Distribution Network Area Research Articles

Study on” Distribution and Promotion of Amul Fresh Product” at Amul

This internship report explores the distribution and promotion strategies of Amul Fresh Products, a leading Indian dairy brand. The report examines the company's extensive distribution network, including urban, semi-urban, and rural areas, and the role of distributors, retailers, and wholesalers in ensuring timely delivery and maintaining product freshness through an efficient cold chain system. The report also explores Amul's promotional strategies, including TV and print advertisements, digital campaigns, and in-store promotions. It emphasizes the use of traditional and digital media to enhance brand visibility and engage with a diverse consumer base. The report also highlights the importance of consumer feedback and market research in shaping Amul's marketing efforts. Overall, the experience highlights the effectiveness of Amul's distribution channels and innovative promotional tactics in maintaining its strong market presence.

A resilience‐oriented restoration framework for multi‐area active distribution network following a disaster

AbstractA disaster disrupts energy trading between the distribution network (DN) and autonomous areas in the multi‐area active distribution network (MA‐ADN). Since these areas are self‐interested agents, the energy transaction cost between them should be considered when determining the grid restoration scheme. In this regard, a new three‐level resilience‐oriented restoration (TLROR) framework is proposed to optimally schedule available tie‐lines, and distributed energy resources (DERs) in the MA‐ADN, considering the autonomy and privacy of their ownership. In the first level of the proposed TLROR, an electrical price vector (EPV) is created with the contribution of different areas. In the second level, each area should calculate the amount of imported active and reactive power from the DN through its tie branches and save it in the transactive power list (TPL). Finally, at the third level, the transactive energy market is cleared by the DN operator considering economic issues and operating limits. The proposed method provides energy transactions between independent agents to enhance MA‐ADN resiliency, with the least information sharing, and privacy preserving. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified using the modified IEEE 33‐bus MA‐ADN and a part of the DN in the Pol‐e Dokhtar in the Lorestan province of Iran.

Broadband Signal Measurement Method in the Background of Power Electronics in Substation Area of Distribution Network

Broadband Signal Measurement Method in the Background of Power Electronics in Substation Area of Distribution Network

Pemilihan Lokasi Prioritas Pelayanan Penyaluran Air Limbah di Kabupaten Cianjur Dengan Metode Skoring dan Pembobotan

The increase in population in Cianjur Regency has begun to be significant. Inadequate urban sanitation systems make people dispose of their domestic waste carelessly into the nearest river or water body resulting in environmental pollution. One way to reduce these problems is to build an adequate domestic wastewater distribution system. The planning of a domestic wastewater distribution system in an area must be accompanied by the selection of the best location to increase the effectiveness of environmental pollution prevention. Priority service areas are selected based on 5 available criteria, namely: Population density, Topography, Clean water distribution network, Sanitation condition, and Slum area. The method of determining priority areas used is the scoring and weighting method. The results obtained are 3 priority zones so that it can be determined which sub-district is the planning area, namely Cianjur District.

Hierarchical and partitioned planning strategy for closed-loop devices in low-voltage distribution network based on improved KMeans partition method

To improve the reliability of power supply, this paper proposes a hierarchical and partitioned planning strategy for closed-loop devices in low-voltage distribution network. Based on the geographic location and load situation of the distribution network area, an improved KMeans partition method is used to partition the area in the upper layer. In the lower layer, an intelligent algorithm is adopted to decide the numbers and placement locations of mobile low-voltage contact boxes and mobile seamless closed-loop load transfer devices in each partition with the goal of the highest closed-loop safety, the greatest improvement in annual power outage amount and the lowest cost. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed strategy are proved by an example.

Distribution network optimization: predicting computation times to design scenario analysis for network operators

AbstractThe increased use of renewable energies promotes decarbonization and raises the load on power distribution networks, forcing responsible distribution network operators to re-evaluate and re-design their networks. Infrastructure planners employ a rolling-horizon planning procedure with frequent recalculations to face informational uncertainty, which require solving multiple scenarios. Keeping complexity manageable is particularly challenging as distribution network areas may span multiple cities and counties. In this study, we focus on infrastructural decomposition, where the distribution network is decomposed into multiple parts and planning problems, which are then optimized separately. However, infrastructure planners lack the knowledge of how they should design a scenario analysis for a subnetwork to account for informational uncertainties subject to limited planning time and computing resources. Based on empirical requirements from literature and discussions with experts, we present a novel mixed integer linear optimization model that allows to use exact solution approaches for realistic large-scale distribution networks. Our approach considers the primary and secondary distribution network in an integrated way and designs a flexible topology for high reliability power distribution. We perform extensive computational experiments and a sensitivity analysis to determine correlations between the values of model parameters and computation times required to solve the resulting model instances to optimality. The results of the sensitivity analysis indicate that the combination of the number of buses, lines and the considered action scope have a considerable influence on the solving time. In contrast, a higher number of available transformers led to a better solvability of the model. From these computational insights, we derive implications for infrastructure planners who wish to perform scenario analysis for planning their power distribution networks.

Research on Power Security in Key Areas of Urban Distribution Network

To solve the problem that the voltage and current of power consumption in key areas of urban distribution networks exceed the safe range of power consumption, research on power consumption security in key areas of urban distribution networks is carried out. Under the condition of the feeder N-1 criterion, the maximum power supply capacity model of the urban distribution network is established. The theory of feeder interconnection is introduced to determine the security region of the distribution network. The security response is carried out for power users in key areas, and a new power security scheme is proposed. The example proves that the application of the safety guarantee scheme can control the voltage and current in the key areas of urban distribution networks within a safe range, and improve the overall operation safety of urban distribution networks.

Comparative Analysis on the DMA Partitioning Methods Whether Trunk Mains Participated

In recent years, the District Metered Area (DMA) of water distribution networks (WDNs) has become a major development trend in the water leakage control area. It has significant value in the active leakage control and pressure management of WDNs. This study comments on two DMA partitioning methods (Scheme A and B, previously introduced in another paper) and compares three aspects of their respective performances to elucidate their respective strengths and weaknesses. Scheme A partitions all the network nodes, whereas Scheme B only partitions the remaining network nodes, except the trunk mains. Whether the trunk mains participated in the partitioning process is the key distinction between the two approaches. There is little relevant research that compares and analyzes the effects of the above two methods. This paper applies these two types of partitioning methods to a case network. The respective performances in three aspects, namely economy, water quality, and leakage control, were evaluated and compared. For economy, Scheme A is more economical than Scheme B, saving about 15.34%. For water quality, Scheme B is the best partitioning method because it reduces water age better than Scheme A does. For leakage control, Scheme B has a drop of 19.46%, which is better than Scheme A (a decline of 15.12%) in comparison to the initial leakage.

Study on a comprehensive voltage quality control scheme of distribution network areas in the context of “photovoltaic power stations for poverty alleviation”

Study on a comprehensive voltage quality control scheme of distribution network areas in the context of “photovoltaic power stations for poverty alleviation”

Construction of Operation Portraits Based on a Cloud Model for Power Distribution Networks

With the high proportion of new energy access in power distribution networks, the operation of distribution networks becomes more uncertain and complex. The mechanism on how to extract features that embody the full perspective of the distribution network from the diverse and varying conditions is of great significance to master the operating property of distribution networks under the high proportion of new energy. This study investigates the portrait construction of power distributions. A data-driven method of portrait construction for a distribution network based on a cloud model is proposed. First, the indexes describing the operation of the medium voltage distribution network (MVDN) and low-voltage station area (LVSA) are established. By means of statistics, fuzzy label templates are provided for the indexes. Then, based on the daily monitoring power grid data, the operation index is calculated to form the collected samples, and the reverse cloud generator is used as the data-driven method to process the samples, and the fuzzy model of cloud parameter representation is obtained. Finally, the fuzzy distance between the obtained fuzzy model and the label template is calculated, and the scores of operation indexes are obtained, thus forming a portrait method of distribution network operation behavior. Taking the IEEE 33 distribution network and real distribution network as examples and taking the LVSA as an example, it is verified that this method can effectively construct the distribution network operation portrait.

Distribution network regional opportunity maintenance model design considering total supply capability upgrade of distributed power

Abstract Because the existing maintenance models are not statistically analyzed, the maintenance effect is not ideal. Therefore, a distribution network area opportunistic maintenance model considering the total supply capability promotion of distributed generation is designed to achieve the total supply capability promotion and reduce the network loss rate after maintenance. Considering multiple time scales, the distribution network total supply capability model is constructed, and the improved repetitive power flow algorithm is used to count the model; taking the total supply capability model as the reliability basis of the distribution network system, and the maximum power supply capacity as the goal, the regional opportunistic maintenance model of total supply capability promotion is constructed, and the model is used to determine the area to be repaired, fully considering the reliability requirements of the distribution system, and combining with the node depth coding technology and the simulation Genetic algorithm optimizes the network structure, realizes the network reconfiguration, and completes the model solution. Through the analysis of the actual data, using this model to repair the regional equipment of distribution network can obtain good maintenance results. After the completion of maintenance, the network loss rate is low, but the total supply capability is high, which has good maintenance effect.

Analysis of interconnected configuration for penetration of distributed generation

This paper visualizes the feasibility of the proposed interconnected distributed power system configuration, which aims at incorporating the electricity generation from renewables and to cater to low voltage areas of radial distribution network. The shortcoming of existing traditional radial systems is inconsistent load distribution and technical viability in incorporating renewable sources without disturbing the power system. Sustainable development is achieved with improvement in the prevailing distribution system. Maximum potential benefits in terms of demand-supply balance and integrating renewables can be achieved by selecting properly placed and optimally sized distributed generation sources in a distribution network. The generation facility is selected as per the geographical profile of the location and placed on the weakest node. The weakest node is the low voltage profile region where the maximum output of the integration of power sources is beneficial. In this paper, the ZIP model-based methodology is applied to feeder loads on the data set of the distribution grid of the National University of Science & Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan. The comparative analysis is performed on a radial network of NUST distribution grid and compared with a simulated interconnected distribution system of the same distribution network on MATLAB software as a case study to observe the performance of interconnected power systems. This analysis results in better voltage profiles for interconnected networks, compared to radial networks. That said, incorporating a Distributed Generation (DG) source in the interconnected network builds a substantial impact on the distribution system voltage profile. The efficacy of the proposed interconnected system confirms the performance improvement of the distribution power system. The VSI values for interconnected systems give better results which is further justified by the machine learning algorithm, Logistic regression. The simulation results indicate that the Interconnected system encourages penetrations of solar, wind, gas turbine, and other renewable sources near the low voltage end in the distribution system. © 2021 Bilal Asghar Farooqi et al.

Modeling of Electric Vehicle Charging Load in Different Areas of Distribution Network

This paper presents a method of forecasting and modeling of electric vehicle charging load in different regions of distribution network. Firstly, the fixed factors affecting the charging load of electric vehicles are analyzed. The electric vehicles are divided into pure electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and the charging equipment is divided into ordinary charging equipment and fast charging equipment. Then, the behavior characteristics and psychological factors of electric vehicle users are considered as the random factors influencing the charging load, the investigation statistics and hypotheses are carried out. Finally, the distribution network is divided into different regions, and the charging load model of each region is established based on Monte Carlo simulation. The established model shows that with the increase of penetration rate of electric vehicles in the future, large-scale charging into the power grid will cause impact load in different regions of the distribution network at different times, which provides some reference for the suppression of voltage fluctuation in distribution network.

Decentralized Local Energy Trading in Microgrids With Voltage Management

Local energy trading in microgrids is one of the emerging concepts in the area of distribution networks. A proper business model is required to manage local energy trading. The pricing mechanism is crucial because the agreed energy price determines the benefits of local energy trading. Designing a proper pricing mechanism with a specific objective considering the privacy of agents and respecting physical network constraints is a challenging task. This article proposes a decentralized algorithm for local energy trading in microgrids with an integrated pricing mechanism considering welfare maximization and network voltage management through local information exchange among neighbors. The proposed algorithm guarantees that the energy transactions do not violate voltage constraints in a physical network and agents' privacy is preserved. A two-stage approach is proposed to achieve fast convergence and increase the practicability of the algorithm. The simulation results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Characterizing the Reserve Provision Capability Area of Active Distribution Networks: A Linear Robust Optimization Method

Distributed energy resources (DERs) installed in active distribution networks (ADNs) can be exploited to provide both active and reactive power reserves to the upper-layer grid (i.e., sub-transmission and transmission systems) at their connection point. This paper introduces a method to determine the capability area of an ADN for the provision of both active and reactive power reserves while considering the forecast errors of loads and stochastic generation, as well as the operational constraints of the grid and DERs. The method leverages a linearized load flow model and introduces a set of linear scenario-based robust optimization problems to estimate the reserve provision capability (RPC) area of the ADN. It is proved that, under certain assumptions, the RPC area is convex. The performance of the proposed method is tested on a modified version of the IEEE 33-bus distribution test system.

Impact of Recloser on Protecting Blind Areas of Distribution Network in the Presence of Distributed Generation

The protection relay issues increase with the penetration of distributed generation (DG) units in distribution networks. Blind protection, sympathetic tripping and failure of reclosing are the frequent problems that are created by adding DG to the distribution networks. This research focuses on the impact of reclosers on overcurrent relay blind protection areas with DGs embedded in the distribution network. The protection blinding in overcurrent relays leads to a delay or non-tripping of the relay. The conventional solution for the blinding issue is to increase the sensitivity in the relay settings. The variation of relay settings may cause problems in the distribution network. This paper investigates the effect of reclosers on eliminating blind areas and improves the reliability in the presence of DG. In this way, possible blind points of the case study are detected, and recloser relays are then installed in appropriate locations. The case study is based on realistic data of a distribution network. The DG consists of two generators with a capacity of 4 MW. The simulation is performed in DIgSILENT software.

Mapping the distribution network of a government non-cash food assistance in Kulon Progo Regency using geospatial information system

Indonesia government provides non-cash food assistance to people. Every household gets rice and egg in the equivalent of IDR 110,000 per month. In Kulon Progo Regency, the number of recipients amounted to around 53,000 households. Rice and eggs to be distributed should come from local farmers and breeders. The delivery is conducted by e-Warong, a community-owned small kiosk. However, the location of rice supplier and e-Warong have not been known. This paper aims to describe the mapping of these parties and analyze their spatial implication. The following geospatial data: administrative boundary, road network, and digital elevation model (DEM). List of recipients, e-Warong and Gapoktan were provided by the Social Agency of Kulon Progo Regency. Mobile Topographer apps were used to map the location of 13 rice suppliers, 111 e-Warongs, and parts of household recipients. Egg suppliers are not mapped because for each month each E-Warong can change suppliers, adjusting the availability of eggs. They were processed using spatial analysis operation. The result is maps of the distribution network and service area. Spatially and visually, the inequality of the distribution network is evident. This inequality is caused by distance and topography, factors that were not visible in the textual data currently in used. Where the E-Warong area in the northern part of the district is a plateau or hilly which makes mobility more difficult than E-Warong in the southern part which is a lowland. GIS has been used to create maps of the distribution network in visually attractive and spatially descriptive models.

Optimal layout of pressure monitoring points in water supply network based on Optics

It is necessary to monitor the pressure in the networks in real time, when we face the problem of pipe burst and leakage in urban water supply network. Therefore, it is particularly important to arrange pressure monitoring points in appropriate places in the pipeline networks. The pressure monitoring point layout is often based on similar degree of the node pressure data in the current stage. A method of optimal pressure monitoring point location in the urban water distribution networks was proposed in this paper. Since the above method did not consider spatial properties of network node. The original feature matrix data is constructed by acquiring the spatial attributes of the pressure monitoring nodes and calculating the non-spatial attributes of the nodes. The original feature matrix data will be normalized. Then the Optics clustering algorithm is used to cluster the normalized node feature matrix data to determine the location and number of pressure monitoring points in monitoring area of urban water distribution networks. Experimental results show that the method effectively ensures that the pressure monitoring points can grasp the pressure information of the whole water supply network more comprehensively and rationally, improves the economy of the pressure monitoring points layout, and provides good guidance for the actual layout of pressure monitoring points in municipal water distribution networks.

Minimizing area of VLSI power distribution networks using river formation dynamics

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the application of river formation dynamics to size the widths of power distribution network for very large-scale integration designs so that the wire area required by power rails is minimized. The area minimization problem is transformed into a single objective optimization problem subject to various design constraints, such as IR drop and electromigration constraints.Design/methodology/approachThe minimization process is carried out using river formation dynamics heuristic. The random probabilistic search strategy of river formation dynamics heuristic is used to advance through stringent design requirements to minimize the wire area of an over-designed power distribution network.FindingsA number of experiments are performed on several power distribution benchmarks to demonstrate the effectiveness of river formation dynamics heuristic. It is observed that the river formation dynamics heuristic outperforms other standard optimization techniques in most cases, and a power distribution network having 16 million nodes is successfully designed for optimal wire area using river formation dynamics.Originality/valueAlthough many research works are presented in the literature to minimize wire area of power distribution network, these research works convey little idea on optimizing very large-scale power distribution networks (i.e. networks having more than four million nodes) using an automated environment. The originality in this research is the illustration of an automated environment equipped with an efficient optimization technique based on random probabilistic movement of water drops in solving very large-scale power distribution networks without sacrificing accuracy and additional computational cost. Based on the computation of river formation dynamics, the knowledge of minimum area bounded by optimum IR drop value can be of significant advantage in reduction of routable space and in system performance improvement.

Distributed Intelligent System for Self-Healing in Smart Grids

More and more consumers of electricity demand services with the highest quality standards. One of these standards that have been required is the continuity of services as well as the speedy recovery after a power outage. With the advent of smart grids, the problems of distribution systems are attacked and systemic reliability indexes are improved. It occurs as a result of the automation that has been taking place in these systems. This paper aims to present a contribution in the area of self-healing distribution networks in the event of a permanent short-circuit wherein a systemic reconfiguration is necessary. The proposed strategy, based on distributed intelligence, allows the signals to propagate between the recovery switches, without these switches requiring a large range of communication. It occurs because the sign of a switch broadcasts on the network through communication between adjacent switches to establish an optimized switching solution. This strategy has been tested in a real network and in a large distribution network for simple, sequential, and multiple short-circuits.