Dry Mass Distribution Research Articles

Differential effects of coverslip-induced hypoxia and cobalt chloride mimetic hypoxia on cellular stress, metabolism, and nuclear structure

Hypoxia has profound effects on cell physiology, both in normal or pathological settings like cancer. In this study, we asked whether a variant of coverslip-induced hypoxia that recapitulates the conditions found in the tumor microenvironment would elicit similar cellular responses compared to the well established model of cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia. Comparable levels of nuclear HIF-1α were observed after 24 h of coverslip-induced hypoxia or cobalt chloride treatment in CAL-27 oral squamous carcinoma cells. However, cellular stress levels assessed by reactive oxygen species production and lipid droplet accumulation were markedly increased in coverslip-induced hypoxia compared to cobalt chloride treatment. Conversely, mitochondrial ATP production sharply decreased after coverslip-induced hypoxia but was preserved in the presence of cobalt chloride. Coverslip-induced hypoxia also had profound effects in nuclear organization, assessed by changes in nuclear dry mass distribution, whereas these effects were much less marked after cobalt chloride treatment. Taken together, our results show that coverslip-induced hypoxia effects on cell physiology and structure are more pronounced than mimetic hypoxia induced by cobalt chloride treatment. Considering also the simplicity of coverslip-induced hypoxia, our results therefore underscore the usefulness of this method to recapitulate in vitro the effects of hypoxic microenvironments encountered by cells in vivo.

Contributions of viral oncogenes of HPV-18 and hypoxia to oxidative stress and genetic damage in human keratinocytes

Infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses like HPV-16 and HPV-18 is highly associated with the development of cervical and other cancers. Malignant transformation requires viral oncoproteins E5, E6 and E7, which promote cell proliferation and increase DNA damage. Oxidative stress and hypoxia are also key factors in cervical malignant transformation. Increased levels of reactive species of oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) are found in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment, promoting genetic instability and invasiveness. In this work, we studied the combined effect of E5, E6 and E7 and hypoxia in increasing oxidative stress and promoting DNA damage and nuclear architecture alterations. HaCaT cells containing HPV-18 viral oncogenes (HaCaT E5/E6/E7-18) showed higher ROS levels in normoxia and higher levels of RNS in hypoxia compared to HaCaT parental cells, as well as higher genetic damage in hypoxia as measured by γH2AX and comet assays. In hypoxia, HaCaT E5/E6/E7-18 increased its nuclear dry mass and both cell types displayed marked heterogeneity in nuclear dry mass distribution and increased nuclear foci. Our results show contributions of both viral oncogenes and hypoxia to oxidative stress, DNA damage and altered nuclear architecture, exemplifying how an altered microenvironment combines with oncogenic transformation to promote tumor progression.

Allometric scaling models for tree saplings: Assessing potential fodder for ungulate herbivores

Knowledge of the quantity of twig dry mass (available fodder) of saplings is crucial for understanding tree recruitment under wild ungulate browsing pressure in forest ecosystems. Therefore, this study aimed to develop allometric equations for estimating twig dry mass using sapling structural data and to model the twig dry mass of saplings of various species in various size classes while quantitatively describing the variations among tree species. Sapling biomass samples were taken for six widely spread tree species in two national parks in Poland. After drying the biomass samples in the oven for 72 h at 65 °C, the data were analyzed, and models were generated using the ordinary least squares and generalized additive methods. The results confirmed our hypothesis that different tree species differ in their allometric properties. The twig dry masses of Acer pseudoplatanus and Carpinus betulus were best estimated by basal diameter, whereas those of Picea abies, Abies alba, and Fagus sylvatica were best estimated by sapling height. In contrast, the model quality for Fagus sylvatica and Sorbus aucuparia was enhanced by combining the sapling height with the mean largest crown length (MLCL). For all species, the twig dry mass distribution was linear along sapling height classes and exponentially increased with shoot diameter classes, with coniferous species exhibiting the highest correlation. On the other hand, the proportion of twig dry mass to total sapling dry mass followed the order S. aucuparia > A. alba > P. abies > F. sylvatica > C. betulus > A. pseudoplatanus. The developed allometric equations contribute significantly to the already available collection of published biomass equations. Moreover, they extremely useful in estimating the browsing potential of tree saplings falling within size ranges conducive to herbivore browsing.

Modelagem do rendimento do milho de inverno por meio do índice de distribuição de biomassa na região tropical de Yunnan, China

Abstract The objective of this work was to establish and validate the dry matter distribution and yield prediction models based on physiological developmental timing, to compare the differences between the dry mass distribution index model and the dry mass distribution coefficient model, for the simulation of ear dry mass and to improve the accuracy of maize growth models for predicting yield. The experiments were conducted in three tropical sites (Longchuan, Mangshi, and Ruili) in the tropical region of Yunnan Province, China. The NRMS of ear dry mass and yield were generally less than 10. The dry mass distribution index method (NRMS = 5.44% and RMSE = 807.22 kg ha-1 for ear dry mass; and NRMS = 7.32% and RMSE = 707.67 kg ha-1 for grain yield) is better than the dry mass distribution coefficient method (NRMS = 7.52% and RMSE = 1115.31 kg ha-1 for ear dry mass; NRMS = 8.6% and RMSE = 830.76 kgha-1 for grain yield) to simulate maize ear dry mass and grain yield. The distribution index model improves the accuracy of the model, which is valuable for future maize production and management in Yunnan.

Testing anti-cancer drugs with holographic incoherent-light-source quantitative phase imaging.

Quantitative Phase Imaging is becoming an important tool in the objective evaluation of cellular responses to experimental treatment. The technique is based on interferometric measurements of the optical thickness of cells in tissue culture reporting on the distribution of dry mass inside the cells. As the measurement of the optical thickness is interferometric, it is not subjected to the Abbe resolution limit, and the use of an incoherent-light source further increases the accuracy practically achieving 0.93nm in optical path difference corresponding to 4.6 femtograms/μm2. Holographic mode reduces the exposure in comparison to phase-shifting or phase-stepping interference microscopy and allows observation of faster dynamics. An attractive application is in the development of novel anti-cancer drugs and there is an important potential for pretesting chemotherapeutic drugs with biopsy material for personalized cancer treatment. The procedure involves the preparation of live cells in tissue culture, seeding them into suitable observation chambers, and time-lapse recording with an adjusted microscope. Subsequent image processing and statistical analysis are essential last steps producing the results, which include rapid measurements of cell growth in terms of dry-mass increase in individual cells, speed of cell motility and other dynamic morphometric parameters.

High-throughput determination of dry mass of single bacterial cells by ultrathin membrane resonators

How bacteria are able to maintain their size remains an open question. Techniques that can measure the biomass (dry mass) of single cells with high precision and high-throughput are demanded to elucidate this question. Here, we present a technological approach that combines the transport, guiding and focusing of individual bacteria from solution to the surface of an ultrathin silicon nitride membrane resonator in vacuum. The resonance frequencies of the membrane undergo abrupt variations at the instants where single cells land on the membrane surface. The resonator design displays a quasi-symmetric rectangular shape with an extraordinary capture area of 0.14 mm2, while maintaining a high mass resolution of 0.7 fg (1 fg = 10−15 g) to precisely resolve the dry mass of single cells. The small rectangularity of the membrane provides unprecedented frequency density of vibration modes that enables to retrieve the mass of individual cells with high accuracy by specially developed inverse problem theory. We apply this approach for profiling the dry mass distribution in Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli cells. The technique allows the determination of the dry mass of single bacterial cells with an accuracy of about 1% at an unparalleled throughput of 20 cells/min. Finally, we revisit Koch & Schaechter model developed during 60 s to assess the intrinsic sources of stochasticity that originate cell size heterogeneity in steady-state populations. The results reveal the importance of mass resolution to correctly describe these mechanisms.

Crescimento e desenvolvimento de língua-de-vaca

Broad-leaved dock is a perennial weed, which infests mainly pastures, annual crops and perennials in the Southern of Brazil. Because it is a perennial plant, control becomes more difficult due to regrowth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and development characteristics of cow-tongue plants in a non-competitive environment. The objective of this work was to monitor phenology and to evaluate the growth and development characteristics of broad-leaved dock plants in the non-competitive environment. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, after the seeds germinated in the BOD chamber, the seedlings were transplanted to pots filled with Cambisol Haplic. Destructive analyzes were performed at 0, 33, 94, 124, 156, 186 and 215 days after transplanting (DAT). The plants were collected separating the aerial part of the root system and the inflorescence, each part of the plant was taken to the drying oven by forced circulation of air for later determination of the dry mass. It was observed that the broad-leaved dock plants present initial growth rather slow. The total dry mass distribution was 56.8% of the total accumulated in the root system, followed by inflorescence (31.6%) and shoot (11.6%). The average number of seeds produced was 3,406 (± 389) per plant.

Establishment of sex-specific reference intervals for automated haematology analyser-delivered research parameters in healthy Korean adults: a retrospective database review

ObjectivesAutomated haematology analysers measure various parameters of relevance to clinical research along with routine complete blood count (CBC)-related components. We aimed to establish ethnicity-specific and sex-specific reference intervals for 26...

Quantitative Phase Imaging of Spreading Fibroblasts Identifies the Role of Focal Adhesion Kinase in the Stabilization of the Cell Rear.

Cells attaching to the extracellular matrix spontaneously acquire front–rear polarity. This self-organization process comprises spatial activation of polarity signaling networks and the establishment of a protruding cell front and a non-protruding cell rear. Cell polarization also involves the reorganization of cell mass, notably the nucleus that is positioned at the cell rear. It remains unclear, however, how these processes are regulated. Here, using coherence-controlled holographic microscopy (CCHM) for non-invasive live-cell quantitative phase imaging (QPI), we examined the role of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and its interacting partner Rack1 in dry mass distribution in spreading Rat2 fibroblasts. We found that FAK-depleted cells adopt an elongated, bipolar phenotype with a high central body mass that gradually decreases toward the ends of the elongated processes. Further characterization of spreading cells showed that FAK-depleted cells are incapable of forming a stable rear; rather, they form two distally positioned protruding regions. Continuous protrusions at opposite sides results in an elongated cell shape. In contrast, Rack1-depleted cells are round and large with the cell mass sharply dropping from the nuclear area towards the basal side. We propose that FAK and Rack1 act differently yet coordinately to establish front–rear polarity in spreading cells.

The relationships between water storage and biomass components in two conifer species.

BackgroundWater storage is a significant physiological index of vegetation growth. However, information on water storage at the individual tree level and its relationship to climatic conditions and productivity is scarce.MethodsWe performed a comparative analysis of water storage using field measurements acquired three age classes of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) and Korean larch (Larix olgensis). The distributions of water storage, water content ratio and dry mass were presented, and regression analyses were used to confirm the relationships of water storage and water content ratio to dry mass components, respectively.ResultsOur results indicated that water was mostly concentrated in the stem xylem, which aligned well with the distribution of dry mass in both conifer species. However, the water storage of the stem xylem was always higher in Chinese fir than in Korean larch. The average water content ratio of both conifer species decreased with age, but that of Chinese fir was always higher than that of Korean larch. There was a significant difference in the water storage proportion in the components of Chinese fir (P < 0.001) and Korean larch (P < 0.001). The effects of age class on the water storage of Chinese fir (P = 0.72) and Korean larch (P = 0.077) were not significant. Interestingly, significant positive linear correlations were found between fine root water and leaf water and mass in Chinese fir (P < 0.001, R2 ≥ 0.57) and Korean larch (P < 0.001, R2 ≥ 0.74). The slopes showing that the linear relationship between tree size and water content ratio of stem xylem were always steeper than that of other components for the two conifers.ConclusionOur study indicates the similar water related characteristics and their close relations to biomass accumulation and growth in both fast growing species at contrasting climates, illustrating the same coherent strategies of fast growing conifers in water utilization.

Potassium Silicate Improves Salinity Resistant and Affects Fruit Quality in Two Strawberry Cultivars Grown Under Salt Stress

ABSTRACTThe response of ‘Kurdistan’ and ‘Paros’ strawberry cultivars to potassium silicate (K2O3Si) under sodium chloride (NaCl) salinity stress was studied in terms of vegetative parameters, sodium (Na) and potassium (K) content and fruit quality. K2O3Si could recover dry mass distribution of NaCl-stressed strawberry organs. Kurdistan cultivar tended to keep higher dry weight of leaves to maintain its photosynthetic apparatus activity. Inhibitory impact of K2O3Si on Na uptake of leaf was more obvious than root. Implementation of K2O3Si in some cases increased Total Soluble Solid (TSS) and Titratable Acidity (TA), which are the main factors determining taste of strawberry fruit. Furthermore, phenols and flavonoids were increased in Paros cultivar by effect K2O3Si under saline and non-saline conditions, respectively. Overall, our data suggest that silicon supply in strawberry plants not only could be used as a routine strategy to maintain growth and yield under salinity but also it could be beneficial for improvement of fruit quality attributes and health-related constituents.Abbreviations: ANOVA: Analysis of Variance; CRD: Completely Randomized Design; DPPH: 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl; FF: Fruit Firmness; LSD: Least Significant Difference; PAL: Phenyl Alanine Ammonia Lyase; ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species; TSS: Total Soluble Solid; TAA: Total Antioxidant Activity; TA: Titratable Acidity; TAC: Total Anthocyanin; TF: Total Flavonoids; TP: Total Phenolics;

Platelet indices as biomarkers for characterization and determination of severity in canine chronic enteropathy

Human studies have shown an association between certain platelet indices and active inflammatory bowel disease when compared to healthy controls. The objectives of this retrospective study were to determine if any platelet indices differ between dogs with chronic enteropathies and healthy age- and sex-matched control dogs and are predictive of the severity of chronic enteropathy based on canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) scores. Medical records for 22 chronic enteropathy-positive dogs and 22 healthy control dogs were reviewed for historical and physical examination findings, platelet indices, and histologic diagnoses of chronic enteropathy. Platelet indices were compared between the groups, and an association between platelet indices and CCECAI scores in dogs with chronic enteropathy was investigated.Chronic diarrhea and weight loss were common clinical signs associated with chronic enteropathy. Lymphoplasmacytic enteritis was the most common histologic diagnosis. Only one platelet index, platelet component distribution width (P = 0.045), was found to be significantly different between the groups. For predicting severity of disease, determined by CCECAI score, statistically significant differences in indices associated with higher scores were platelet count (P = 0.024) and platelet dry mass distribution width (P = 0.036). Only platelet component distribution width showed potential in characterizing dogs with chronic enteropathy compared to normal dogs. Elevated platelet count and decreased platelet dry mass distribution width had a significant effect on total CCECAI scores. These findings suggest further investigation into the utility of platelet indices as predictors of disease presence and severity in dogs with chronic enteropathy is warranted.

Weed Interference on the Accumulation of Dry Mass and Macronutrients of Eggplant ‘Nápoli’

ABSTRACT: The presence of weeds may affect both growth and nutrition of agricultural crops due to interference. The objective was to evaluate the interference of weeds in the dry mass distribution and in the accumulation of dry mass and macronutrients in eggplant. The treatments consisted of increasing weed-free and weedy periods (0-14, 0-28, 0-42, 0-56, 0-70, 0-84, 0-98, 0-112, 0-126, 0-140 and 0-154 days after transplanting) in eggplant ‘Nápoli’. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replicates. Weeds affected the distribution of dry mass between vegetative and reproductive organs of eggplant. There was a significant reduction in the accumulation of dry mass and macronutrients when weeds grew with eggplant crop beyond 42 days after transplanting, reaching the maximum reduction of 79%, 75%, 80%, 82%, 83%, 83% and 80% in the accumulation of dry mass, K, N, Ca, Mg, P and S, respectively. Therefore, the weed community significantly affects the growth and mineral nutrition of eggplant ‘Napoli’, and there should be no weed-crop coexistence beyond 28 days after seedling transplanting.

Quantifying within-plant spatial heterogeneity in carbohydrate availability in cotton using a local-pool model.

Within-plant spatial heterogeneity in the production of and demand for assimilates may have major implications for the formation of fruits. Spatial heterogeneity is related to organ age, but also to position on the plant. This study quantifies the variation in local carbohydrate availability for the phytomers in the same cohort using a cotton growth model that captures carbohydrate production in phytomers and carbohydrate movement between phytomers. Based on field observations, we developed a functional-structural plant model of cotton that simulates production and storage of carbohydrates in individual phytomers and transport of surplus to other phytomers. Simulated total leaf area, total above-ground dry mass, dry mass distribution along the stem, and dry mass allocation fractions to each organ at the plant level were compared with field observations for plants grown at different densities. The distribution of local carbohydrate availability throughout the plant was characterized and a sensitivity analysis was conducted regarding the value of the carbohydrate transport coefficient. The model reproduced cotton leaf expansion and dry mass allocation across plant densities adequately. Individual leaf area was underestimated at very high plant densities. Best correspondence with measured plant traits was obtained for a value of the transport coefficient of 0.1 d-1. The simulated translocation of carbohydrates agreed well with results from C-labelling studies. Moreover, simulation results revealed the heterogeneous pattern of local carbohydrate availability over the plant as an emergent model property. This modelling study shows how heterogeneity in local carbohydrate production within the plant structure in combination with limitations in transport result in heterogeneous satisfaction of demand over the plant. This model provides a tool to explore phenomena in cotton that are thought to be determined by local carbohydrate availability, such as branching pattern and fruit abortion in relation to climate and crop management.

Substratos no desenvolvimento de cultivares de gérbera envasada

The gerbera is a prominent culture that has gained in the Brazilian market of flowers and ornamental plants and there is a great demand for adequate substrates for its production. This study was conducted to evaluate the growth and distribution of dry mass and nitrogen in potted gerbera, depending on the substrates and cultivars. Experimental design was randomized blocks in a 5x2 factorial arrangement (5 substrates and 2 cultivars). Red and Cherry cultivars were evaluated at 1, 15, 29, 43 and 50 days of acclimation (DAA) to the leaves number, leaf area, dry mass of aerial parts (leaf and flower) and accumulation of nitrogen. From 29 DAA, the inflorescence has established as the drain and has contributed significantly to the total dry mass. The accumulation of nitrogen was similar in vegetative and reproductive periods. The traits evaluated varied depending on the substrate used, influenced by physical and chemical properties of the same. The growth, dry matter and nitrogen distribution potted gerbera cultivars Cherry and Red are influenced by physical and chemical characteristics of substrates, with better results in substrates with bulk density of less than 530 kg m-3 and pH values between 5.5 and 6.8

Dynamic phase differences based on quantitative phase imaging for the objective evaluation of cell behavior

Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) brought innovation to noninvasive observation of live cell dynamics seen as cell behavior. Unlike the Zernike phase contrast or differential interference contrast, QPI provides quantitative information about cell dry mass distribution. We used such data for objective evaluation of live cell behavioral dynamics by the advanced method of dynamic phase differences (DPDs). The DPDs method is considered a rational instrument offered by QPI. By subtracting the antecedent from the subsequent image in a time-lapse series, only the changes in mass distribution in the cell are detected. The result is either visualized as a two dimensional color-coded projection of these two states of the cell or as a time dependence of changes quantified in picograms. Then in a series of time-lapse recordings, the chain of cell mass distribution changes that would otherwise escape attention is revealed. Consequently, new salient features of live cell behavior should emerge. Construction of the DPDs method and results exhibiting the approach are presented. Advantage of the DPDs application is demonstrated on cells exposed to an osmotic challenge. For time-lapse acquisition of quantitative phase images, the recently developed coherence-controlled holographic microscope was employed.

Crescimento e nutrição mineral de Urochloa arrecta

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de analisar o crescimento e a distribuição de matéria seca e os teores e acúmulos dos macronutrientes em plantas de Urochloa arrecta cultivadas em condições padronizadas de nutrição mineral. As plantas cresceram em vasos de sete litros com substrato de areia, irrigados diariamente com solução nutritiva, e foram mantidas em casa de vegetação. Os tratamentos corresponderam às épocas de avaliação (21, 35, 49, 63, 77, 91, 105, 119, 133, 147 e 161 dias após a emergência – DAE) e foram arranjados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Plantas de U. arrecta apresentaram baixo acúmulo (menor que 7% dos valores máximos acumulados aos 161 DAE) de matéria seca (5,1 g MS por planta) e de macronutrientes (57,7 mg N por planta; 8,9 mg P por planta; 167,8 mg K por planta; 21,3 mg Ca por planta; 14,7 mg Mg por planta; e 9,2 mg S por planta) até 49 DAE. Esses acúmulos se intensificaram principalmente após 91 DAE; a taxa diária de acúmulo foi crescente até 130 DAE (MS e S), 137 DAE (N), 125 DAE (P), 119 DAE (K), 144 DAE (Ca) e 128 DAE (Mg), quando houve acúmulo de 87,7 g MS por planta; 918,0 mg N por planta; 105,8 mg P por planta; 1.643,9 mg K por planta; 390,4 mg Ca por planta; 200,0 mg Mg por planta; e 103,5 mg S por planta. K e N foram os macronutrientes com os maiores teores e, consequentemente, mais requeridos e acumulados em maior quantidade nos tecidos vegetais de plantas de U. arrecta.

Wheat bran biorefinery – An insight into the process chain for the production of lactic acid

The present study investigates a wheat bran biorefinery including major processing steps pre-extraction, pre-treatment and lactic acid fermentation. Concerning the dry mass distribution, during the pre-extraction 32% of the feedstock was recovered, offering some perspectives for applications in food area. The pre-treatment (hydrothermal/enzymatic hydrolysis) of the remaining cake solubilized 34% of dry mass and led to a fermentable sugar concentration of 21g/L. The fermentation resulted in a lactic acid yield of 0.73g/g substrate. Concentrating the fermentation feed via nanofiltration did not improve the lactic acid productivity. Taking into account that Lactobacillus pentosus, a heterofermentative microorganism was used, the dry mass balance revealed a product yield of 47% (32% extract, 15% lactic acid). Based on a theoretical consideration involving a cellulolytic enzyme production (10% feedstock allocation) and lignin utilization, under optimized conditions a maximum product yield of around 80% (35% extract, 39% lactic acid, 6% lignin) could be expected.

Fuel Element Combustion Properties for Live Wildland Utah Shrubs

Current field models for wildfire prediction are mostly based on dry or low-moisture fuel combustion research. To better study the live fuel combustion behavior, a laminar flow flat-flame burner was used to provide a convection heating source to ignite an individual live fuel sample. In this research project, four Utah species were studied: Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), canyon maple (Acer grandidentatum), big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), and Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma). Leaf geometrical parameters measured included individual leaf total mass, thickness, leaf width, leaf length, and moisture content. Time-stamped images of combustion behavior along with time-dependent mass data were recorded via a LabVIEW system. Combustion characteristics were determined by an automated MATLAB routine modified for analyzing Utah species images of burning fuel samples, including time to ignition, time of flame duration, time to maximum flame height, time to burnout, and maximum flame height. Qualitative results included various combustion phenomena like bursting, brand formation, and bending. Sparks accompanied with leaf material bursting out were observed for Utah juniper sample combustion mostly before ignition, especially for segments cut from the top of the branch. Quantitative results included exploration of the best prediction equations for leaf geometrical properties and combustion characteristics. A beta distribution was used to predict the distribution of dry mass. Multiple linear regressions were performed on other leaf geometrical properties and combustion characteristics. Minimized Bayesian information criterion (BIC) value models were achieved by stepwise regression analysis and compared to the previous empirical prediction models.

Crescimento e nutrição mineral de Sida rhombifolia

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de analisar a produção e a distribuição de massa seca e os teores e os acúmulos dos macronutrientes em plantas de guanxuma (Sida rhombifolia) cultivadas em condições padronizadas de nutrição mineral. As plantas cresceram em vasos de sete litros com substrato de areia, que foram irrigados diariamente com solução nutritiva e mantidos em condições de casa de vegetação. Os tratamentos corresponderam às épocas de avaliação (21, 35, 49, 63, 77, 91, 105, 119 e 133 dias após a emergência - DAE) e foram arranjados em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. As plantas de guanxuma apresentaram pequeno acúmulo de massa seca (0,3 g por planta) e de macronutrientes (6,9 mg N por planta; 0,7 mg P por planta; 8,6 mg K por planta; 4,9 mg Ca por planta; 2,6 mg Mg por planta; e 0,3 mg S por planta) na fase vegetativa (&lt;49DAE). Esses acúmulos se intensificaram, principalmente, após 63 DAE; a taxa diária de acúmulo foi crescente até 94 DAE (massa seca - MS), 89 DAE (N e P), 98 DAE (K), 95 DAE (Ca e S) e 93 DAE (Mg), quando houve acúmulo de 26,3 g MS por planta, 402,6 mg N por planta, 45,6 mg P por planta, 359,3 mg K por planta, 337,6 mg Ca por planta, 71,9 mg Mg por planta e 20,9 mg S por planta. N e K foram os macronutrientes com maiores teores e, consequentemente, mais requeridos e acumulados em maior quantidade nos tecidos vegetais das plantas de guanxuma.