Electrical Energy Distribution Research Articles

Public management model for customer service in an electric energy distribution and marketing company

A public management model is proposed to improve customer service in an electric energy distribution and marketing company in Ecuador. For data collection, surveys were applied whose reliability was evaluated through the Cronbach Alpha coefficient. Among other results, the perception of users, employees and managers in the different dimensions of customer service in the company is found and the importance of implementing specific strategies to overcome the deficiencies found is highlighted. These actions are essential to raise the quality of customer service and address challenges in terms of service quality, thus contributing to success and competitiveness in the energy distribution and marketing sector. Finally, a public management model is proposed to improve customer service in an electric energy distribution and marketing company.

Implementing generative adversarial networks for increasing performance of transmission fault classification

<p>An electrical power system is a network that facilitates the sourcing, transfer, and distribution of electrical energy. In the traditional power system, there are eleven types of faults that can occur in the system. This paper focuses on the classification of these faults over a stretch of 100 kilometres. The dataset used is synthetic and generated from a simulated model using MATLAB/Simulink software. Data augmentation is carried out during training to improve the accuracy of the classification. An indirect training approach through generative adversarial network (GAN) is used to classify these overhead transmission line faults. The random forest (RF) classification is used as the base learning model on the original dataset and it achieves accuracy of 84%. However, the base learner RF when used on GAN model generated augmented faulty data, it performs exceptionally well achieving 99% accuracy. One of the recent state-of-art methods is compared with this approach.</p>

An enumerative analysis of major power blackouts in Asian region in the last two decades

Power System represents an interconnected network, where generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy takes place. They are complex systems constituting various components like synchronous generators, motors, transformers, circuit breakers, transmission lines etc. A power system is required to operate in a reliable manner, thus providing continuous power supply of good quality. This requires the power system to be stable. Blackouts can occur due to equipment failure, human errors, natural disasters, overloading / imbalance, cyber-attacks, lack of redundancy etc. When they act in a combined manner/ if one of those issues lead to the other issue, widespread and long - lasting blackouts happen. Severities of the blackouts depend on geographical extent, duration of its existence, financial repercussions, and initial services being broken, public safety. This paper discusses the major blackouts that have occurred in the Asian region, in the last two decades, along with their causes and consequences.

ANALYSIS OF NETWORKS IN ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS USING FAULT TREE ANALYSIS METHOD IN PLN (PERSERO) UP3 BULUKUMBA ULP PANRITA LOPI

Distribution of electricity is often interrupted which can result in the process of distribution of power to the consumer becoming abnormal. Therefore, an analysis of the cause of disturbance of the electricity distribution network needs to be carried out. This research is conducted using the method of Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) because it is an effective method in determining the cause of the disturbance and with the help of Microsoft Exel as well as manual calculations. The results of the research obtained that which is the main factor that causes the occurrence of the disruption in the system of distribution of electric energy in PT PLN (Persero) UP3 Bulukumba ULP Panrita Lopi is due to disruptions in the distribution equipment, animal activity, human activity, material interference, error of installation and nature interferences. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that there are six factors that cause the disturbance of the process of electricity distribution to consumption, then become a priority for PLN based on the percentage of disruption occurred.

Study of operating modes of the AION tanker electrical power system

THE PURPOSE. Consider the issue of automation of modern sea vessels with a high degree of electrification. The purpose of the study is to analyze the electrical power system of the AION tanker to determine the possible occurrence of abnormal phenomena during parallel operation of generator sets and methods for eliminating them. METHODS. The article analyzes the electrical power system and automatic control devices of the AION tanker. Particular attention is paid to the study of systems that ensure the production and distribution of electrical energy between consumers. The widespread use of modern computer-based automatic control systems in ship power plants has been noted. The extensive possibilities for controlling a ship's electrical power plant in various daily or emergency situations are shown. The software and hardware of the ship's Power Management System allows you to reduce the consumption of fuel, oil and other important resources by automatically regulating the load on diesel generators, timing the supply of fuel to the cylinders, and controlling exhaust and starting valves. RESULTS. Experimental oscillograms of studies of the parallel operation of diesel generator sets were obtained, in which power exchange oscillations were recorded. The amplitude of power exchange oscillations reaches 40 % of the steady-state value, and their period is 600 - 800 ms, depending on the operating mode of the ship's electrical power system. During thecollection of these oscillograms, the ship's load is turned on and no starts or stops of any powerful consumers are made, that is, a quasi-steady process takes place. CONCLUSION. It is proposed to introduce a function for eliminating power exchange oscillations into the ship power plant control system. To implement it, it is necessary to add a block that receives information from all parallel operating diesel generator sets and adaptively adjusts the settings of the frequency regulators.

Dual-polarization small-angle strong nonreciprocal thermal radiator with Weyl semimetal

The development of dual-polarization irreversible radiators that can operate without external magnetic field is an arduous task. To avoid the need of strong magnetic field, a dual-polarization nonreciprocal thermal radiator with the introduction of Weyl semimetal is demonstrated. It consists of cross-shaped silicon nanopores, Weyl semimetal, and Ag reflective layer. The simulation results show that the proposed radiator offers both TE- and TM-polarized strong irreversible radiation with an incident angle of 1.6°. The TE-polarized absorptivity and TM-polarized emissivity are 98.8% and 97.6%, respectively. The dual-polarization nonreciprocity exceeds 80%. The physical principle is explained by the electric field energy distribution and impedance matching theory. The demonstrated scheme and radiator have potential application in dual-polarization multi-band irreversible radiation and thermal management.

Electrodynamic Forces in Main Three-Phase Busbar System of Low-Voltage Switchgear—FEA Simulation

This paper concerns the effects of electrodynamic forces that act on current paths that are part of high-grade industrial distribution switchgear. This work is composed of experimental and simulation sections. In the experimental section, the short-circuit tests are presented and the occurrence of electrodynamic forces are shown in a visible way. The formation of electrodynamic forces in the current circuits of electrical energy distribution systems is related to the flow of high currents, but mostly it is related to short-circuit currents. In order to highlight these phenomena, the detailed specification of the parameters during tests is displayed. In the simulation section, the physical phenomenon of electrodynamic forces is being captured by employing a detailed real-scale model of switchgear and current paths. Therefore, the authors proposed employment of the FEM (finite element method) in order to obtain values of electrodynamic forces acting on the current paths by executing the detailed 3D coupled simulation. The analysis of the results and aftermath effects of their interactions provided interesting conclusions that concerned the operation of such power distribution layouts in critical short-circuit conditions.

Loss of Life Transformer Prediction Based on Stacking Ensemble Improved by Genetic Algorithm By IJISRT

Prediction for loss of life transfomer is very important to ensure the reliability and efficiency of the power system. In this paper, an innovative model is proposed to improve the accuracy of lost of life transfomer prediction using stacking ensembles enhanced with genetic algorithm (GA). The aim is to develop a robust model to estimate the remaining life of a transformer in order to generally increase the reliability of the electrical energy distribution system. This approach involves integrating various machine learning models as a basic model, namely Support Vector Machines (SVM) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN). A stacking ensemble framework is then used to combine the predictions of these base models using a meta model namely Logistic Regression (LR). The results show a significant improvement in both transformers using stacking-GA, both TR-A and TR-B, with each prediction evaluation 99% and with a minimal error rate, namely approaching 0.the developed framework presents a promising solution for accurate and reliable transformer life prediction. By integrating a variety of basic models, applying improved stacking layouts using GA, these models offer valuable insights to improve maintenance strategies and system reliability in power grids.

Sub Distribution Panel’s Design Rancangan SubDistribution Panel

Electrical panels play an important role as the center of electrical energy distribution, functioning to regulate the flow of electricity in a building. This distribution process requires something that can secure and divide the amount of power flowing, therefore the SDP (Sub Distribution Panel) panel is needed. This panel contains several components that are assembled into one unit so that it can function properly. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method that focuses on problems based on facts carried out by means of observation or observation, interviews, and studying documents. If all the techniques in this method are performed successfully, the accurate percentage of this research is 98%. This research produces a description of the process of making SDP panels from start to finish. This research resulted that the SDP panel has several functions, namely collecting and forwarding power to each load in each branch as needed, connecting and disconnecting the power distribution circuit and the safety of the power distribution system control.

Depositing gradient thickness silver film on CNF/rGO/polyimide surface to form a sandwich structure for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding

Deployable satellites in space are exposed to high-frequency electromagnetic interference (EMI) for long periods of time, resulting in shortened lifetimes, so there is an urgent need for supportive electromagnetic shielding materials. To address this limitation, our team has developed innovative ultrathin carbon nanofiber/reduced graphene oxide/polyimide (CNF/rGO/PI) composites. It has excellent strength, shape memory properties, thermal stability and wide temperature range tolerance. Among them, polyimide with 4 % CNFs and 4 % rGO (CGPI44) has the best performance. Gradient-thick Ag films are deposited on both sides of the CGPI44 substrate by magnetron sputtering to form sandwich structure composites. With a sputtered Ag thickness of only about 5 μm and a total thickness of 0.146 mm, the material exhibited an extremely high electrical conductivity and excellent EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of up to 112 dB in the 8.2–12.4 GHz band. Finite element analysis is performed to calculate the electric field strength and energy distribution. By providing a feasible scheme for highly effective shielding of high-frequency EMI, this approach will promote research on magnetron-sputtered polymer composites in the field of electromagnetic shielding.

Assessment of Regulatory and Market Challenges in the Economic Feasibility of a Nanogrid: A Brazilian Case

Microgrids have emerged as a popular solution for electric energy distribution due to their reliability, sustainability, and growing accessibility. However, their implementation can be challenging, particularly due to regulatory and market issues. Building smaller-scale microgrids, also known as nanogrids, can present additional challenges, such as high investment costs that need to be justified by local demands. To address these challenges, this work proposes an economic feasibility assessment model that is applied to a real nanogrid under construction in the Brazilian electrical system, with electric vehicle charging stations as its main load. The model, which takes into account uncertainties, evaluates the economic viability of constructing a nanogrid using economic indicators estimated by the Monte Carlo simulation method, with the system operation represented by the OpenDSS software. The model also considers aspects of energy transactions within the net-metering paradigm, with energy compensation between the nanogrid and the main distribution network, and investigates how incentives can impact the viability of these microgrids.

Experimental analysis of transformer efficiency in relation to load resistance

Transformers play a pivotal role in the distribution of electrical energy, particularly in electronic devices. Load resistance significantly influences transformer efficiency. This study employs an experimental methodology with the objective of assessing the congruence between experimental data analysis and theoretical calculations. The experimental setup involves testing a step-up transformer characterized by the following primary coil specifications: Np (number of turns) = 500, rp (resistance) = 2.5 Ω, Lp (self-inductance) = 9 mH, and secondary coil specifications: Ns (number of turns) = 1000, rs (resistance) = 9.5 Ω, Ls (self-inductance) = 36 mH. Load resistance (R) is varied within the range of 10 to 500 Ω. The outcomes reveal a progressive enhancement in transformer efficiency with the increasing load, up to 300 Ω, after which efficiency experiences a decline. In the case of a step-down transformer, possessing identical specifications as the step-up variant, efficiency displays an analogous pattern of augmentation with load resistance up to 80 Ω, beyond which it diminishes. Furthermore, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for the step-up transformer stands at 0.0012, with an R-square (R2) value of 0.99. Similarly, for the step-down transformer, RMSE registers at 0.0060, accompanied by an R-square (R2) of 0.99. These findings affirm the exceptional adequacy of the employed theory in elucidating the intricate interplay between transformer efficiency and load resistance.

Requirements for cables as categories of construction products and thermal resistance of power cables

Introduction. One of the main driving factors of the demand for cable and conductor products is the modern trend of urbanization, which leads to an increase in cities with significantly increased requirements for electrical networks of transportation and distribution of electrical energy. This requires the development of appropriate infrastructure with significant demand for electricity in the commercial, industrial and residential sectors. The construction industry uses a wide range of cables with an appropriate set of electrical and mechanical properties, resistance to the influence of external climatic factors, and, first of all, must meet fire safety requirements. Increasing construction activity is stimulating the market for fire-resistant cables in the construction industry. According to the Construction Products Regulation, power, telecommunication cables, data cables, control and management, fiber optic refer to construction products in the EU member states. These cables are intended for the supply of electrical energy and communication, which are permanently installed in buildings and other engineering structures. Power, telecommunications, data and control cables are considered construction products, and are the only electrical products classified as construction. Over the next 15 years, Eastern Europe is expected to see increased growth in the construction industry, as the end of the war in Ukraine requires nearly $1 trillion in reconstruction. A strategic task in the reconstruction of the country is the use of cable and conductor products with increased operational properties, including in the construction industry. Significant efforts and investments in innovation and certification of cable and conductor products require manufacturers to create construction products of the «Power, control and communication cables» category with a high level of fire safety in accordance with the Euroclassification of cables in terms of reaction to fire depending on the level of safety. Purpose. Analysis of fire safety requirements for cables as a category of construction products and determination of thermal resistance of power cables based on experimental thermal studies of modern electrical insulating compositions. Methodology. The thermal stability of power cables with a voltage of 0,66/1 kV was determined, depending on the design, based on the conducted experimental studies of the thermal stability of electrical insulation materials, between the core filling and the polymer sheath, removed from the cable samples. On the basis of the conducted correlation analysis between thermal resistance and fire load, which are important parameters for confirming the quality and safety of the entire cable, it has been proven that the efficiency of halogen-free compositions to meet fire safety requirements increases with the increase in the cross-section and number of cores in the cable. Practical value. Determining the heat load and fire resistance of cables of various designs and areas of application based on the obtained experimental data on the heat of combustion of polymer cable materials is necessary and justified at the stage of mastering and determining the prospects for the production of cables with modern halogen-free electrical insulation compositions in accordance with fire safety requirements.

High entropy alloy cladding on mild steel substrate using microwave energy at 2.45 GHz: An insight from multi-physics simulation study to experimental investigations

Microwave hybrid heating (MHH) has emerged as a novel technology for cladding high-entropy alloy (HEA) powders on metallic substrates. The existence of a multi-material system (Al, Co, Cr, Ni, and Ti powder) in HEA provides difficulties in microwave cladding. These problems are addressed in the current study by employing silicon carbide as a susceptor material for MHH to microwave-clad AlCoCrNiTi HEA on a mild steel substrate. A multi-physics model of the microwave cladding setup was constructed to investigate the cladding properties. The model was verified using experimental data, and simulation was used to examine the electric field, resistive losses, energy distributions, and temperature-time profile. The simulation results indicated that the electric field intensity, resistive losses, and energy distribution were at their maximum near the susceptor and the cladded surface. As a result, the HEA-cladded surface reached a temperature of 1030 °C at the central plane. This is comparable to the experimental temperature of 1041 °C in 41 min, which shows an error of <10 %. From the microstructural investigation, the HEA powder exhibited a flaky microstructure and a uniform distribution of all the constituents, resulting in a solid metallurgical link between the HEA powder and substrate. The surface hardness of mild steel components was enhanced intensely by three times with the inclusion of AlCoCrNiTi HEA cladding.

Pengaruh Automatic Change Over Switch Terhadap Peningkatan Keandalan Gardu Distribusi T3-200A/1 Penyulang PLR-04

The process of distributing electrical energy has the potential to cause disturbances that can occur due to natural disturbances, disturbances to electrical equipment, disturbances at the generating center, transmission lines, and disturbances in the distribution network that can disrupt the reliability and service quality of the distribution of electrical energy. The quality of reliability can be rated by the length of outages, which can be determined using the System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI), and how often blackouts occur in one unit of time, which can be determined using the System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI). In maintaining the reliability of electrical energy, additional equipment is needed that is capable of supplying backup energy to the load when a disturbance occurs, namely the Automatic Change Over Switch (ACOS). ACOS is a device that works automatically for the process of maneuvering the network from two voltage sources to maintain electricity availability without having to have long blackouts due to disturbances or loss of voltage at the main source. The use of the Automatic Change Over Switch (ACOS) is proven to be able to increase the reliability of electrical energy at distribution substation T3-200A/1 feeder PLR-04 by reducing the length of time outages (SAIDI) and reducing the frequency, because customers don't feel outages when the disturbance occurs. In addition, the use of Automatic Change Over Switch (ACOS) can also reduce the energy not supplied (ENS)

Failure Analysis of Distribution Transformer and Proposing Proper Solution to Mitigate the Faults -A Case Study of Kombolcha City Dessie District Ethiopian Electric Utility, Ethiopia

The distribution transformer plays an important role in the distribution of electric energy to the customers. The reliability of DT does not only affect availability of the electric power to the customers of utility, but also economical operation of a utility. They can operate up to 30 years; but they fail within a year, due to many reasons resulting big economic and service lose on the power supplying utilities as well as the power customers. This paper has exposed the root causes of failure of the distribution transformer in EEU Dessie district Kombolcha NO. 1 and No. 2-customer service centers by using data collected from the substation, EEU, and inspecting the status of some transformers at peak hours. From the analysis conducted it was observed that the most frequently occurring causes of failure of distribution transformers in the centers were overloading, uneven power overloading, external short circuit, and lightning. In addition to identifying the causes, the researchers have proposed some remedial solutions to reduce the problems.

Decreased SAIDI and SAIFI the Buruan Feeder Distribution Line with Insulator Cover

The Buruan feeder is one of the electrical energy distribution systems operated by PLN South Bali. The Buruan feeders are an overhead distribution system with A3CS conductors. This feeder has several components that are open, so it is easy to get external disturbances from animals and trees. To overcome this problem, exposed components need to be isolated, one of which is with an insulator. This research found that in 2021, the value of SAIDI was 3.33 hours/year/customer, and the value of SAIFI was 7 times/year/customer. After maintenance, reconductor, and installed animal barrier, in 2022, the value of SAIDI is 0.65 hours/year/customer, and the value of SAIFI is 4 times/year/customer. This value of SAIFI is not enough for PLN UID Bali to become a world-class company. To support the PLN UID Bali to go to a world-class company, need some act to install an insulator cover. If the insulator cover was installed, the prediction of the value of SAIDI would be 0.019 hours/year/customer, and the value of SAIFI is 0.94 times/year/customer, according to the company's world-class target.

Multi-planar injection lap riveting

This paper is focused on multi-planar hybrid busbars made from copper and aluminum for electric energy distribution systems. The objective is to provide an overview of its assembly by injection lap riveting in multidirectional tools and to compare the electrical performance of its joints against that of conventional (in-plane) busbars.The injected lap riveted joints require a dovetail ring hole and a countersunk hole to be first machined in the overlapped copper and aluminum sheets and then to inject the semi-tubular rivets by compression through the lined-up holes in order to fix the sheets in position. In this work, the injection of the semi-tubular rivets was carried out in a laboratory multidirectional tool set that converts the vertical press stroke into two-orthogonal horizontal movements by means of cam slide units consisting of compression punch holders and sliding wedge actuators attached to the upper bolster.Experimental results obtained for a multi-planar, three-conductor, rake-shaped elbow of a hybrid busbar system allow concluding that while the required compression force is proportional to the number of injected lap riveted joints, the electrical performance is non-proportional due to changes in the distribution of electric current density. Numerical simulation with finite elements gives support to the discussion and allows readers to recognize the pitfalls of designing busbar joints exclusively based on mechanical requirements.

Reliable low-cost data transmission in smart grid system

The Smart Grid (SG) designates an electrical energy distribution system that automatically and autonomously adapts production to demand. To achieve this balance, the Smart Grid uses a network of sensors and transmission devices. The smart meter, as the key element of the Smart Grid, is an undisputed promise to optimize energy efficiency, but it raises certain questions in terms of data exploitation and privacy protection. Smart meters (SM) deployed in SG systems collect and transmit data to the service provider. Therefore, trust, security, and confidentiality are required in the SG system. Since communications between entities are exposed to attacks, strong protection is needed. In this article, we perform both trust mutual authentication algorithm and soft data transit for the Smart Grid using rotation function. We prove the security of our algorithm against known attacks. To prevent key escrow problems, keys are smoothly updated. In addition, the efficiency of the algorithm against relevant work is demonstrated using real measurements.

Electrifying Green Logistics: A Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Electric and Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles

Green logistics is an approach aimed at reducing the environmental impact of transport, storage, and distribution practices, through low-emission vehicles, optimized routes, clean energy tech in warehouses, and efficient waste management. These solutions can contribute to achieving the sustainable development goals of the European Green Deal. The main research question of this paper is whether an electric vehicle has a lower environmental impact compared to a gasoline vehicle. This study presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of an electric vehicle using lithium-ion battery technology (BEV) and compares it to an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV), considering the transportable load within the context of Italy. Through a gate-to-grave approach, both vehicles’ life cycle use and disposal phases were evaluated to identify the hotspots of environmental impact. The LCA methodology allows for an objective comparison and the results show that BEV emits slightly less kgCO2eq than ICEVs. The primary contributor to the vehicles’ impact is the dependency of the electric energy primary source from fossil fuels. Therefore, a second analysis was conducted to analyse the benefit of photovoltaic panels to generate the electric energy, showing that it can result in a significant 50% reduction in impact, making the electric vehicle a valid solution for achieving green logistics objectives. However, the questions of electric energy production, management, and distribution together with the supply of raw material and disposal of lithium batteries remain open. This issue raises a concern regarding the BEV in a country like Italy where the lack of recharging points limits the adoption of electric vehicles in green logistics.