Distribution Channel Characteristics Research Articles

O2O 모바일 배달 앱 소비자 이용 경험과 서비스 품질에 관한 질적 연구

The purpose of this study is to understand consumer experience of using mobile delivery app services and explore the constructs and elements of mobile app service quality. This study applied focus group interviews, a qualitative research method. Two sessions of focus group interviews were conducted from April 8 to April 9, 2019, and the interview scripts were analyzed. As a result, a total of 42 concepts were extracted, classified into 8 subcategories, compressed into 4 categories, and grouped into 2 dimensions. 'Service quality' dimension consists of two categories: 'platform operation quality factor' and 'platform system quality factor'. 'Platform operation quality factor' was composed of 'food delivery service' and 'store management' subcategories. 'platform system quality factor' was composed of 'user-friendly UX/UI' and ‘usefulness of personalized information' subcategories. 'Motivation/constraint' dimension consists of two categories: 'mobile delivery app usage motivation factor' and ‘mobile delivery app constraint factor’. ‘mobile delivery app usage motivation factor’ was composed of ‘user characteristics’ and ‘distribution channel characteristics’ subcategories. ‘mobile delivery app constraint factor’ was composed of ‘delivery service perspective’ and ‘platform ecosystem perspective’ subcategories. Theoretical implications of this study suggest that previous perspectives of consumer behavior models need to be re-examined when understanding consumer experiences of using mobile delivery app services. Result also imply that the service quality of the mobile delivery app should be managed and controlled both by platform management and system management perspectives.

Using Structural Equations Modeling to explore perceived urban freight deliveries parking issues

This paper explores the relations between perceived urban freight delivery parking issues and commercial establishment characteristics, their associated distribution channels, delivery operation patterns and local land use patterns using a structural equations modeling framework. The main motivation is to test hypothesized relations between urban freight delivery parking issues and the aforementioned factors as a way to perform an indirect, but informative, freight infrastructure adequacy assessment. The hypothesized model structure makes it possible to examine, for example, if the distribution channel characteristics (e.g., the most frequently used delivery vehicle type) can be linked to a certain type of parking behavior/preference, due to operation requirements, which could result in perceived urban freight delivery parking issues.The chosen variables are assembled from a plethora of sources. Establishment characteristics include size, number of employees and weekly deliveries, with this data being gathered using an establishment-based freight survey. Distribution channels are characterized by the predominant delivery agent and vehicle type. Delivery operations are represented by the most common parking location. Finally, the perceived issues include vehicles blocking other vehicles, lack of loading/unloading bays and illegal parking in loading/unloading bays. The land use data is obtained from parking records, the OpenStreetMap repository, the Portuguese National Statistics Institute (e.g., information on residents) and the City Council’s retail establishments’ census.The results show that, in general, the hypothesized relationships hold true. Perceived urban freight delivery parking issues are a function of the establishment characteristics, their distribution channels and delivery operations patterns. Weekly deliveries are dependent on distribution channels and establishment characteristics. Finally, weekly deliveries’ frequency did not seem to influence the perceived urban freight delivery parking issues. This supports the hypothesis that the retailers’ judgement is not biased by the frequency of said operations.

Issues in Mutual Fund Distribution

This article provides an in-depth discussion of important issues related to mutual fund distribution. The first two topics are fund distribution channel characteristics and Rule 12b-1 fees and distribution. Distribution channel characteristics discuss direct channel, advice channel, retirement channel, institutional channel, supermarket channel, and multiple-share classes. Rule 12b-1 fees and distribution discuss the adoption of Rule 12b-1, Rule 12b-1 after adoption, current 12b-1 fees, issues with 12b-1 fees, and a summary of 12b-1 fees attributes. The remaining topics include directsold and broker-sold services, Rule 12b-1 fees and revenue sharing, revenue sharing issues, “soft-dollar” trading, distribution and flows, opacity and agency conflicts, expenseshifting agency conflicts, and intermediated distribution and portfolio managers.

Selected Topics in Mutual Fund Distribution

This chapter working paper examines the channels through which mutual fund shares are distributed to investors: (1) direct, (2) advice, (3) retirement plan, (4) supermarket, and (5) institutional. The first four channels mainly serve individual investors. In the direct and institutional channels, fund distributors transact directly with investors in the sale and redemption of fund shares. In the other indirect channels, fund shareholders transact with funds through financial intermediaries. In 1980 the Securities and Exchange Commission adopted rule 12b-1, which emphasizes the role of independent fund directors in monitoring fund use of assets for distribution. The rule also addresses conflicts of interest between funds and fund advisers when funds pay distribution fees to grow fund assets. This chapter investigates whether introducing and adopting 12b-1 plans have benefitted shareholders and fund managers.This chapter provides an in-depth discussion of important issues related to mutual fund distribution. Two major topics are fund distribution channel characteristics and rule 12b-1 fees and distribution. Distribution channel characteristics discussed include direct channel, advice channel, retirement channel, institutional channel, supermarket channel, and multiple-share classes. Rule 12b-1 fees and distribution discuss adoption of rule 12b-1, rule 12b-1 after adoption, current 12b-1 fees, and issues with 12b-1 fees. A final major topic discussed direct sold and broker-sold services.The 12b-1 fee compensates brokers for initial sales of fund shares, ongoing servicing of fund shareholder accounts, and advertising and promotion expenses. Higher broker sales increase fund adviser assets under management (higher inflows) and adviser profits−primary motivations. Additionally, higher fund share sales increase broker profits, while higher broker fund share sales increase the size and cost of fund portfolio trades, amounts of broker commissions, and execution fees. Higher 12b-1 fees increase fund outflows, but higher share sales increase fund inflows. 12b-1 fees are transparent direct line-item costs in fund expense ratios that motivate using multiple share classes in direct and broker (and other intermediary) sold funds, including sales of fund shares to large individual and institutional investors. Payments reduce current fund net asset values (NAVs) and shareholder returns. Lastly, 12b-1 fees provide major agency conflicts with shareholder interests and returns.

A Review on Long Distribution Channel‟s Problems

An analysis of supply chain system could become more complex when the network system should cover widely dispersed locations. This could happen in a case where a product must be delivered using long distribution channel. By reviewing literatures over the last decade, this paper aims to identify and to gain more comprehensive understanding of the problems related to the long distribution channel's characteristics. The term 'long distribution channel' refers to a multi-tiers in the distribution stages where each tier commonly contains more than one site. The result shows that in order to design an optimum long distribution channel, some prominent problems that impact on both distribution costs and delivery times need to be considered. The problems encompass variability, bottleneck, bullwhip effect, high transportation and logistics costs.

Issues in Mutual Fund Distribution

This paper provides in-depth discussion of important issues related to mutual fund distribution. The first two topics are fund distribution channel characteristics and Rule 12b-1 fees and distribution. Distribution channel characteristics discuss direct channel, advice channel, retirement channel, institutional channel, supermarket channel, and multiple-share classes. Rule 12b-1 fees and distribution discuss adoption of Rule 12b-1, Rule 12b-1 after adoption, current 12b-1 fees, issues with 12b-1 fees, and summary of 12b-1 fees attributes. The remaining topics include direct sold and broker-sold services, Rule 12b-1 fees and revenue sharing, revenue sharing issues, “soft-dollar” trading, distribution and flows, opacity and agency conflicts, expense shifting agency conflicts, and intermediated distribution and portfolio managers.

Price flexibility in Japan, 1970–1992: A study of price formation

We estimate probability and size of price change conditional upon the deviation of a price from its target level for a large number of individual wholesale and consumer price indices in Japan. We find robust and strong asymmetry in price adjustments, especially among CPIs. Cross section variations in price responsiveness depend upon characteristics of distribution channels, in particular, efficiency and input measures of distributive services. Using a simulation model, we also find that the macroscopic downward rigidity almost disappears if the size of the shock is small compared to the target inflation rate.