Angle Distribution Research Articles

Effect of Tool Shoulder Profile on Grain and Texture Development in the Weld Interface Zone of Friction-Stir-Welded Dissimilar AA2024/AA7075 Joints

Friction-stir-welded dissimilar AA2024/AA7075 joints have an apparent influence on grain and texture development at the weld interface due to differences in physical and chemical properties between the two aluminum alloys. In this work, the effect of tool shoulder profile on grain structure and texture evolution in the center interface zone (CIZ) and bottom interface zone (BIZ) of dissimilar AA2024/AA7075 joints were quantitatively studied by electron back-scattering diffraction (EBSD). The results indicate that abundant fine and coarse equiaxial grains are produced in the CIZ and BIZ of the joints produced with a concentric circle shoulder (CCS) and three-helix shoulder (THS), and the average grain size of the BIZ is lower than that of the CIZ for the same CCS or THS joint. A higher degree of recrystallization occurs in the CIZ of the joint with a CCS than that of the joint with a THS, while a similar degree of recrystallization is presented in the BIZ of the two joints. For the distribution of local misorientation angle between the two sides of the interface in the same CCS or THS joint, the CIZ manifests relatively uniform behavior, while the BIZ presents the characteristics of uneven distribution. Tool shoulder profile has a significant impact on the texture components at the weld interface, which results in different types of shear textures generated in the CIZ and BIZ of the two joints. It is beneficial to make out the microstructural evolution mechanism at the weld interface in dissimilar FSW joints for engineering applications in this study.

Texture mapping of warp knitted shoe upper based on ARAP parameterization method

Abstract In order to realize the design of the warp knitted upper based on the three-dimensional shoe model, this study investigates the texture mapping technique based on angle-preserving and area-regularizing as-rigid-as-possible (ARAP) parameterization. The ARAP algorithm, based on both partial and global considerations, is utilized to parameterize the 3D mesh. Moreover, detailed methods for calculating 3D vertex adjustments and selecting seam lines during the unfolding process are provided. Additionally, discrete harmonic and parametric optimization unfolding algorithms are employed to enhance texture mapping quality. To reduce mesh distortion, the results of discrete harmonic parameterization are used as inputs for ARAP parameterization, making the mapping effect more natural and reducing the number of required optimizations. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method maintains a balanced distribution of angles and areas while minimizing conformal distortions, thereby achieving superior texture mapping.

Age-Related Changes in Lens Elasticity Contribute More to Accommodative Decline Than Shape Change.

To determine whether lens biomechanical or geometric changes contribute to the decline in the accommodative capacity of the human eye, and to examine any differences in zonular function between different age groups. Eighteen finite element whole eye models were developed to simulate the accommodative process. Six models were constructed in each of the two age cohorts, from the fourth and the sixth decades of life using data from ex vivo human lenses. An additional six models combining the material properties of lenses from the fourth decade with the geometry of those from the sixth decade were included. Optical lens models developed based on the results of mechanical simulations were used to calculate the central optical power (COP). The change in COP was significantly greater for both the fourth-decade models and the mixed models compared with the sixth-decade models. The rates of the change in geometric parameters relative to the increment of change in COP in the mixed models were greater than those in the fourth-decade models. The distribution of zonular force was consistent across all three groups. However, the sixth-decade models and mixed models exhibited similar distributions of zonular angles, both of which were greater than those in the fourth-decade models. Both biomechanical and geometric age-related changes contribute to the accommodative decline, with the material property manifesting a more substantial impact. Age-related changes in the lens do not influence the distribution of zonular tension, but do affect the angles that the zonule makes with the lens surface.

PhiSiCal-Checkup: A Bayesian framework to validate amino acid conformations within experimental protein structures

As structural biology and drug discovery depend on high-quality protein structures, assessment tools are essential. We describe a new method for validating amino-acid conformations: "PhiSiCal ([Formula: see text]al) Checkup." Twenty new joint probability distributions in the form of statistical mixture models explain the empirical distributions of dihedral angles [Formula: see text] of canonical amino acids in experimental protein structures. Marginal and conditional probability distributions for subsets of dihedral angles are derived from these joint mixture models. Together, these distributions are employed to measure rapidly the information-theoretic "favorability" of any proposed experimental protein structure. The inferred statistical models and measures overcome several shortcomings and afford improvements over the current state of the art in amino-acid conformation verification. Experimental comparisons are made against current protein conformation verification software. In a number of examples, we pick up outliers that are invisible to current methods. We also calculate, as part of verification, the sensitivity of favorability to small changes in a proposed structure accounting for the precision of coordinates. In some cases a near neighbor of a proposed amino-acid conformation may be either less or more favorable. This raises the question, is the current reliance on fixed "thresholds" for validation a good thing? PhiSiCal-Checkup is freely available for online and offline (open-source) use from https://lcb.infotech.monash.edu.au/phisical/checkup.

Cholesterol-ester prevents lipoprotein core from solidifying: Molecular dynamics simulation.

As an important part of lipid metabolism the liver produces large particles called very low density lipoproteins, filled mostly with triglyceride and cholesterol esters mixture. A large percentage of the mixture composition components has a melting point above physiological temperature. Thus solid cluster formation or phase transition could be expected. Though various single-component triglyceride systems are well researched both experimentally and by various simulation techniques, to our best knowledge, tripalmitin/cholesteryl-palmitate binary mixture was not yet studied. We study tripalmitin single component system, as well as 20%-80% and 50%-50% binary mixtures of cholesteryl-palmitate and tripalmitin using molecular dynamics approach. All systems are studied at the pressure of 1 atm and the physiological temperature of 310 K, which is below the melting points of both tripalmitin and cholesteryl-palmitate. Our results show that at the time of 1000 ns, there is still no phase transition, but there is a noticeable tendency to intermolecular organizing and early signs of clustering. We check fatty acid arrangements of tripalmitin molecules in both single component system and binary mixtures with two different percentages of cholesteryl-palmitate mixed in. Our results show that the more cholesteryl-palmitate molecules are in the mixture the smaller number of tripalmitin molecules transitions to 'a fork/chair' configuration during the same calculation time. Calculated angle distributions between fatty acid chains of tripalmitin molecules confirm that. Thus, our simulation results suggest slowing down or interfering effect of cholesteryl-palmitate on the crystallizing process of the binary mixture.

STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALLINE AND POLYCRYSTALLINE CR MODELS: A MOLECULAR DYNAMIC STUDY

In this paper, the structural properties of crystalline and polycrystalline Cr have been investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. The interaction between atoms is modeled via the MEAM potential. Periodic boundary conditions are applied in the x, y, and z directions. The structural characteristics are analyzed through the total energy function, heat capacity, radial distribution function, and angle distribution. Dynamics are evaluated through the analysis of mean squared displacement and diffusion coefficient. The results show that the melting temperature of crystalline Cr is higher than that of polycrystalline Cr, indicating that the polycrystal melts earlier. This information is important when considering material applications in high-temperature environments.

Crushing and energy absorption behavior of self-similar nested hierarchically hexagonal honeycomb

To enhance the impact resistance of honeycomb structures, this article proposes a novel self-similar nested honeycomb structure (SNHRH) by incorporating self-similar ribs within the honeycomb framework. Finite element simulations and experimental validations were conducted using Abaqus software. The results from the out-of-plane crushing tests demonstrate that the SNHRH exhibits superior energy absorption capabilities compared to conventional honeycomb structures, hierarchical multifunctional chiral metamaterials, and spider-web hierarchical honeycombs. Furthermore, the enhanced energy absorption characteristics of the SNHRH-1 are not merely attributable to the incorporation of internal cytokinetic elements; rather, they arise from the interactions among these internal components, which result in more pronounced plastic deformation at the intersections. To further elucidate the impact of geometric parameters on the crashworthiness of the proposed honeycomb structure, this study analyzes the significant effects of relative density, rib angle, and thickness ratio distribution. The accuracy of the finite element simulation results was verified through compression tests. The findings indicate that relative density is positively correlated with energy absorption, specific energy absorption, initial peak crash force, and crushing force efficiency. An increase in relative density corresponds to higher energy absorption and specific energy absorption while maintaining constant wall thickness. Notably, within the same type of honeycomb structure, higher orders exhibit improved energy absorption performance. Specifically, the energy absorption of SNHRH-4 was found to be 88.63% greater than that of SNHRH-1.

Tuning planar transverse domain wall dynamics in bilayer nanostructures using transverse magnetic fields, Rashba, and spin-Hall effects

Abstract This work deals with the tunability of a planar transverse domain wall with an arbitrary azimuthal angle, achieved by applying a transverse magnetic field of tunable strength and fixed orientation. To be precise, we investigate the static and dynamic features of a planar transverse domain wall within a bilayer nanostructure consisting of a ferromagnetic layer and a non-magnetic heavy metal layer, employing the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation as our theoretical framework. The domain wall dynamics are analyzed through the collective coordinate method and regular perturbation asymptotic approach, accounting for the combined effects of axial and transverse magnetic fields, spin-polarized electric currents, Rashba effect, and spin-Hall effect. Our study comprehensively analyses the planar transverse domain wall profile, characterized by sharply defined boundaries between adjacent domains and a precise distribution of the transverse magnetic field. In addition, we detail the linear polar angle distribution within the domain wall region, the capability to freely tune the domain wall width, and the enhanced domain wall velocity in steady-state regime. The analytical results are further numerically illustrated, offering valuable insights into manipulating and controlling domain wall dynamics.

A 3D Surface Reconstruction Pipeline for Plant Phenotyping

Plant phenotyping plays a crucial role in crop science and plant breeding. However, traditional methods often involve time-consuming and manual observations. Therefore, it is essential to develop automated, sensor-driven techniques that can provide objective and rapid information. Various methods rely on camera systems, including RGB, multi-spectral, and hyper-spectral cameras, which offer valuable insights into plant physiology. In recent years, 3D sensing systems such as laser scanners have gained popularity due to their ability to capture structural plant parameters that are difficult to obtain using spectral sensors. Unlike images, point clouds are not structured and require pre-processing steps to extract precise information and handle noise or missing points. One approach is to generate mesh-based surface representations using triangulation. A key challenge in the 3D surface reconstruction of plants is the pre-processing of point clouds, which involves removing non-plant noise from the scene, segmenting point clouds from populations to individual plants, and further dividing individual plants into their respective organs. In this study, we will not focus on the segmentation aspect but rather on the other pre-processing steps, like denoising parameters, which depend on the data type. We present an automated pipeline for converting high-resolution point clouds into surface models of plants. The pipeline incorporates additional pre-processing steps such as outlier removal, denoising, and subsampling to ensure the accuracy and quality of the reconstructed surfaces. Data were collected using three different sensors: a handheld scanner, a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), and a mobile mapping platform, under varying conditions from controlled laboratory environments to complex field settings. The investigation includes five different plant species, each with distinct characteristics, to demonstrate the potential of the pipeline. In a next step, phenotypic traits such as leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), and leaf angle distribution (LAD) were calculated to further illustrate the pipeline’s potential and effectiveness. The pipeline is based on the Open3D framework and is available open source.

Coil-Library-Derived Amino-Acid-Specific Side-Chain χ1 Dihedral Angle Potentials for AMBER-Type Protein Force Field.

The successful simulation of proteins by molecular dynamics (MD) critically depends on the accuracy of the applied force field. Here, we modify the AMBER-family ff99SBnmr2 force field through improvements to the side-chain χ1 dihedral angle potentials in a residue-specific manner using conformational dihedral angle distributions from an experimental coil library as targets. Based on significant deviations observed for the parent force field with respect to the coil library, the χ1 dihedral angle potentials of seven amino acids were modified, namely, Val, Ser, His, Asn, Trp, Tyr, and Phe. The new force field, named ff99SBnmr2Chi1, was benchmarked against NMR-derived χ1 rotamer populations of denatured proteins, overall resulting in much better agreement and without any noticeable adverse consequences on the quality of the simulation of folded proteins. The new force field should allow more realistic modeling of protein side-chain properties by MD of both folded and unfolded protein systems, such as for the better in-silico characterization of protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions.

Effective radius of a contact diffusion-controlled reaction between small solutes and a polymer chain.

The aim of this study was to develop a formula for estimating the effective radius of a diffusion-controlled irreversible contact reaction between diffusing solutes and a nonlinear immobile polymer molecule. Analytical expressions for the reaction radius were obtained that took into account averaging over conformations for chains with arbitrary segment-to-segment angles and distributions of dihedral angles. A comparison of the analytical results with the results of computer stochastic modeling of the reaction showed good agreement over a wide range of parameters. Based on an analysis of these expressions, parameter ranges were established in which it was possible to use either the linear chain or Gaussian coil approximation to describe the reaction kinetics. A comparison of several distributions over chain lengths showed that, as a first approximation, the radius of reaction can be estimated as that for a chain corresponding to the number-averaged molecular weight. Results of earlier experimental studies on charge scavenging by polymer molecules have been explained.

Characterization of the ion angle distribution function in low-pressure plasmas using a micro-electromechanical system

In recent years, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMSs) have found broad applications in various sensors. However, aside from quartz crystal microbalances, they have not yet been utilized in plasma analysis. Building on previous work with piezoelectric MEMS, the functionality of a MEMS-based sensor system capable of measuring the ion angular distribution function on the wafer holder surface is demonstrated. To enable this functionality, an array of high aspect ratio holes was added to the tiltable silicon plate of a piezoelectric MEMS. These holes allow for the filtering of incoming ions based on their angle perpendicular to the surface of the tiltable element. An algorithm was developed to fit the width and mean of the ion angular distribution function (IADF) based on the RMS ion current for various MEMS amplitudes. Compared to previously used methods for measuring the IADF, the MEMS presented in this paper represents a significant miniaturization. This work is the first to successfully characterize the angular distribution function of ions using a MEMS.

Effect of spatial variability of soil properties on slopes stability under rapid water drawdown conditions

Stability analysis of slopes is a fundamental problem of Soil Mechanics. Its main objective consists of evaluating the potential failure of the slope structure under a prescribed loading mode. A major component of the latter refers to the seepage forces induced by pore-pressure gradient, which is known to be responsible of destabilizing effects. This contribution employs a kinematic approach of limit analysis theory to obtain upper-bounds solutions to the stability problem of saturated slopes submitted to rapid water level drawdown. Random fields are used to model the uncertainty surrounding the spatial distribution of soil cohesion, friction angle, and permeability. In the context of effective stress governing the strength capacities of the soil material, it is shown that the seepage forces related to the water flow regime can be considered as external volumetric loads in the assessment of stability. The hydraulic problem governing the water filtration velocity is evaluated by resorting to an analytical variational approach, whose results are validated by comparisons with finite element solutions. The impact of hydraulic-related parameters on stability is first investigated for slopes within a deterministic framework. Subsequently, random fields are considered to take into account the variability related to the spatial distribution of the material properties, which are discretized using the Karhunen-Loève expansion with numerically computed eigenfunctions. The failure probability of slopes is assessed through Monte Carlo simulations. Several analyses have been performed to discuss the influence of the spatial variability of relevant problem parameters.

A local synergy angle of velocity, temperature and pressure fields for enhancement of comprehensive heat transfer performance

The field synergy principles for convective heat transfer and flow resistance are integrated in this study. A local three-field synergy angle of velocity, temperature and pressure fields is proposed to evaluate the local comprehensive performance of heat transfer and pumping power consumption. The angle is based on the polar angle of a plot with dot products of velocity and enthalpy/total pressure gradients, respectively, as coordinates. The polar angle is then shifted by the observation that the enhancement of heat transfer rate at the cost of pumping power decreases from the second quadrant to the forth quadrant. The application of the synergy angle is demonstrated by examples of flow and heat transfer in channels with different fin structures. Inspired by the distribution of the synergy angle, Airfoil-Rect fin and Rhom-Rect fin structures are designed, which can improve the heat transfer rate with constraints of pumping power consumption. The present study provides a possible approach for heat transfer enhancement.

DESIGN OF HIGH HEAD RUNNERS OF FRANSIC TURBINES

The energy characteristics of the hydroturbine, reflecting the total effect of the interaction of the flow with the working bodies, allow us to judge the operation of the machine as a whole. Information about the energy qualities of individual elements of the flow space is provided by the energy balance. Using the data of the energy balance, it is possible to identify the most favorable conditions for the joint operation of the elements of the flow space, that is, to achieve their agreement to increase the level of efficiency – the most important energy indicator of the hydroturbine. In order to improve the energy performance of the designed hydroturbine, various analyzes are conducted, that is, the dependence of the kinematic and energy characteristics of the hydroturbine on its geometric parameters is investigated. Such an analysis is carried out to find the most rational options for the flow space. The paper presents the design of the flow space of the high head hydroturbine FR400, performed with the help of programs developed at the department "Hydraulic machines named after G. F. Proskura". The method of energy characteristics analysis, based on the application of dimensionless parameters, is described. To improve the energy indicators at the preliminary stage of the hydro turbine design, multivariate calculations of the influence of the geometric indicators of the runner on the formation of the energy indicators of the hydroturbine are carried out. To substantiate and analyze the results, a predictive universal characteristic of the hydroturbine is built. To analyze the formation of energy characteristics of hydroturbines, the general kinematic properties of spatial lattices, as well as the general regularities of the interaction of the fluid flow with the runner, were used. The analysis of energy losses in the flow space of the high head turbine Francis: the spiral case, the guide vane, the runner and the draft tube at the optimal operating mode of the hydroturbine, as well as the analysis of the effect of the geometric elements of the runner on the changes in energy losses in the flow space, was performed. The given results of the calculation study confirm that in order to increase the level of efficiency, while maintaining the indicators of the optimal mode, it is necessary to change both the position of the starting edge of the impeller and the law of the distribution of angles along it.

Hadronic rescattering to solve the helicity puzzle in B+→pp¯π+(K+) decays

We explore the contribution of hadronic final state interactions (FSI) to propose a production mechanism and interpret the puzzle on helicity angle distributions in B+→pp¯π+ and B+→pp¯K+ decays. Experimental results indicate opposite helicity angle θp distributions in those two channels with the difference presenting a remarkable linear dependence on cosθp. We assume the production mechanism is driven by B+→xym+→pp¯m+, where m=π or K, and xy represents favorable mesonic decay channels producing pp¯. We develop a model that includes a three-body final state interaction between the p,p¯, and π+ or K+ considering the dominance of elastic channels π+p and K+p¯ interactions below 2 GeV/c2. Our three-body framework with FSI explains qualitatively the observed opposite behavior of the helicity distributions and the observed linearity. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Evidence of Magnetic Reconnection in Ganymede's Wake Region From Juno.

Magnetic reconnection has been commonly reported between the solar wind IMF and the magnetic field of Earth and other planets. A similar phenomenon is expected between Jupiter's magnetosphere and Ganymede's mini magnetosphere inside the Jovian magnetosphere. This article is the first report of a reconnection event in the tail region of Ganymede. We present compelling evidence that Juno flew in close proximity to an X-line, that was not within the tail current sheet, but rather in the turbulent wake area of Ganymede. We report the observation of distinctive electron Bernstein mode waves with unique characteristics particular to a separatrix region of the reconnection site. We detect a clear reversal of a magnetic field component. Electron densities and pitch angle distributions also indicate that Juno possibly traversed the inflow, and outflow region surrounding the separatrix region. Finally, from the time sequence of the observations by the different instruments on Juno, we reconstruct a likely trajectory of Juno around the reconnection site.

Research on Unbalanced Vibration Characteristics and Assembly Phase Angle Probability Distribution of Dual-Rotor System

This paper addresses the complex issue of vibration response characteristics resulting from the unbalanced assembly of the double rotors in the 31F aero-engine. The study investigates the vibration response behavior of the dual-rotor system through the adjustment of rotor assembly phase angle. Initially, a dynamic model of the four-disk, five-pivot dual-rotor system is established, with its natural frequencies and vibration modes verified. The influence of size and the position of the unbalance on the vibration amplitude in the dual-rotor system is analyzed. Additionally, the probability distribution of the assembly phase angles for both the compressor and turbine sections of the low-pressure rotor is examined. The results indicate that for the low-pressure rotor exhibiting excessive vibration, adjusting the assembly phase angle of the rotors’ system’s compressor or the turbine section by 180 degrees leads to a vibration qualification rate of 70.1435%. This finding is consistent with the observations from the field experience method used in the former Soviet Union. Finally, corresponding experimental verification is conducted.

Carbon Back Electrode Added SnO2 Nanoparticle for Scalable Multiporous-Layered-Electrode Perovskite Solar Cells

Fully printable carbon-based multiporous-layered-electrode perovskite solar cells (MPLE-PSCs) has long-term stability, because the thick carbon layer (~15 μm) can be protected the perovskite light absorption crystals from ambient water and oxygen [1-5]. This allows MPLE-PSCs to be manufactured in air, and scale-up is possible when used in conjunction with printing technologies. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is lower than that of general thin-film type perovskite solar cells. To solve this problem, we need to introduce high-quality perovskite light-absorbing crystals inside the porous layer by controlling the permeation and crystallization process of the perovskite precursor solution. In this study, it was found that by mixing SnO2 in the mesoporous carbon electrode, the SnO2 acts as an inorganic binder and helps the perovskite precursor solution to penetrate. MPLE-PSCs with a sub-module size of 15.17 cm2 active area were also fabricated using this SnO2-mixed carbon electrode.In order to fabricate MPLE-PSCs, a hole blocking layer (compact-TiO2) layer was deposited on the FTO (fluorine-doped SnO2) glass substrate by the spray pyrolysis method. Then, electron transport layer (mesoporous TiO2), insulation layer (mesoporous ZrO2) and hole transport layer/back contact electrode (mesoporous carbon) were coated by screen printing method. Finally, the perovskite precursor solution ((HOOC(CH2)4NH3)0.05(CH3NH3)0.95PbI3, 1.2 mol/L in γ-butyrolactone) was dropped and annealed to complete the MPLE-PSCs [1].Analysis of the pore size distribution of the carbon electrode, contact angle, and elemental distribution in the cross-section of the MPLE-PSCs showed that mixing SnO2 changed the morphology of the carbon electrode and allowed the perovskite precursor solution to penetrate throughout the mesoporous electrode. The PCE of MPLE-PSCs mixed with SnO2 was found to be 11.02 % at the optimum ratio (15 wt% SnO2 to carbon powder). Furthermore, the PCE of a sub-module fabricated with the same material achieved 9.03 %. This value represents a significant improvement by 22.9 % compared to the pristine-carbon case.[1] A. Mei, et al., Science 345, 295 (2014).[2] R. Tsuji, et al., Electrochemistry 88, 418 (2020).[3] R. Tsuji, et al., Photonics 7, 133 (2020).[4] D. Bogachuk, et al., Carbon 178, 10 (2021).[5] E. Kobayashi, et al., Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2, 100648 (2021).

MARTINI Coarse-Grained Force Field for Thermoplastic Starch Nanocomposites.

Thermoplastic starch (TPS) is an excellent film-forming material, and the addition of fillers, such as tetramethylammonium-montmorillonite (TMA-MMT) clay, has significantly expanded its use in packaging applications. We first used an all-atom (AA) simulation to predict several macroscopic (Young's modulus, glass transition temperature, density) and microscopic (conformation along 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic linkages, composite morphology) properties of TPS melt and TPS-TMA-MMT composite. The interplay of polymer-surface (weakly repulsive), plasticizer-surface (attractive), and polymer-plasticizer (weakly attractive) interactions leads to conformational and dynamics properties distinct from those in systems with either attractive or repulsive polymer-surface interactions. A subset of AA properties was used to parametrize the MARTINI-2 coarse-grained (CG) force field (FF) for the melt and composite systems. The missing bonded parameters of amylose and amylopectin and the bead types for 1-4 and 1-6 linked α-D glucose were determined using two-body excess entropy, density, and bond and angle distributions in the AA TPS melt. This new MARTINI-2 CG model was also compared with the MARTINI-3 model for the TPS melt. However, the requirement of a polarizable water model necessitates the use of MARTINI-2 FF for the composite system. This liquid-liquid partitioning-based FF shows freezing and compaction of polymer chains near the clay surface, further accentuated by lowering of dispersive interactions between pairs of high-covalent-coordination ring units of TPS polymers and the montmorillonite sheet. A rescaling of the effective dispersive component of TPS-MMT cross interactions was used to optimize the MARTINI-2 FF for the composite system with structural (chain size distribution), thermodynamic (chain conformational entropy and density), and dynamic (self-diffusion coefficient) properties obtained from long AA simulations forming the constraints for optimization. The obtained CG FF parameters provided excellent estimates for several other properties of the melt and composite systems not used in parameter estimation, thus establishing the robustness of the developed model.