Distribution In Japan Research Articles

Japan's Distribution System and Options for Improving U.S. Access: Phase I June 1990

Japan's Distribution System and Options for Improving U.S. Access: Phase I June 1990

Current developments in software distribution in Japan

This article describes current developments in software distribution in Japan. It is based on a presentation made to the World Trade Institute Symposium on International Licensing, Technology Transfer and Ditribution on November 17, 1989

Sensors: big in Japan

Stephen McClelland looks at a recent report on industrial goods distribution in Japan.

Melanocytes in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. Incidence and distribution in Japan.

Random, nonselected tissue specimens from 99 Japanese-20 cylindrically cut nasal blocks removed during autopsy (A.C., Autopsy Cases) and 79 cases removed during surgery, consisting of 32 chronic sinusitis cases (C.S.) and 47 nasal polyp cases (N.P.)-were examined histopathologically and electronmicroscopically with respect to distribution and frequency of melanocytes in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus. Malignant melanoma cases were excluded. The overall incidence of positive cases for melanocytes revealed 21.2% (21 of 99 cases), with an incidence ratio of male to female of 0.9:1.0. Melanocytes were found beginning in the under 19 age group with incidence increasing proportionately with age. Peak incidence was in the 50-year age group at 50%. Melanocytes and melanotic cell foci were distributed in the stroma of the propria mucosa beneath the pseudostratified columnar epithelium and focused around the nasal and paranasal glands and sinuses. In 2 of the 21 cases positive for stromal melanocytes, intraepithelial melanocytes with dendritic processes were found. The histogenesis of malignant melanoma arising from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinus are also discussed in this study.

The New Remarked Tendency of Rice Distribution in Japan(Reports of the Autumn Meeting of the Society, 1986,New Aspects and Problems of Rice Distribution in Japan)

The New Remarked Tendency of Rice Distribution in Japan(Reports of the Autumn Meeting of the Society, 1986,New Aspects and Problems of Rice Distribution in Japan)

The Present Problems of the Rice Control System from a Viewpoint of Consumer Co-operatives(Reports of the Autumn Meeting of the Society, 1986,New Aspects and Problems of Rice Distribution in Japan)

The Present Problems of the Rice Control System from a Viewpoint of Consumer Co-operatives(Reports of the Autumn Meeting of the Society, 1986,New Aspects and Problems of Rice Distribution in Japan)

The Present Situation and Problems of Distribution of Processing Rice(Reports of the Autumn Meeting of the Society, 1986,New Aspects and Problems of Rice Distribution in Japan)

The Present Situation and Problems of Distribution of Processing Rice(Reports of the Autumn Meeting of the Society, 1986,New Aspects and Problems of Rice Distribution in Japan)

Qualitative Analysis of Two‐dimensional Urban Population Distributions in Japan

Using a graph-theoretic method that represents the qualitative global structure of a two-dimensional distribution surface [the authors] examine the qualitative characteristics of the two-dimensional population distributions of 245 Japanese cities in relation to population size city shape and physical separation by rivers. (EXCERPT)

Genetic polymorphism of factor B (Bf) in Okayama Prefecture, Japan.

The genetic polymorphism of factor B (Bf) was investigated in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. Cellogel immunofixation electrophoresis was employed according to Martin and Ziegler (1981) with minor modifications. In 316 non-blood related Japanese, the Bf was: Bf S, 70.6%; Bf FS, 27.8%; and Bf F, 1.6%. No rare variants were observed. The gene frequencies of Bfs and BfF were 0.845 and 0.155, respectively. The gene frequencies in Okayama Prefecture were quite similar to those in other districts of Japan. Considering the phenotype distribution in Japan, the Bf system might be a useful marker for personal identification and in disputed paternity cases.

A species-specific flavonoid from Pyrus ussuriensis Max. and Pyrus aromatica Nakai et Kikuchi, and its geographical distribution in Japan.

To clarify the taxonomical status and the geographical differentiation of pear cultivars in Japan, the occurrence of a species-specific flavonoid in leaf extracts was surveyed on 31 Pyrus species, 171 East Asian pear cultivars, and several uncultivated wild clones located in Japan and other places using paper chromatography. A brilliant yellow spot under UV Iight, with small Rf values 0.04 in BXA (n-BuOH/xylene/HOAc/H20 (6:4: 2:8)) and 0.02 in 2% HOAc (acetic acid) solvent was found in the extracts from the Ussurian pear (Pyrus ussuriensis Max.), native to northern China and northern-central Korea, from Iwateyamanashi (P.aromatica Nakai et Kikuchi) native to Tohoku region in Japan, and from their cultivars, but not from other East Asian Pyrus species, nor from European and Mediterranean species and their cultivars. This spot was confirmed to contain the flavonol aglycone (F-Ar), which seems to be a specific flavonold for the above species, and a useful chemotaxonomical marker in the genus Pyrus. In Japan, the occurrence of F-Ar was restricted to the old native cultivars originating in the Tohoku region and to the wild clones originating in the Kanto and Chubu regions and in Iwate prefecture. It was not contained in the old cultivars native to Kanto, Hokuriku and Kyushu regions. The distribution of cultivars and clones containing F-Ar nearly covered the native area of the Iwateyamanashi (P.aromatica). Most of the recent cultivars lacked F-Ar except for 5 cultivars including Nijisseik-i.

日本のマーケティング

It was believed for long years that distribution system in Japan was traditional and far retarded from that of the western societies. However, Japanese manufacturers and retailers has made efforts in modernizing themselves by learning and introducing modern marketing theory and know-how mainly from the United States. And now they are actively engaging in selling Japanese products to Europe and the United States for which economic frictions arise. This article try to make clear how distribution system and marketing technique has been modernized from the Meiji period to present. In this connection, two aspects which is believed to characterize the modernization process of distribution system and marketing in Japan are pointed out. In considering the market for manufacturers and distributors in pre-war Japan, two completely different type of markets had been developed : they were 'international market' and 'domestic market'. The former was newly opened market for Japan and was mainly carried out by such big zaibatsu enterprises as Mitsui Bussan and Mitsubishi Shoji. The latter was traditional one and was dealt by traditional distributers in traditional way. Modernization had occured in both markets. In international market, it was sogo-shosha which led the modernization and, in domestic market, they were such retailors as Mitsukoshi and Takashimaya and also such manufacturers as Shiseido, Morinaga, Ajinomoto and Matsushita which started the production of new products. In both cases, influence of western knowledge and technique was very strong. However, as a whole, traditional character of the distribution system was remained. It was only after the War that retailing revolution and modern marketing by manufacturers gave big influence on the whole system of distribution in Japan. But such dual charachter of market still exists even today and it is the reason why European and American claim Japan's domestic market as of non-tariff barrior. This article makes clear this dual character of Japan's distribution system in its historical perspectives.

A STUDY ON WAGE DISTRIBUTION IN KOREA AND JAPAN

The Developing EconomiesVolume 16, Issue 1 p. 97-110 Free Access A STUDY ON WAGE DISTRIBUTION IN KOREA AND JAPAN Shin'ichi YOSHIOKA, Shin'ichi YOSHIOKASearch for more papers by this author Shin'ichi YOSHIOKA, Shin'ichi YOSHIOKASearch for more papers by this author First published: March 1978 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.1978.tb00400.x This paper is based on a report for the Income and Assets Distribution Project, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, with financial support from the Toyota Foundation. The author wishes to thank Professor Toshiyuki Mizoguchi and the members of the Joint Seminar on Korean Income Distribution held in Seoul in May 1976. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume16, Issue1March 1978Pages 97-110 ReferencesRelatedInformation

The changing pattern of population distribution in Japan and its implications for developing countries∗

Concentration of population in a few metropolitan areas is considered as a serious problem in developing as well as developed countries. Japan is no exception. During the 30 years since the World War II the population distribution in Japan has been shifting toward greater concentration in large metropolitan areas. One of the most striking characteristics of the Japanese experience is the rapidity of the change: during the period of fast economic growth nearly half of the prefectures were losing population in absolute terms due to out-migration to large metropolitan areas. There appears to have been a change in this situation recently however. The population registration record has revealed that none of the prefectures lost population in absolute terms during 1974. This is a phenomenal departure from the past trend which lasted for 18 years. This change has been preceded by a gradual decline in the number of prefectures losing population since 1970. Indeed Japans economy or society as a whole appears to have been undergoing substantial changes since around 1970. In terms of population distribution some observers state that there has been a U-turn phenomenon implying that more people started to migrate from large urban centers back to small urban centers and rural areas than vice versa. In terms of the economic growth of the economy as a whole there has been an apparent slowing down of growth rates. This change has coincided with rapidly intensified public concern with the quality of the environment and pollution. In addition there have been a number of other significant social changes such as an increase in concern over distribution of income and international political and monetary disturbances during recent years. The purpose of this paper is first to examine the nature of the recent change in the pattern of population distribution in Japan and then to identify the factors which are responsible for the change. (excerpt)

OVERTIME CHANGES OF THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN KOREA, 1963–71

The Developing EconomiesVolume 14, Issue 3 p. 261-279 Free Access OVERTIME CHANGES OF THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN KOREA, 1963–71 Toshiyuki MIZOGUCHI, Toshiyuki MIZOGUCHISearch for more papers by this authorDo Hyung KIM, Do Hyung KIMSearch for more papers by this authorYoung Il CHUNG, Young Il CHUNGSearch for more papers by this author Toshiyuki MIZOGUCHI, Toshiyuki MIZOGUCHISearch for more papers by this authorDo Hyung KIM, Do Hyung KIMSearch for more papers by this authorYoung Il CHUNG, Young Il CHUNGSearch for more papers by this author First published: September 1976 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.1976.tb00982.xCitations: 4 This paper is a report for the Income and Assets Distribution Project, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, with financial support from the Toyota Foundation. Sections I and II were newly written by Mizoguchi and Kim in 1976 while Section III is derived from a previous report presented for the Council for Asian Manpower Studies—“Income and Assets Distribution in Japan and South Korea” by the three of us. This paper was read at the Joint Conference on the Income Distribution of Korea in 1976 in Seoul sponsored by the Institute of Economic Research, Seoul National University. We revised the original draft using the valuable advice of Professor Ho Tak Kim of Seoul National University who pointed out the extraordinary value in Gini coefficients for the other households and some discrepancies in the consumption function in Section II. We would like to express our gratitude for the many stimulating comments from participants in the conference and the editors of this journal. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL References 1 Adelman, I. Redistribution with Growth: The Case of Korea,” in Redistribution with Growth, ed. H. Chenery ( London : Oxford University Press, 1974). 2 Atkinson, A. D. On the Measurement of Inequality,” Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 2, No. 3 (1970). 3 Bank of Korea. Report of Wage Survey, 1967 ( Seoul : Bank of Korea, 1968). 4 H. Chenery, ed. Redistribution with Growth ( London : Oxford University Press, 1974). 5 Choo, H. C. Review of Income Distribution Studies: Data Availability and Associated Problems for Korea, the Philippines and Taiwan,” KDI Monograph 7406 ( Seoul : Korea Development Institute, 1974). 6 Chung, Y. I. Kankoku nōgyō no kōzō hendō [Structural change of Korean agriculture] ( Tokyo : Institute of Developing Economies, 1973). 7 Institute of Social Sciences. Income Distribution and Consumption in Korea ( Seoul : Institute of Social Sciences, Chung-Ang University, 1966). 8 Jain, S. Size Distribution of Income: Compilation of Data (World Bank, 1975). 9 Kim, D. H. Overview of Income Distribution Studies and Data Availability for Korea,” mimeographed ( Tokyo : Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, 1976). 10 Lee, H. J. Kyungjae seongjang gwa kukmin sodukkujo byundong [Economic growth and structural changes of national income] ( Seoul : Seoul University Press, 1972). 11 Matsuda, Y.; Nojima, N.; Sugiyama, A.; and Terasaki, Y. Size Distribution Analysis Package Program and Income Distribution Data Base,” mimeographed ( Tokyo : Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, 1976). 12 Mizoguchi, T. Personal Savings and Consumption in Post War Japan ( Tokyo : Kinokuniya Book Store, 1970). 13 Mizoguchi, T. An Econometric Comparison of Farm Households: Economic Behavior in Japan, Korea, and Taiwan,” Developing Economies, Vol. 11, No. 3 (September 1973). 14 Mizoguchi, T. Income Distribution in Postwar Japan,” in Papers and Proceedings for JERC-CAMS Joint Seminar on the Income Distribution, Employment, and Economic Development in South East and East Asia Tokyo : Japan Economic Research Center, and Council for Asian Manpower Studies, 1975). 15 Oshima, H. T. Income Inequality and Economic Growth: The Postwar Experience of Asian Countries,” Malayan Economic Review, Vol. 15, No. 2 (1970). 16 Park, K. H. Income Distribution in the Agricultural Sector in Reference to the Farm Land Reform in Korea,” Yonsei Business Review, Vol. 9 (1972). 17 Paukert, F. Income Distribution at Different Levels of Development: A Survey of Experience,” International Labour Review, Vol. 108, No. 2–4 (1973). 18 Research Institute of Industrial Development. Report of Wage Survey, 1970, I, II ( Seoul : Research Institute of Industrial Development, 1971). Citing Literature Volume14, Issue3September 1976Pages 261-279 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Geomagnetic secular change anomaly in Japan.

Mean isoporic charts of the geomagnetic horizontal component, declination, vertical component and total force in and around Japan are constructed for epoch 1970.0 on the basis of the results of the 1st order magnetic survey carried out by the Geographical Survey Institute and the observations at magnetic observatories.A number of local anomalous areas, over which the secular change is larger than the normal one as determined from the overall isoporic charts by 2γ/yr or more, are found. Some of the areas seem to be correlated with tectonic activities such as earthquake occurrence and volcanism.In addition to the anomalies of local character, a rapid change in the pattern of the secular change distribution in Japan is found within the period of 1950' or an early stage of 1960'. In the same period or thereabout, the maximum of the secular change curve of the vertical component occurred successively in Japan, Siberia and Ural as if a regional magnetic anomaly source had traveled in a north-west direction with a speed on the surface of the earth's core of about 200km/yr. The rapid change in the distribution of isoporic lines in Japan within a period of 10 years or less may be caused by such a regional secular change source.

Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) mageshimaensis (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae): Human and Wild and Domestic Mammal Hosts, and Distribution in Japan, Taiwan, and China

Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) mageshimaensis Saito and Hoogstraal, originally described from specimens from vegetation (and laboratory-reared) from Mage Island, Japan, is now recorded from over 1,800 additional samples taken in Taiwan and nearby Lu-tao and Lan-yu islands, and in southeastern China and Hong Kong. Adults, and often also nymphs, parasitize wild carnivores (palm civet, leopard cat, and tiger), the barking deer, humans, domestic goats, and other domestic mammals. Numerous larvae parasitized a palm civet and a leopard cat. Fewer larvae were taken from rats, birds, and domestic goats and dogs. The field data show no evidence of parthenogenetic reproduction. From field observations of sick goat and cattle hosts, the frequency of biting humans, and an unusually wide pattern of immaturestage host relationships, this parasite is a candidate for medical, veterinary, and biological investigation. Haemaphysalis (Kaiseriana) mageshimaensis Saito and Hoogstraal (1973), described from samples taken on vegetation (and laboratoryreared) on Mage Island, a few miles south of Kyushu, Japan, is now recorded from Taitung Hsien of southeastern Taiwan, nearby Lu-tao and Lan-yu islands, and southeastern China and Hong Kong. Known hosts of adults, and often also of nymphs, are wild carnivores, the muntjac or barking deer, and the domestic goat, cow, dog, buffalo, and pig. Larvae, together with adults and nymphs, were numerous in two collections from wild carnivores and numbered one or two in a few collections from rats, birds, and domestic goats and dogs. Heavy infestations occurred on domestic goats and on wild carnivores and a muntjac. Some goat and cattle hosts were observed to be ill. In Japan, this species is considered to be a likely vector of bovine Theileria sp. (Saito and Hoogstraal, loc. cit.). From these observations, as well as from the several records of Received for publication 29 March 1974. * From Research Projects MR041.09.01-0037A 6GI and -0133B 6GI, Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Department of the Navy, Washington, D. C. The opinions and assertions contained herein are the private ones of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Navy or of the naval service at large. This investigation was supported in part by Agreement 03-005-1 between the NIAID (NIH) and NAMRU-3. t U. S. Naval Medical Research Unit Number Three (NAMRU-3), American Embassy, Cairo, Arab Republic of Egypt. + NAMRU-2, Taipei, Taiwan. biting humans during a few days of exploring Lan-yu Island, H. (K.) mageshimaensis is a candidate for more precise and extensive biological, medical, and veterinary investigation. Saito (in Saito and Hoogstraal, loc. cit.) showed the ability of the Japanese population of H. (K.) mageshimaensis to reproduce parthenogenetically in the laboratory but no evidence for this phenomenon is found in the field data from Taiwan, Lan-yu, Lu-tao, and China. As in the closely related H. (K.) longicornis Neumann (Hoogstraal et al., 1968), parthenogenesis may be a more or less highly developed survival mechanism in members of this tropical group that have spread and adapted to colder temperate environments.

長崎県におけるアカマルカイガラムシの発生と防除

In the autumn of 1965 heavy infestations of California red scale on citrus fruits were observed in the suburbs of Nagasaki City. This was the first record of this species in Nagasaki Prefecture and was the northernmost of its distribution in Japan. Ecological observations of this scale were carried out in order to establish the control project.Occurrence of this scale in this area were shown in Fig. 1. About 20 ha. of citrus orchards were infested. Infestation was observed to be heavier on hassaku orange than on the other citrus such as unshu or natsudaidai.The scale has three generations a year, and seasonal abundance of the 1st instar larvae was shown in Fig. 3. Oviposition seemed to be made during May to December.The controlling effect of winter spray of some kinds of oil emulsion and summer spray of three kinds of organic insecticides were examined. From the results of these experiments, it was observed that spray of Pestan at the end of June was most effective.The control project in 1966 was successful and population density of the scale was decreased remarkably (see Fig.7 and Table 2).

アメリカシロヒトリの生態的知見

The fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury, is inportant injurious insect. The webworm is native to North America. It has been introduced into some areas of Europe and Asia. Distributions in Japan: Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama, Chiba. Ibaraki, Gunma, Yamanashi, Aichi, Osaka, Okayama, Toyama, Niigata, Isikawa, Hyogo, Tochigi, Fukushima, Miyagi, Nagano, Akita, Iwate and Shizuoka.This insect has been found feeding on more than 60 garden plants in Tokyo. This insect passes the winter in the form of brown pupae, enclosed in lightly woven, silken cocoons. These cocoons will be found under trash on the ground or sometimes under the bark of trees, the moths begin emerging during the spring and continue to come out over a long period. Both sexes are winged, satiny white, sometimes with brown or black spots. They lay their eggs on under side of the leaves, in masses, partly covei ed with white hairs, and the caterpillars hatching from these eggs construct webs over the leaves inside of which they feed. They continue feeding for about 1 month to 6 weeks, and upon becoming full-grown, crawl down the tree and construct the cocoons in which they pupate.The adults emerge late in the summer and lay eggs for a second generation of the worms in early fall, which, upon becoming full-grown, spin the cocoons in which they pass the winter as pupae.This paper presents results of a some biological study (head width in larvae, development and growth spead of larvae, food plants and habit, mechanism of population dynamics) made during 1959-65 on the Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury in Tokyo.

Epidemiological significance of histopathological lung cancer types.

A total of 1755 autopsies of primary lung cancer during a period of 4 years from 1958 to 1961 were statistically studied, from the point of view of histopathological cancer type. Histopathological classification was made according to the WHO expert committee, and grouped by Kreyberg's classification.There was an apparent difference of cancer type distribution by sex, especially as shown by the remarkable differences in males under and over the age of 50. When epidemiological studies are carried out, therefore, age adjustment by cancer type will be necessary. In the present study, there was a difference of geographical distribution in Japan in age-adjustment. Occupational differences were also recognized but the number in the sample was too small for ageadjustment in some occupational groups.Finally, it is stressed that histopathological findings might have some meaning and significance in the causation of lung cancer, and might play an important role in epidemiological studies.

The Location of Camera Industry In Japan

The writer has investigated the distribution of camera manufacturing Industry, and inquired the geographical significance of its location in Japan. The following have been disclosed.1. About 65% of camera production comes from Tokyo metropolis, the main part of Keihin industrial area, furthermore; 70% of its workshops are also concentrated in Tokyo, forming the core of distribution in Japan.2. In Tokyo area, some 60% of the workshops are in Jonan district (Ota, Shinagawa, Meguro etc) southern parts of Tokyo, which is the core area of the Keihin industrial belt. And about 30% of the works are provided in the Johoku districts (Itabashi, Toshima etc), northern parts of Tokyo, being a nucleus district of binoculars production.3. About 2, 000 kinds of parts are required to manufacture any kind of camera. Such being the case, most parts of camera are supplied from subcontact parts-makers operated on a small scale. For the convenience of concentration most of them are located in the neighborhood of the camera makers to keep production at low cost.