flood distribution is 26 km2. The solution to overcome the flooding of the Tallo River with an environmentally sound drainage system, it is necessary to plan the construction of a retention pond in Tamalanrea District, with a normal total storage volume of 2.48 million m3 and a maximum capacity of 5.31 million m3. The construction of this retention pond can reduce 17.7 km2 of flood-affected area.

Risk analysis and influencing factors of drought and flood disasters in China

The risk analysis of flood and drought disasters and the study of their influencing factors enhance our understanding of the temporal and spatial variation law of disasters and help identify the main factors affecting disasters. This paper uses the provincial administrative region of China as the research area. The proportion of the disaster area represents the degree of the disaster. The statistical distribution of the proportions was optimized from 10 alternative distributions based on a KS test, and the disaster risk was analyzed. Thirty-five indicators were selected from nature, agriculture and the social economy as alternative factors. The main factors affecting flood and drought disasters were selected by Pearson, Spearman and Kendall correlation coefficient test. The results demonstrated that the distribution of floods and drought is right-skewed, and the gamma distribution is the best statistical distribution for fitting disasters. In terms of time, the risk of flood and drought disasters in all regions showed a downward trend. Economic development and the enhancement of the ability to resist disasters were the main reasons for the change in disasters. Spatially, the areas with high drought risk were mainly distributed in Northeast and North China, and the areas with high flood risk were mainly distributed in the south, especially in Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and Anhui. The distribution of floods and drought disasters was consistent with the distribution characteristics of precipitation and water resources in China. Among the natural factors, precipitation was the main factor causing changes in floods and drought disasters. Among the agricultural and socioeconomic factors, the indicators reflecting the disaster resistance ability and regional economic development level were closely related to flood and drought disasters. The research results have reference significance for disaster classification, disaster formation mechanisms and flood and drought resistance.

Pemetaan Tingkat Kerawananan Banjir Di Kota Jambi Menggunakan Metode Scoring Dan Overlay Berbasis Sistem Informasi Geografis

This research is about flood vulnerability mapping in Jambi City based on Geographic Information System (GIS). This study is aiming to find out the flood vulnerability level, spatial distribution of flood, and flood prone areas in Jambi City. We used five parameters that affect flood vulnerability, including land slope, land level, land use, soil type, and rainfall during 2019. The method used is the scoring and overlay method with the help of ArcGis software. Flood vulnerability level was divided into three categories, namely quite vulnerable, vulnerable, and very vulnerable. The results obtained in this study are that most of Jambi City has a level of flood vulnerability in the vulnerable category, which is an area of 9254.82 ha (58%), while for the area that is dominated quite safe from flooding, Jambi Selatan sub-district, is 2849.14 ha (18%). This shows that more than half of the Jambi city area is a flood-prone area so it is very important to carry out structural and non-structural mitigation actions

Impact of detention dams on the probability distribution of floods

Abstract. Detention dams are one of the most effective practices for flood mitigation. Therefore, the impact of these structures on the basin hydrological response is critical for flood management and the design of flood control structures. With the aim of providing a mathematical framework to interpret the effect of flow control systems on river basin dynamics, the functional relationship between inflows and outflows is investigated and derived in a closed form. This allowed the definition of a theoretically derived probability distribution of the peak outflows from in-line detention basins. The model has been derived assuming a rectangular hydrograph shape with a fixed duration and a random flood peak. In the present study, the undisturbed flood peaks are assumed to be Gumbel distributed, but the proposed mathematical formulation can be extended to any other flood-peak probability distribution. A sensitivity analysis of parameters highlighted the influence of detention basin capacity and rainfall event duration on flood mitigation on the probability distribution of the peak outflows. The mathematical framework has been tested using for comparison a Monte Carlo simulation where most of the simplified assumptions used to describe the dam behaviours are removed. This allowed demonstrating that the proposed formulation is reliable for small river basins characterized by an impulsive response. The new approach for the quantification of flood peaks in river basins characterized by the presence of artificial detention basins can be used to improve existing flood mitigation practices and support the design of flood control systems and flood risk analyses.

Frequency Analysis of Snowmelt Flood Based on GAMLSS Model in Manas River Basin, China

With the acceleration of human economic activities and dramatic changes in climate, the validity of the stationarity assumption of flood time series frequency analysis has been questioned. In this study, a framework for flood frequency analysis is developed on the basis of a tool, namely, the Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS). We introduced this model to construct a non-stationary model with time and climate factor as covariates for the 50-year snowmelt flood time series in the Kenswat Reservoir control basin of the Manas River. The study shows that there are clear non-stationarities in the flood regime, and the characteristic series of snowmelt flood shows an increasing trend with the passing of time. The parameters of the flood distributions are modelled as functions of climate indices (temperature and rainfall). The physical mechanism was incorporated into the study, and the simulation results are similar to the actual flood conditions, which can better describe the dynamic process of snowmelt flood characteristic series. Compared with the design flood results of Kenswat Reservoir approved by the China Renewable Energy Engineering Institute in December 2008, the design value of the GAMLSS non-stationary model considers that the impact of climate factors create a design risk in dry years by underestimating the risk.

An Efficient Decision Support System for Flood Inundation Management Using Intermittent Remote-Sensing Data

Timely acquisition of spatial flood distribution is an essential basis for flood-disaster monitoring and management. Remote-sensing data have been widely used in water-body surveys. However, due to the cloudy weather and complex geomorphic environment, the inability to receive remote-sensing images throughout the day has resulted in some data being missing and unable to provide dynamic and continuous flood inundation process data. To fully and effectively use remote-sensing data, we developed a new decision support system for integrated flood inundation management based on limited and intermittent remote-sensing data. Firstly, we established a new multi-scale water-extraction convolutional neural network named DEU-Net to extract water from remote-sensing images automatically. A specific datasets training method was created for typical region types to separate the water body from the confusing surface features more accurately. Secondly, we built a waterfront contour active tracking model to implicitly describe the flood movement interface. In this way, the flooding process was converted into the numerical solution of the partial differential equation of the boundary function. Space upwind difference format and the time Euler difference format were used to perform the numerical solution. Finally, we established seven indicators that considered regional characteristics and flood-inundation attributes to evaluate flood-disaster losses. The cloud model using the entropy weight method was introduced to account for uncertainties in various parameters. In the end, a decision support system realizing the flood losses risk visualization was developed by using the ArcGIS application programming interface (API). To verify the effectiveness of the model constructed in this paper, we conducted numerical experiments on the model’s performance through comparative experiments based on a laboratory scale and actual scale, respectively. The results were as follows: (1) The DEU-Net method had a better capability to accurately extract various water bodies, such as urban water bodies, open-air ponds, plateau lakes etc., than the other comparison methods. (2) The simulation results of the active tracking model had good temporal and spatial consistency with the image extraction results and actual statistical data compared with the synthetic observation data. (3) The application results showed that the system has high computational efficiency and noticeable visualization effects. The research results may provide a scientific basis for the emergency-response decision-making of flood disasters, especially in data-sparse regions.

Flood disasters and social resilience during the decline of the Qing Dynasty: Case studies of 1823 and 1849

AbstractBased on historical records and crop harvest scores extracted from historical documents, this study reconstructed the spatial–temporal distribution and severities of floods in the Yangtze‐Huai River valley (YHRV) in 1823 and 1849. We also summarized the effects of the floods on society and identified government measures taken to cope with the floods in the context of the economic recession in the period of 1801–1850. The 1823 flood, which was caused by the heavy precipitation of the Meiyu period and typhoons, severely affected areas in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Meanwhile, the 1849 flood, triggered by long‐term, high‐intensity Meiyu precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, mainly affected areas along the Yangtze River. The 1849 disaster was more serious than the one in 1823. In the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the 1849 flood caused the worst agricultural failure of the period 1730–1852. To deal with the disasters, the Qing government took relief measures, such as exempting taxes in the affected areas, distributing grain stored in warehouses, and transferring grain to severely afflicted areas. These relief measures were supplemented by auxiliary measures, such as exempting commodity taxes on grain shipped to disaster areas and punishing officials who failed to provide adequate disaster relief. The flood disasters disrupted the water system of the Grand Canal and forced the Qing government to transport Cao rice by sea beginning in 1826. This laid the groundwork for the rise of coastal shipping in modern China. With the economic recession of the 19th century, Chinese society was not as resilient to floods as it was in the 18th century. Compared to droughts, floods are more difficult to deal with and pose greater threats to infrastructure and normal life and work in the cities.

Outcome of environmental change from historical sediment discharge in a Mediterranean fluvial basin, 1500–2019 CE

Soil loss is a challenge for sustainable river management, not the least in the Mediterranean region, with climate extremes altering erosion and overland sediment transport. The dynamics of these processes, and their ecological consequences, are poorly documented in the Mediterranen region. For the Arno River Basin (ARB), located by the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy, we estimated changes in annual sediment discharge (SD) as a function of the landscape characteristics within the basin, the seasonal distribution of precipitation and flooding, and the vegetation cover. Owing to a semi-empirical modelling framework, we identified critical erosion-/deposition-prone periods from 1500 to 2019 CE. The long-term estimated mean gross soil erosion in the ARB was ∼900 Mg km−2 yr−1, whereas mean net erosion was ∼200 Mg km−2 yr−1. The results revealed that during the Little Ice Age (ending ∼1850 CE), increased storms and SD had a large impact on the landscape and agricultural activity of the ARB. The downward trend in SD observed after ∼1903 CE occurred with high soil movement, along with environmental change and basin reforestation. The basin area thus experienced, on average, only slight soil losses, with ∼76% of the eroded soil being trapped along the stream reaches, on gently sloping areas as well as in the foot slopes and the valley terrains which divide the basin area. Relying on credible information regarding SD and its hydrological drivers, we showed how historical climatology and parsimonious modelling can be implemented to obtain basin-wide estimates of soil loss, and are appropriate tools for sustainable river basin management.

Spatial Recognition of Regional Maximum Floods in Ungauged Watersheds and Investigations of the Influence of Rainfall

This study primarily aims to develop a method for estimating the range of flood sizes in small and medium ungauged watersheds in local river streams. In practice, several water control projects have insufficient streamflow information. To compensate for the lack of data, the streamflow propagation method (SPM) provides streamflow information for ungauged watersheds. The ranges of flood sizes for ungauged watersheds were generated using a specific flood distribution analysis based on the obtained streamflow data. Furthermore, the influence of rainfall information was analyzed to characterize the patterns of specific flood distributions. Rainfall location, intensity, and duration highly affected the shape of the specific flood distribution. Concentrated rainfall locations affected the patterns of the maximum specific flood distribution. The shape and size of the minimum specific flood distribution were dependent on the rainfall intensity and duration. The Creager envelope curve was used to generate equations for the maximum/minimum specific flood distribution for the study site. The ranges of the specific flood distributions were produced for each watershed size.

Assessing the Use of Dual-Drainage Modeling to Determine the Effects of Green Stormwater Infrastructure on Roadway Flooding and Traffic Performance

Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) is increasingly used to reduce stormwater input to the subsurface stormwater network. This work investigated how GSI interacts with surface runoff and stormwater structures to affect the spatial extent and distribution of roadway flooding and subsequent effects on the performance of the traffic system using a dual-drainage model. The model simulated roadway flooding using PCSWMM (Personal Computer Stormwater Management Model) in Harvard Gulch, Denver, Colorado, and was then used in a microscopic traffic simulation using the Simulation of Urban Mobility Model (SUMO). We examined the effect of converting between 1% and 5% of directly connected impervious area (DCIA) to bioretention GSI on roadway flooding. The results showed that even for 1% of DCIA converted to GSI, the extent and mean depth of roadway flooding was reduced. Increasing GSI conversion further reduced roadway flooding depth and extent, although with diminishing returns per additional percentage of DCIA converted to GSI. Reduced roadway flooding led to increased average vehicle speeds and decreased percentage of roads impacted by flooding and total travel time. We found diminishing returns in the roadway flooding reduction per additional percentage of DCIA converted to GSI. Future work will be conducted to reduce the main limitations of insufficient data for model validation. Detailed dual-drainage modeling has the potential to better predict what GSI strategies will mitigate roadway flooding.

How Do Climate and Catchment Attributes Influence Flood Generating Processes? A Large‐Sample Study for 671 Catchments Across the Contiguous USA

AbstractHydrometeorological flood generating processes (excess rain, short rain, long rain, snowmelt, and rain‐on‐snow) underpin our understanding of flood behavior. Knowledge about flood generating processes improves hydrological models, flood frequency analysis, estimation of climate change impact on floods, etc. Yet, not much is known about how climate and catchment attributes influence the spatial distribution of flood generating processes. This study aims to offer a comprehensive and structured approach to close this knowledge gap. We employ a large sample approach (671 catchments across the contiguous United States) and evaluate how catchment attributes and climate attributes influence the distribution of flood processes. We use two complementary approaches: A statistics‐based approach which compares attribute frequency distributions of different flood processes; and a random forest model in combination with an interpretable machine learning approach (accumulated local effects [ALE]). The ALE method has not been used often in hydrology, and it overcomes a significant obstacle in many statistical methods, the confounding effect of correlated catchment attributes. As expected, we find climate attributes (fraction of snow, aridity, precipitation seasonality, and mean precipitation) to be most influential on flood process distribution. However, the influence of catchment attributes varies both with flood generating process and climate type. We also find flood processes can be predicted for ungauged catchments with relatively high accuracy (R2 between 0.45 and 0.9). The implication of these findings is flood processes should be considered for future climate change impact studies, as the effect of changes in climate on flood characteristics varies between flood processes.

Spatial analysis of flood-prone areas and harvest failures in the Wanggu Southeast Sulawesi Watershed

Increased land-use change and geomorphological conditions such as rainfall factors, the level of slope, altitude of the place, soil texture, natural drainage density, and influence of infrastructure development affected to DAS hydrological response and caused of increased flood insecurity in the region. The study aims to analyze the factors of causes of flood insecurity and its impacts in the cities of Kendari and DAS Wanggu and to know the level and distribution of flooding in the area of DAS Wanggu by utilizing Geographic Information system (GIS) as well as knowing the loss of rice paddy and scattered rice. This research uses methods of surveying and scoring, weighted, and overlay on some parameters of the flood cause. The results showed that DAS Wanggu has a high rainfall of 200-360 mm per month and is categorized as a wetland, land use does not fit the class with a flat slope of 40.1%, soil texture medium to rough 82.3%, altitude place 26 m – 50 m 29.0%, medium drainage density is 89.3%, soil hydrological properties are inadequate. There are four classes of flood vulnerability dominated by the prone class-very prone to 17,857.12 ha (56.2%) 1) and the rest of the class safe 8,799.60 ha (27.7%) and somewhat prone to 5083.65 ha (16.0%). Loss of Stutty harvest due to flooding on rice paddy fields, corn, peanuts, and red chili with a total area of 6,499.4 ha amounting to Rp 105,508,937,000.

An Improved Peaks-Over-Threshold Method and its Application in the Time-Varying Design Flood

Design flood, which plays a paramount role in reservoir construction and operation, is often calculated by the annual maximum sampling method (AMSM). However, the AMSM can only use a small amount of data and reflect the extreme value distribution of inflow flood. As a result, the annual maximum design flood or the seasonal design flood is not sufficient to formulate the reservoir operation scheme in whole life cycle. Currently, studies analyzing the sample selection method of design flood and the way to make design flood close to inflow flood are rare. To this end, an improved peaks-over-threshold method (IPOT) was designed. Together with the time-varying parameters with Poisson distribution model, we used the IPOT to calculate a new type time-varying design flood in this study and took Longyangxia Reservoir in China as a case study. Results indicate that, compared with the AMSM, the IPOT enhances the physical correlation between sample individuals by increasing data use rate and determines the optimal threshold, which avoids the influence of human factors on the sample selection. Moreover, the time-varying design flood can fully reflect the characteristics of inflow flood and combine the design flood value with time and probability to establish an inflow flood identification model. According to this model, managers can assess the probability and type of inflow flood and choose the appropriate reservoir operation scheme. Findings of this study, including the IPOT, the time-varying design flood and the inflow flood identification model are helpful for water resources planning and management.

Simulation Of Flood Mapping in Amasing Kali Village Using HEC-RAS 2D

This study aims to map the distribution of floods that occurred due to the overflow of the Amasing Kali River on Bacan Island, South Halmahera. The magnitude of the flood as an input in the Watershed (DAS) system was analyzed using the Nakayasu unit synthetic hydrograph (HSS) method, while the morphometric characteristics of the watershed were analyzed by extracting digital elevation model data (Digital Elevation Model, DEM) using a Geographic Information System (GIS) application. The simulation of flood distribution with return periods of 2, 5, 10 and 25 years was carried out by applying the HecRAS 2D application. The mapping of the analysis and simulation results of this study shows that the potential flood-affected areas are on the north and south sides of Amasing Kali village with inundation heights varying between 0.50 m – 1.50 m.