Distribution Of Cholinesterase Research Articles

CHOLINESTERASES IN THE HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSIAL NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEM OF THE WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW, ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS GAMBELII.

The distribution of cholinesterases in hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system of the White-crowned Sparrow has been examined histochemically. The perikarya of the neurosecretory cells of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei have a high acetylcholinesterase activity. Acetylcholinesterase activity also occurs in the cells of the infundibular nucleus. The proximal parts of the axons of the cells of the neurosecretory and infundibular nuclei have strong acetylcholinesterase activity and weak non-specific cholinesterase activity. In the median eminence, the activity of acetylcholinesterase is strongest in the palisade layer. In the pars nervosa, there is definite, although weak, acetylcholinesterase activity.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHOLINESTERASES IN THE SENSORY GANGLIA OF MAN AND OF SOME MAMMALS

The distribution of cholinesterases in the cranial and spinal sensory ganglia was investigated in the cat, guinea-pig, rat, mole and man using a modified Koelle's histochemical technique. It was found that the cytoplasm of the sensory nerve cells contained acetylcholinesterase in all species, but the concentration of the enzyme varied from cell to cell. Nerve fibers gave a negative acetylcholinesterase reaction in the cat and guinea-pig, and a weak to moderate positive reaction in the rat, mole and man. Non-specific cholinesterase was only found in the sensory ganglia of the cat and guinea-pig. In human sensory ganglia, it was found during the fetal life but not after birth. The sensory ganglia of the rat were found to be nearer to those of man than the ganglia of the cat or guinea-pig in respect of cholinesterase distribution. It is suggested that the variations in acetyl-cholinesterase activity among different nerve cells may signify the existence of several cell types in the sensory ganglia. The role of intracytoplasmic cholinesterase in the sensory nerve cells is discussed.

The histochemistry of the cholinesterases in the central nervous system of susceptible and resistant strains of the house-fly,Musca domesticaL., in relation to diazinon poisoning

SummaryThe distribution of cholinesterases hydrolysing acetyl- and butyrylthiocholine in the brain and thoracic ganglion ofMusca domesticaL. was examined histochemically in untreated flies, and in flies poisoned with diazinon (O,O-diethyl 0–2–isopropyl–4–methyl–6–pyrimidinyl phosphorothioate) of both susceptible and resistant strains.The inhibition of cholinesterase after poisoning was, to a greater or lesser extent, confined to the peripheral region of the ganglia, and to other specific areas such as the suboesophageal ganglion and lamina ganglionaris. The extent of inhibition increased with increasing doses of poison, and increasing time after treatment. The degree of inhibition could be broadly correlated with the condition of the fly; badly affected or moribund flies having less active cholinesterase than living and unaffected flies. Together with these areas of more or less complete inhibition were other areas, especially in the neuropile or synaptic regions, in which there remained large amounts of active enzyme. Active enzyme was still present in these areas 24 hours after apparent death of the fly. Total inhibition of cholinesterase throughout the central nervous system was rarely seen, even after very high doses of diazinon causing over 99 per cent. kill.Inhibition did not occur in the ganglia of living flies of a diazinon-resistant strain after a dose which caused inhibition and death in the normal susceptible strain. With 25 times this dose, causing approximately 99 per cent, kill in the resistant flies, cholinesterase was inhibited in them also, although to a somewhat lesser extent than in the susceptible flies given a comparable lethal dose.The data provided strong evidence that if death is caused by inhibition of cholinesterase of the nervous system it is due to local inhibition and not to generalised inhibition.

56 Cholinesterase distribution in the sympathetic nervous system of the cat

56 Cholinesterase distribution in the sympathetic nervous system of the cat

Cholinesterase in the chicken nervous system.

WHILE making a topographical survey of the distribution of cholinesterases in the spinal cord and brain stem of the chicken in relation to the question of the selective neurotoxicity of certain organophosphorus compounds, we were led to make a comparison in four laboratory mammals (to be published). Koelle1 had shown histochemically in the rat that considerable variation exists in the cholinesterase content of neurones from one centre to another. Hebb2 also recognized in mammals neurones where the cholinesterase was for the most part intracellular (cholinergic) and neurones where it was largely distributed on the neuronal membrane (cholinoceptive). In contrast to this variability in mammals, the distribution of cholinesterase in chicken neurones is strikingly uniform.

Intracellular distribution of cholinesterase in the anterior horn cells of rat

Intracellular distribution of cholinesterase in the anterior horn cells of rat

Distribution of cholinesterase within the kidney of the domestic fowl.

DURING investigations in this laboratory it was noticed that the distribution of cholinesterase within the fowl kidney was not uniform. The following observations are recorded in view of the sparse information regarding cholinesterases in the bird. The nomenclature of Augustinsson and Nachmansohn1 is used throughout.

Studies on the Neurohumoral Theory-Continued

The distribution of monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity in digestive canal of dogs had previously been investigated histochemically after Takamatsu's potassium tellurite method, on the standpoint of the neurohumoral theory, comparing with the distribution of cholinesterase (ChE) activity after Koelle's thiocholine method.In muscle layer, media of artery and gland cells, MAO activity was moderately positive and ChE activity was almost negative, while nerve fibers around those tissues showed intense activity of ChE and extremely poor activity of MAO. In Meissner's plexus, MAO activity was poor or almost negative generally in digestive canal. Auerbach's plexus revealed, on the contrary, positive activity in various degrees. Auerbach's plexus of esophagus, especially ina the lower part, showed high activity of MAO and contained many“nuclear positive type”nerve cells, which demonstrated not only high activity in the cytoplasm but marked positive reaction outwardly in the nuclei, and which was characteristic of sympathetic ganglia. In Auerbach's plexus of the stomach, moderate activity of MAO was demonstrated, but“nuclear positive type”cells could hardly be found except in a few groups of nerve cells in the upper part of the cardia. In Auerbach's plexus of the small intestine, moderate activity was observed as was shown in the stomach, but“nuclear positive type”cells were not yet demonstrated. Marked activity of ChE was found generally in nerve cells and fibers both of Meissner's and Auerbach's plexus.Based on these results, this time, distributions of both enzymes in ganglia and nerve fibers concerning the innervation of esophagus, in nerve plexus and effector tissues of esophageal wall were investigated in detail.Further study was also presented, on the histochemical changes in five cases of cardiospasm surgically resected, and a consideration was given about etiology of the disease.

Patterns of Myo-neural Junctions and Cholinesterase Activity in the Muscles of Tadpoles of Xenopus laevis

ABSTRACT A simultaneous coupling azo dye technique has been used to reveal the distribution of cholinesterase activity in the musculature of the developing tadpole of Xenopus laevis. The use of inhibitors and a less convenient but more specific histochemical technique confirmed that only true cholinesterase distribution was being demonstrated; and a study of silver-impregnated material proved that this azo dye technique provides a very convenient method of following the development of the patterns of myo-neural junctions in the striated muscles of this tadpole. A wide variety of patterns is seen in the various muscles; in the axial musculature the muscle-fibres become innervated at their ends from myocommatal plexuses and never acquire endings along their length; broad muscular sheets, as in the walls of the branchial and abdominal cavities, are also first innervated terminally from the septa but later acquire secondary patterns of innervation over their surfaces; while in long narrow muscles the main innervation is along the lengths of the fibres. These different patterns of innervation are correlated with the functions of the various types of muscle. It is suggested that terminal innervation may be a special adaptation to permit rapid establishment of neurogenic activity, the pattern of endings of the more usual type forming when the need for precisely co-ordinated reflexogenic activity arises. In some muscles, the azo dye technique reveals a profuse multiple innervation of the fibres which are assumed to be of the so-called ‘slow type’ known to exist in some amphibian muscles.

A diazo coupling method for the electron microscopic localization of cholinesterase.

The presence of cholinesterase at the myoneural junction of intercostal muscle has been demonstrated in both light and electron microscopic preparations. A new simultaneous diazo coupling technique using alpha-naphthyl acetate as substrate and "hexazonium pararosanilin" as coupler has been applied to cold formalin-fixed tissues. After postfixation in buffered osmium tetroxide the sites of esterase activity are faithfully demonstrated at a high level of resolution. The details of cholin-esterase distribution and some technical aspects of the procedure are discussed.

The histochemical appearances of cholinesterase in the parotid salivary gland of the rat.

1. The distribution of cholinesterase in the parotid salivary gland has been studied histochemically in 21 mature rats. 2. A large amount of true and pseudo cholinesterase activity was found to be present throughout the cytoplasm of the secretory cells. 3. Cholinesterase activity was also seen in moderate amounts in the nerve trunks accompanying the inter- and intralobular ducts and blood vessels. 4. Postganglionic sympathectomy was found to have no effect on the activity of cholinesterase in the secretory cells and nerve trunks. 5. The significance of these findings is discussed.

Specific demonstration of acetylcholinesterase and non-specific cholinesterase in the adrenal gland of the rat

Distribution of cholinesterase in the adrenal medulla of the rat was studied using acetylthiocholine, butyrylthiocholine and α-naphtyl acetate as substrates and eserine, di-isopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), 1:5-bid-(4-trimethylammoniumphenyl)-pentan-3-one di-iodide (62. C. 47) and tetra-isopropylpyrophosphoramide (iso-OMPA) as inhibitors.

The distribution of cholinesterase in the adrenal glands of the rat, cat and rabbit.

The distribution of cholinesterase in the adrenal glands of the rat, cat and rabbit.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHOLINESTERASE IN THE SUBMAXILLARY AND SUBLINGUAL SALIVARY GLANDS OF THE RAT

1. The distribution of cholinesterase in the submaxillary and sublingual salivary glands has been studied histochemically in 24 mature rats. 2. A small amount of true cholinesterase was found in the nuclei and cytoplasm of the duct cells but was absent from the acinar cells. 3. True cholinesterase was present in the nerve trunks accompanying the intra and interlobular ducts of both glands but the concentration was less in the nerves supplying the sublingual gland. 4. True cholinesterase was also found to be present in the form of a fine network around the acini of both glands but was much less evident around the acini of the sublingual gland. 5. The significance of this cholinesterase network in relation to the mode of termination of the nerve fibres to the different secretory cells of the glands is discussed.

Histochemical appearances of cholinesterase in the submaxillary of sublingual salivary glands of the rat.

DESPITE the researches of Babkin1 and others, no definite conclusions have been reached with regard to the relative part played by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres in the regulation of salivary secretion or the exact mode of termination of the fibres in the vicinity of the secretory units of the glands. It was considered that a histochemical study of the distribution of cholinesterase in the sub-maxillary and sublingual salivary glands of the rat might shed light on the problem.

Histology and cytochemistry of human skin; the distribution of cholinesterase in the finger of the embryo and the adult.

The Journal of PhysiologyVolume 134, Issue 1 p. 202-206 ArticleFree Access Histology and cytochemistry of human skin. The distribution of cholinesterase in the finger of the embryo and the adult Evelyn B. Beckett, Evelyn B. BeckettSearch for more papers by this authorG. H. Bourne, G. H. BourneSearch for more papers by this authorW. Montagna, W. MontagnaSearch for more papers by this author Evelyn B. Beckett, Evelyn B. BeckettSearch for more papers by this authorG. H. Bourne, G. H. BourneSearch for more papers by this authorW. Montagna, W. MontagnaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 29 October 1956 https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1956.sp005636Citations: 54AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume134, Issue1October 29, 1956Pages 202-206 RelatedInformation

The distribution of cholinesterases in cats and changes caused by hypophysectomy, adrenalectomy, undernutrition and DOCA.

Summary.1. The cholinesterase activity of the “true” and “pseudo” types of homogenized submaxillary gland, gastro‐intestinal mucosa and liver was determined in five groups of cats: 1) normal, 2) hypophysectomized, 3) adrenalectomized, 4) adrenalectomized maintained on DOCA, 5) undernourished.2. In normal cats the choliiiesterase of the submaxillary gland is predominantly of the “true” type, in the liver the “pseudo” type only could be found, in the gastric mucosa the “pseudo” type prevails beside merely detectable amounts of “true” esterasc. while the mucosa of the small intestine is abundant in both types of esterase.3. Hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy are followed by a coilsiderable increase in the concentrations of “true” and “pseudo” cholinesterase in the salivary gland. Similar changes occur in the intestinal mucosa after adrenalectomy, while they are absent in the liver and gastric mucosa.4. In adrenalectomized cats treatment with DOCA possibly had a slight (statistically not significant) effect in lowering the cholinesterase levels of the salivary gland towards normal, while no such effect was observed in the intestinal mucosa.5. In cats on reduced food a decrease in both types of esterase activity was found in the mucosa of the small intestine, whereas in the salivary gland, gastric mucosa and liver no changes were detectable.

Quantitative determination of acetylcholinesterase activity in individual nerve cells.

MOST of our knowledge concerning the topical distribution of cholinesterases in the mammalian nervous system is derived from studies on tissue sections by various histochemical methods. In order to obtain more detailed information about the localization of this enzyme in the neurone, a modified thiocholine method1 has now been applied to single cells dissected out from living tissues2. Quantitative data regarding the cholinesterase contents in individual nerve cells are, however, still lacking.

The distribution of cholinesterase in the chromaffine cell.

The distribution of cholinesterase in the chromaffine cell.

The distribution of cholinesterase in the frog brain.

The distribution of cholinesterase in the frog brain.