Distribution Index Values Research Articles

Analisis Tingkat Pertumbuhan Perumahan (Studi Kasus : Kecamatan Natar dan Kecamatan Jati Agung)

Population growth and new activity center development give impact on enhancement of residential demand. That demand always improves without be accompanied land availability and that can impact urban sprawl. The research locations are Natar and Jati Agung Sub-district which are designated as urban housing area, located on the outskirts of Bandar Lampung City. Activities will encourage the growth of demand of the private residential property thus this also encourage the building of residential area. The purpose of the research is to identify residential growth rate in the research locations. The research is conducted by using deductive approach. Data is collected by observation, interview, and literature review. Data is analyzed by using spatial analysis methods, nearest neighbor analysis, qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. The result of research explains that the highest residential growth rate in Natar Sub-district is 109.44% in 2017 and in Jati Agung Sub-district is 110.50% in 2019. Cluster residential pattern in Natar Sub-district with distribution index value (T) is 0.760346 tends to grow on the primary arterial road. While the same pattern shown in Jati Agung Sub-district with the distribution index value (T) is 0.817923 and tends to grow among new activities center in the South of Jati Agung Sub-district.

Preparation of multicolor microcapsules and their application in smart color-switching textiles

Spiropyran and spiroxazine photochromics have attracted increasing attention in optical data storage, optical switches, and anti-counterfeiting for decades. To expand the applications of spiropyran and spiroxazine, the durability and multi-color changes of spiropyran and spiroxazine still need to be explored. In this article, based on the subtractive principle of dyes, multi-color spiropyran and spiroxazine microcapsules with uniform particle sizes were prepared by the interfacial polymerization method via using compounds (spiropyran and spiroxazine) of different colors as the core material, and polyurethane as the shell material. Among them, toluene diisocyanate and polyethylene glycol constitute the hard and soft segments of polyurethane, respectively. The color of spiropyran and spiroxazine microcapsules can effectively switch between color and colorless, showing excellent photo fatigue resistance. The average particle size of microcapsules is 2.951 µm, and the particle distribution index value is 0.314, which shows the particle size is small and uniform. The maximum thermal decomposition temperature is 426°C, demonstrating good thermal stability. The hydrophobic photochromic fabric was prepared by coating multi-color spiropyran and spiroxazine microcapsules on cotton knitted fabric and hydrophobic treatment. The hydrophobic photochromic fabric is hydrophobic and stain resistant, and exhibits multi-color dynamic switching and long-lasting use. After 50 cycles of washing, the water contact angle of the fabric remains about 109°, showing its good washing resistance and water repellency. In addition, spiropyran and spiroxazine microcapsules are also applied in template and screen printing to impart rich and dynamic color-changing effects to fabrics, fabricating photochromic fabrics. Photochromic fabrics have potential applications in civilian and military fields.

Energy Production of Solar DSF for Ceiling-Mounted Localized Air Distribution Systems in a Virtual Classroom

This paper presents an application of energy production in a solar Double Skin Facade (DSF) used in a Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system for a ceiling-mounted localized air distribution systems in a virtual classroom. In this numerical work, a virtual classroom, an inlet ceiling-mounted localized air distribution system, an exhaust ventilation system, and a DSF system are considered. The numerical simulations consider an integral building thermal response (BTR) and a coupling of an integral human thermal-physiology response (HTR) and differential computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The BTR numerical model calculates, among other parameters, the DSF indoor air temperature and energy production. The HTR numerical model calculates, among other parameters, the human thermal comfort. The CFD numerical model, among other parameters, calculates the indoor air quality. In this study which is performed for winter conditions, the energy produced in the DSF is used for driving the HVAC system. Six different airflow rates are used. The air temperature and energy production in the DSF are also evaluated. The influence of the airflow rate on the HVAC system performance is evaluated by the Air Distribution Index for mid-morning and mid-afternoon conditions. The results show that energy production reduces when the airflow increases and the operating point can be selected using the acceptable levels of thermal comfort and air quality levels or using the maximum Air Distribution Index value. In this study, the application of the thermal comfort and air quality levels criteria demonstrates that the HVAC system uses an optimum airflow rate.

Peran Sektor Pertanian Dalam Perekonomian Provinsi Banten

Development of agriculture until nowdays played important role in Banten province eonomy. this research aims to analyze the role of economic sector in Banten province and analyze the linkages of economic sectors to other economy sector in banten province. the analytical method used in this reseach quantitative analysis using input-output analysis. the analysis showed that livestock subsector has a higher value backward lingkages is 1.5319. Meanwhile plantfood sector has a higher value forward lingkage in agriculture sector is 1,6734. livestock subsector are the only one subsector in agriculture who has distribution index value and sensitivity of dispersion (>1) and in first quadran.

Keanekaragaman Dan Distribusi Makroinvertebrata Di Perairan Hulu Tukad Cangkir Dan Tukad Pakerisan Kabupaten Gianyar

Cangkir and Pakerisan are two rivers which are located in Gianyar-Bali Regency, each with a length of 23 km (54.58 km2 of watershed area) and 34.5 km (58.33 km2 of watershed area). These two rivers empties into Lebih Beach that each has a species diversity and abiotic factors. At the upstream of the rivers were occupied by tourism activities that can affect the ecosystem. This study aims to determine the diversity and distribution of macroinvertebrates in the two rivers. Sampling stations were situated at upstream area with 5 stations and 3 replications (15 points) on each river. Sample identification was carried out at the Laboratory of Water Resources Management, Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Udayana University. It was found four species, namely Littorina carinifera, Melanoides torulosa, Parathelphusa convexa, and Bellamya javanica. At upstream of Cangkir and Pakerisan rivers had species of random category distribution pattern with the Morisita Distribution Index value that equal to one. Physical and chemical factors had a major influence on the ecological conditions of the two rivers. The environmental conditions that consisting of substrate type, several physical and chemical parameters were unable to support the life of various biota species found in these aquatic ecosystems.

Study on clothing insulation distribution between half-bodies and its effects on thermal comfort in cold environments

Clothing is important for keeping the human body warm in cold environments. In Fanger's predicted mean vote (PMV) model, clothing insulation is a single input parameter that describes the dressing status of the whole body. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of the clothing insulation distribution between half-bodies. The distribution index (DI) was defined to describe the uneven level of the clothing insulation distribution. An experiment with 20 subjects and 9 different clothing conditions was conducted in a climate chamber. Subjects were asked to be sedentary and wear specified sets of garments in a 20 °C environment. The thermal insulation values of the garment sets were measured by using a thermal manikin. The nine clothing conditions were divided into four groups. Although their thermal insulations were very close, the DI values were quite different in each group. Subjective evaluations of thermal comfort were collected, and seven-point skin temperatures were measured. To investigate this topic with a wider temperature range and greater clothing diversity, a one-year continuous field study was conducted with 18 subjects. The results indicated that the subjective thermal evaluations were different when the clothing insulation levels were close and the DI values were different. Sets of garments with a lower DI were more likely to lead to lower thermal sensation vote (TSV) and more subjects preferring a warmer environment. Clothes with an uneven DI (<0.75 or >1.25) and less clothes on the lower body (DI < 1) made people more sensitive to cold environments.

Effects of selenium combined with zinc amendment on zinc fractions and bioavailability in calcareous soil.

Selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) are two important trace elements for human being and animals. The interaction between Se and Zn on the bioavailability of Zn in soil is still unclear. Therefore, pot experiments exposed to different dosages of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) (0, 20, and 50mg/kg soil) and sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5mg/kg soil) were conducted to investigate the effects of selenite application on Zn bioavailability in calcareous soil and its related mechanisms. The total Zn content of different tissues (roots and shoots) of pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) and the changes in Zn fraction distribution in soil before planting and after harvest were determined, and the mobility factor (MF) and distribution index (DI) of Zn in soils were calculated. In addition, the Pearson correlation and path analysis were conducted to clarify the relationships between Zn fractions in soil and the Zn uptake of pak choi. Results showed that Se amendment elevated soil Zn bioavailability at appropriate levels of Se and Zn. When 1.0 and 2.5mg/kg of Se and 20mg/kg of Zn were applied in soil, the proportion of exchangeable Zn (Ex-Zn) and Zn weakly bound to organic matter (Wbo-Zn) to the total content of Zn was significantly increased by 28.14%-82.52% compared with that of the corresponding single Zn treatment. Therefore, the Zn concentration in the shoots of pak choi was significantly increased by 27.2%-31.1%. High Zn (50mg/kg) and Se co-amended treatments showed no significantly beneficial effect on the bioavailability of Zn. In addition, the potential available Zn content in soil (weakly bound to organic matter and carbonate bound Zn) and MF and DI values were all positively correlated with the Zn concentrations in pak choi, indicating that these indexes can be used to predict the bioavailability of Zn in soil. This study can provide a good reference for Se and Zn biofortification of plants in calcareous soil.

Distribution patterns and the biomass of bivalves at Segoro Tambak estuary, Sedati, Sidoarjo, East Java

Indonesia's marine waters have a variety of flora and fauna species that live and associate therein. This study used the observation method and a descriptive analysis. The results showed that the bivalvia distribution pattern in Segoro Tambak Estuary looks diverse with a distribution index value <1 which was in the range of 0.3 - 0.4. The highest average bivalve biomass was temporarily at 2.02 ton/km2, which was in March, and the lowest was 0.95 ton/km2 in January. The highest total average density was temporally 6 ind/10m2 in March and the lowest was 3 ind/10m2 in February. Low wind and current speeds in March caused the highest density and biomass in March. The content of the organic matter such as BOD was in the range of 33.38 to 53.89 mg/l from the threshold of <20 mg/l and the COD was in the range of 242.6-643.11 mg/l from the threshold of 80 mg/l. This far exceeds the threshold, but bivalves can still live in these waters because bivalves are aquatic bioindicators. Bivalve life at Segoro Tambak Estuary is also supported by muddy substrate conditions that are suitable for bivalve life.

Distribution Patterns and Biomass of Bivalve in Juanda and Segoro Tambak Estuary in Sedati, Sidoarjo, East Java

Indonesian waters have a variety of Hora and fauna species that live and associate therein. According to Yunus (2008) and Zarkasyi et al. (2016), the bivalvia group as an organism is generally found in marine waters, especially coastal areas or intertidal areas and is widely used by most people. This research used an observation method with descriptive analysis. The results show that the bivalvia distribution pattern in Juanda and Segoro Tambak rivers’ estuaries looks consistent with a distribution index value of <1, which is in the range of 0.3-0.5. The highest average bivalve biomass is temporally at 2.02 ton/km2 in March at Segoro Tambak station and the average biomass value of the lowest bivalves is temporally at 0.65 ton/km2 in January at Juanda station. The highest total average density is temporally at 6 ind/10m2 in March at Segoro Tambak station and the lowest density value is 3 ind/10m2 in February at Segoro Tambak station.

The distribution patterns and biomass of bivalves in Segoro Tambak estuary, Sedati, Sidoarjo, East Java

Indonesia's marine waters have a variety of flora and fauna species that live and associate therein. This study used an observation method with a descriptive analysis. The results showed that the bivalvia distribution pattern in Segoro Tambak Estuary looked diverse with a distribution index value of <1 which was in the range of 0.3 - 0.4. The highest average bivalve biomass was temporally at 2.02 ton/km2 in March, and the lowest biomass was 0.95 ton/km2 in January. The highest total average density was 6 ind/10m2 in March and the lowest was 3 ind/10m2 in February. Low wind and current speeds in March caused the highest density and biomass. The content of the organic matter was the following: BOD in the range of 33.38 to 53.89 mg/l from the threshold of <20 mg/l and COD in the range of 242.6-643.11 mg/l from the threshold of 80 mg/l. This showed very high values and far exceeded the threshold, but bivalves can still live in these waters because bivalves are aquatic bioindicators. The bivalve life of Segoro Tambak Estuary is also supported by muddy substrate conditions that are suitable for bivalve life.

Dynamics of phosphorus content and the activity of phosphatase in forest soil in the sustained nitrogen compounds emissions zone

This paper summarizes research work on the seasonal and profile dynamics of phosphorus content and the activity of phosphatase in soil next to the nitrogen industry. The results are presented of the total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) content and the alkaline phosphatase (AlP) and acid phosphatase (AcP) against the basic physicochemical properties (clay, pH, total organic carbon, total nitrogen). Three soil profiles were sampled from Brunic Arenosols 0.8, 2.0, and 2.5 km away from the nitrogen plant. The control profile was taken from the Tuchola Forest. The soil was collected in both spring and autumn. The results showed that the total phosphorus content was higher in spring than in autumn (the value of index of changes in time TI < 0) contrary to available phosphorus (TI > 0) and in both seasons in surface soils, the lowest, in profile I. Both total and available phosphorus decreased with depth along the soil profiles. The distribution index (DI) calculated for total phosphorus in surface soils demonstrated a rather moderate accumulation, while DI value for available phosphorus for profile III, a considerable accumulation. The availability factor (AF) for all the soil samples was above the threshold of phosphorus load (2%) in the two seasons in this study (from 2.00 to 10.13% for spring and from 3.92 to 21.19% for autumn), suggesting that the transformation rate from TP to AP was high, and AP supply for plant growth was sufficient. The correlation analysis showed a significant and positive correlation of available phosphorus with soil properties such as total organic carbon (r = 0.577), total nitrogen (r = 0.512), and clay (r = 0.493); however, there was no correlation with the activity of phosphatases.

Diversity of Invertebrate Epifaunas Associating with Mangrove In Balangdatu Village Tanakeke Islands of South Sulawesi

Research on the diversity of invertebrate epifaunas associating with mangroves in the Balangdatu village of Tanakeke regency, Takalar district, South Sulawesi, has been conducted from September to December 2016. The objective of this research was to know the diversity of invertebrate epifaunas associating with mangrove in Balangdatu Village of Tanakeke Islands. Sample collection was done by using explorative quantitatively plot methods with size 2 x 2 m, applied at three different stations. Data analysis includes calculation of Absolute density, Uniformity Index (Shannon-wiener), Dominance Index, and Distribution Index. The results showed that there were 13 species of epi fauna of 9 tribes, namely Littoraria sp 1, Cerithidea cingulata, Littoraria sp 2, Littoraria pallescens, Episesarma sp, Saccostrea cucullata, Pagurus sp, Terebralia sulcata, Cerithidea sp, Nerita planospira, Nisto histrio, Littoraria scabra, and Cassidula vespertilionis. The highest density was found in Littoraria scabra with a density of 0.72 ind/m2. Diversity indices are low which indicate depressed environmental conditions. Distribution Index values across stations &lt;1 indicating that the pattern of individual dispersion tends to be uniform.

Secondary self-assembly behaviors of PEO-b-PtBA-b-PS triblock terpolymers in solution

A series of PEO45-b-PtBA53-b-PS x (x = 42, 84, 165) triblock terpolymers were synthesized by the atom transfer radical polymerization and characterized by size exclusion chromatography and 1H NMR. Their self-assemblies were conducted by a two-step hierarchical self-assembly method and a one-step dialysis method and the self-assembly behaviors were investigated. The morphologies, sizes, and size distributions of micelles produced by the self-assembly were determined by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The secondary self-assembled structure of PEO45-b-PtBA53-b-PS x obtained by the two-step hierarchical self-assembly could be controlled by tuning the length of PS block, the core forming block. The micelles were uniform with diameters of 20–25 nm and their size distributions, except for that of PEO45-b-PtBA53-b-PS165, were narrow with particle size distribution indexes ranging from 0.014 to 0.246. The one-step dialysis of the triblock terpolymers produced vesicular micelles with distinct vesicle walls that exhibited similar thicknesses. The vesicles did not show significant aggregation. The size distribution of PEO45-b-PtBA53-b-PS42 vesicle was the narrowest with a particle size distribution index value of 0.135. The PEO45-b-PtBA53-b-PS165 vesicles tended to overlap with each other.

Short Communication: Crab species distribution under mangrove stands in Tabongo, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia

Katili AS, Utina R, Mopangga NL. 2017. Short Communication: Crab species distribution under mangrove stands in Tabongo, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 520-524. The aim of the study was to determine the distribution pattern of crabs under mangrove stands in the Tabongo Village, Dulupi Sub-district, Boalemo District, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia. The survey method was used for the study and data retrieved by using line transect techniques. The distribution pattern was calculated by using an index with the formula Morisita distribution patterns. The environmental factors such as temperature, salinity, and pH were measured at each stand of mangroves. The results showed that the distribution pattern of crabs in stands of Rhizophora mucronata with a value of distribution index highest for Uca triangularis (Id = 1.4) followed by Scylla olivacea (Id = 1.24), Uca annulipes (Id = 1.2) and Uca dussumieri (Id = 1.12). Uca vocans (Id = 1.08) showed the lowest value of distribution index. In Ceriops tagal stand, Uca triangularis’s value of distribution index was highest (Id = 1.24) followed by Uca dussumieri (id = 1.15), Scylla olivacea (Id = 1.08) and Uca annulipes (Id = 1.06). The lowest value was noted in Uca vocans (Id = 1,04). In stands of Rhizophora stylosa value of distribution index was highest for Uca dussumieri (Id = 1.16) followed by Scylla olivacea (Id = 1.12) and Uca triangularis (Id = 1,12). The lowest value of distribution index was noted in Uca vocans and Uca annulipes (Id = 1.08). In stands of Sonneratia alba, the value of distribution index was highest for species Uca triangularis (Id = 1.2), Uca vocans (Id = 1,12) and Uca dussumieri (Id = 1.12). The lowest was noted in Scylla olivacea (Id = 1.08). Besides, the value of distribution index showed that the pattern of distribution in the study area was clumped.

Numerical study of different ceiling-mounted air distribution systems for a virtual classroom environment

This paper presents a comparative numerical study of different ceiling-mounted-localized air distribution systems placed above students in a virtual classroom in summer conditions. The influence of four different ceiling-mounted-localized air distribution systems, using vertical descendent jets, on the thermal comfort, local thermal discomfort, and air quality levels was numerically evaluated. The air distribution index, developed previously, was used for non-uniform environment. This index considers the thermal comfort level, air quality level, effectiveness for heat removal, and effectiveness for contaminant removal. Numerical simulations were conducted for a virtual classroom equipped with one of four different ceiling-mounted-localized air distribution systems and with 6 desks, 6 or 12 students, and 2 upper airflow outlets. Inlet air supply temperature of 20 and 24℃ and an outdoor air temperature of 28℃ were used. The simulation results show that the air supply system having a vertical air jet placed at 1.8 m above the floor level (Case III), and with an inlet area of 0.01 m2 and a supply air velocity of 3 m/s would represent the best option in comparison with other air supply methods. In general, the air distribution index value decreases with an increase in inlet air temperature and the number of occupants. The air distribution index values are highest for Case III representing a classroom with 6 or 12 occupants with an inlet air temperature of 20 or 24℃.

Macroscopic Models for Predicting Changes in Saturated Porous Media Properties Caused by Microbial Growth

AbstractAnalytical equations are developed to model changes in porosity, specific surface area, and permeability caused by biomass accumulation in porous media. The proposed equations do not assume any specific pattern for microbial growth but instead are based on macroscopic estimates of average biomass concentrations. For porous media with a pore‐size distribution index value (λ) equal to 3, the macroscopic model predictions of porosity, specific surface area, and permeability changes are in exact agreement with biofilm‐model predictions. At other values of λ between 2 and 5, simulated porosity profiles are identical and relative specific surface area and permeability profiles show minor deviations. In comparison to biofilm‐based models, the macroscopic models are relatively simple to implement and are computationally more efficient. Simulations of biologically reactive flow in a one‐dimensional column show that the macroscopic and biofilm approach based transport codes predict almost identical porosity and permeability profiles. The macroscopic models are simple and useful tools for estimating changes in various porous media properties during bioremediation of contaminated aquifers.