Distributed Generation Technologies Research Articles

Unlocking the potential of rooftop solar panels: An incentive rate structure design

With the continuous maturity of distributed generation technology, rooftop solar panels have come to play an increasingly critical role in the construction of future energy systems. However, there remains an open question as to how to design adequate rate structure and provide proper incentives for distributed solar production. In this paper, we propose an incentive rate structure for rooftop solar panels to fairly unlock the potential of such distributed energy resources. The interaction of residential consumers and utilities is formulated as a tri-level optimization model to evaluate the impact of the rate structure design on the welfare transfer and investment behavior of residential consumers. An incentive rate structure is designed in which the supply-side effects of rooftop solar panel investment are considered by explicitly modeling wholesale market dynamics. Contrary to conventional belief, we indicate that the integration of rooftop solar panels can increase the expected profits of the utility company in some usual cases. Case studies demonstrate that through adequate rate structure design, the market operator can achieve the established social goals while balancing the welfare transfer effect among different market entities. Hopefully, our work can provide novel insights and a theoretical reference for the relevant policy design.

Application of Many-Objective Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm and TOPSIS for Optimal Planning of DGS in Distribution Systems

The traditional planning of distribution networks is changing because of the accelerated expansion of distributed generation (DG) technologies in various capacities and forms. However, the improper integration of DGs in current distribution networks can give rise to several technical difficulties despite the advantages provided by distributed generation technologies. This paper presents the optimal DG planning in the distribution system using a Pareto-based many-objective arithmetic optimization algorithm (MOAOA) for optimal DG planning problems in the distribution system. This work focuses on improving four technical metrics related to distribution systems: mitigation of electrical energy not served (EENS), total voltage deviation (TVD) minimization, voltage stability index (VSI) maximization, and energy loss mitigation. Two scenarios are considered: the first scenario primarily focuses on optimal planning of DGs supporting active power only (e.g. Micro-Turbines DGs), and the second scenario focuses on optimal planning of DGs supporting both active and reactive power support (e.g. BIOMASS DGs). The optimal Pareto fronts between the competing objectives are generated using the Pareto-based MOAOA algorithm. The TOPSIS (a technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution) multi-criteria decision-making technique is utilized for selecting the best trade-off solution from the optimal Pareto front. The posited method is examined on two standard IEEE-69 bus distribution systems. The efficacy of the MOAOA is compared with the outcomes of MOPSO, MOGWO and NSGA-II.

Energy Policies and Interconnection Standards for Energy generation Distributed: Global Status, Development Trends and Perspectives in Peru

Energy policies and interconnection standards play a key role in promoting and regulating distributed energy generation globally. The work should examine the current state of global interconnection policies and standards, emerging trends and their impact on clean energy adoption. Globally, energy policies for distributed generation typically focus on marketing renewable energy sources and improving energy efficiency. Many countries implement tax incentives, subsidies and support programs to stimulate the adoption of distributed generation technologies, such as solar panels and small wind systems. The rules of Interconnections often focus on establishing technical standards to ensure the security, stability and reliability of electrical grids, as well as facilitating the connection and seamless integration of distributed generation systems

A comprehensive investigation of DG integration with DC microgrid

This comprehensive review critically analyses the complex correlation between DC microgrids and the incorporation of Distributed Generation (DG). It offers a full evaluation of fundamental principles, advanced control strategies, technology advancements, and practical implementations in real-world scenarios. This research examines the ability of Direct Current (DC) microgrids to effectively integrate and optimize various DG sources within the context of a paradigm shift towards decentralized energy solutions. The paper critically examines the obstacles and opportunities associated with renewable energy systems and different DG technologies. It provides essential insights for researchers, engineers, and politicians who are involved in the complex process of integrating distributed energy into existing systems. This review serves as a crucial resource that contributes to the understanding of DG in DC microgrids. It plays a significant role in developing conversations surrounding energy solutions that are both resilient and sustainable. This paper not only discusses the difficulties related to the integration of DG, but also emphasizes practical examples that demonstrate the flexibility and effectiveness of DC microgrid designs. This study serves as a crucial resource for stakeholders who aim to use the potential of DC microgrids, since it encompasses a comprehensive analysis of power electronics, energy storage, and sophisticated control systems. By combining critical evaluation with practical implementation, this review offers valuable insights and guidance in the field. The complete investigation plays a significant role in advancing the integration of DG, which is essential for creating a resilient and sustainable energy environment. It provides basic information that is needed for achieving effective integration. This review paper provides a comprehensive examination of the integration of DG within DC microgrids. From laying the groundwork with fundamental principles to scrutinizing challenges, technological advancements, and practical applications, this review aims to offer a holistic understanding of the dynamic landscape where DC microgrids intersect with distributed energy generation.

Advancements in Fault Location in Electrical Power Systems with Distributed Generation using Deep Learning

Distributed generation (DG) has changed the energy landscape by increasing system reliability and decreasing environmental impacts through its incorporation into electrical power systems. The additional complexity brought forth by DG, however, also calls for the creation of more precise and effective fault finding techniques. This abstract explores current developments in fault localization strategies for DG-integrated electrical power systems using deep learning (DL) methods. Due to the non-linear, dynamic, and ever-changing nature of DG-rich networks, traditional fault finding algorithms generally struggle to correctly locate faults in these networks. Deep learning's potential as a solution may be seen in its capacity to recognise complex patterns and adjust to new information. Specifically, this study looks into how DL models like CNNs and RNNs can be used to improve the precision with which faults can be detected and localised in DG-integrated power systems. The creation of DL-based fault location algorithms that use high-resolution data from different sensors like smart metres and phasor measurement units (PMUs) is a major advancement. These algorithms draw on the temporal and spatial information available in power system data to pinpoint the exact location of malfunctions. Additionally, the study looks into the stability and transferability of DL models using various DG technologies and setups. Pre-trained models are transferred learning approaches to guarantee adaptability and reliability across a wide range of DG applications. The findings show that in DG-rich contexts, fault location algorithms based on DL perform much better than their conventional counterparts. These developments have the potential to strengthen electrical grids, reduce the frequency and duration of outages, and improve the reliability of today's power systems. The incorporation of deep learning into fault location algorithms is an important step towards building a more dependable and robust power system, especially as DG integration continues to grow

Extended EDAS Analysis for Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Based on Distributed Generation (DG) Technologies System

Recently, there has been a growing interest in distributed generation (DG) technologies, driven by various factors such as fuel price uncertainties, environmental constraints, and increasing power consumption along with transmission capacity shortages, in modern power systems. DG, which involves utilizing clean and renewable energy sources for power generation within the distribution system, has gained significant attention globally. Many developing countries, including Libya, are considering the adoption of DG technologies as part of their energy system expansion plans. Libya, located in North Africa and characterized by vast desert lands, has abundant solar radiation, making solar energy a promising and sustainable source of power. However, despite this energy potential, the southern part of Libya faces frequent power outages. In order to effectively maintain service quality, it is essential to conduct quantitative evaluation of wireless sensor networks. the evaluation of wireless sensor networks involves addressing the multiple attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) problem. To tackle the challenges of MAGDM, an extension of the classical EDAS (Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution) method is proposed in this paper. The proposed method incorporates interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IVIFSs), which provide a more flexible and comprehensive representation of uncertainty, to handle the complexities of MAGDM. The paper begins with a brief review of essential concepts related to IVIFSs. Then, the weights of attributes are determined using the CRITIC method. Subsequently, the IVIF-EDAS method is established by integrating the EDAS method with IVIFSs, and all the calculation procedures are described.

OPTIMAL LOCATION AND SIZING OF DG IN DISTRIBUTION NETWORK: IMPACT ON OVERCURRENT DISTRIBUTION PROTECTION SCHEME

The integration of distributed generation (DG) into the existing distribution networks minimizes active power losses and improves the voltage profile. The recent improvement in the development of DG technology has caused increase in the penetration of DG from different sources. The optimal location and sizing of DG is very challenging and introduces different protection issues. This is caused by penetration of current flow from different source which is contrary to the principles of operation of the conventional overcurrent scheme. This paper presents optimal method of DG placement and sizing using firefly algorithm and its impact of DG penetration on overcurrent protection scheme. Low voltage distribution network is modelled and simulated in PSCAD/EMTDC and DigSilent power factory software using IEEE 33 and Ayepe 34 standard bus. False tripping of feeders, Nuisance tripping, blinding of the protection scheme and unintentional islanding caused as result of Photovoltaic penetration into the distribution network were simulated. Coordination of overcurrent relays with and without DG penetration were analyzed and possible mitigation algorithm were proposed. The simulation result obtained showed that the proposed methods significantly improve the protection scheme coordination..

Optimal inverter-based distributed generation in ULP Way Halim considering harmonic distortion

Integration of distributed generation (DG) based on the use of new renewable energy is considered to be able to increase the capability of the electric power distribution system. However, the use of inverter-based DG is not optimal, it can worsen the condition of the system, especially in terms of the spread of harmonic distortion which can damage the equipment. This is due to the inverter-based DG technology, apart from supplying electrical energy, DG also injects harmonic currents from existing semiconductor components. This research discusses optimization placement of inverter-based DG using the multi objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) method which was tested on the Unit Layanan Pelaksana (ULP) Way Halim 88-bus radial distribution system based on MALTAB 2020b to increase the efficiency of the electrical system by reducing losses and %THDv. The inverter-based DG placed on 24 bus points with a capacity of 690 kW can reduce losses by up to 12.74 kW or 14.96% and all %THDv values for each bus are below 5%.

Development Progress of a 70% Efficient Hybrid SOFC-I.C. Engine Hybrid System for Stationary Applications up to 1 MW

Flexible and dispatchable, high-efficiency power generation supplied with carbon-neutral renewable fuels is needed to help enable defossilization of the electric grid. Pressurized, hybrid SOFC systems fueled with hydrogen, biogas, or renewable natural gas can generate clean power at ultra-high efficiency. This presentation presents an update on the development progress of a full-scale, hybrid system that targets low cost (<1000 $/kW) and ultra-high efficiency (70%-LHV) distributed power generation for applications up to 1 MW. The system features mature, metal-supported SOFC technology and the system design, control, hardware integration, and demonstration activities are funded by the U.S. DOE ARPA-E INTEGRATE Program. Some of the more novel aspects of the system include the intermediate operating cell temperature (600°C) and internal reforming capabilities which enable excellent thermal management and effectively reduce air preheater duty by >60% over more conventional SOFC systems operating near 800°C. Pressurization of the system decreases area specific resistance (ASR) and increases stack power density, thereby lowering capital cost. The use of a gasified diesel engine converts the residual chemical exergy in the anode tail-gas from the SOFC to drive auxiliaries and produce net additional power. Furthermore, the syngas engine enables a simple engine after-treatment for achieving ultra-low engine emissions (NOx, CO, PM, UHC). Updates on critical hardware advancements around pressurized multi-stack, 30 kW fuel cell modules, low-speed high efficiency rotating equipment, and ultra-high efficiency power electronics are provided. Results from experimental testing, system design and layout, and demonstration test facility capabilities are presented and discussed. The presentation concludes with a techno-economic outlook for such power generation systems in various stationary applications, as well as comparison with competing distributed generation technologies, such as solar PV-battery systems, microturbines, stationary engines, and non-hybridized SOFC technologies. Figure 1

Design of a Small-Scale Domestic Microgrid

This article presents a simulation of an isolated residential electrical Micro-Grid (MR) that incorporates distributed generation technologies such as photovoltaics, battery energy storage, and electric vehicle systems. The research focuses on the major loads found in residential installations and the load preferences of different users. To optimize energy usage, a new Energy Management System (EMS) was developed and implemented. The EMS utilizes predefined criteria and parameters to determine the most suitable energy source for a given time and regulates the operation of loads based on energy availability. The article also delves into the design and sizing of electricity-supplying elements for household loads within the microgrid. To validate the proposed system, prototype elements were tested using an isolated residential microgrid emulator. The emulator proved to be a valuable academic and research tool, enabling multiple experiments and tests in the field of isolated microgrids. It facilitated a better understanding of calculations and theoretical approaches while providing a platform for validation. Overall, this simulation and the accompanying emulator offer significant insights into the operation and optimization of isolated residential microgrids. They contribute to the advancement of research in this field and help in developing efficient and sustainable energy systems for residential communities.

Distributed Generation Current Scenario in the World

The demand for basic resources is increasing in today's modern society due to the rapid increase in population. These demands come in a variety of forms, but we'll focus on transportation and the generator electrical systems in this article. The trend toward dispersed generation sources has emerged as a result of the rapid increase in energy demand and the constraint of generation and transmission capacity. A decentralized generation system based on diverse renewable energy sources that use a small combined generation system with a maximum unit output of 100 kW, as well as supercapacitors and battery storage, that is built and deployed near the local load center to supply. Significant distributed generation benefits, problems, applications, limitations, and several distributed generation technology are discussed in this paper. Publicize information about the present status of distributed generation. Advanced techniques for distributed generation, their existing production capacities around the world, as well as their generating ability in a few countries with the largest production plants and regions, are highlighted in this section.

An Overview of Small Nuclear Power Plants for Clean Energy Production: Comparative Analysis of Distributed Generation Technologies and Future Perspectives

There is a steady trend in the world to increase the share of distributed generation. The volume of self-generated energy commissioning is constantly growing, with projected increases in growth rates in the future. At the same time, demands for efficiency and environmental safety in new power plants are constantly increasing. In this regard, one of the promising areas for the development of distributed energy is the transition to small nuclear power plants (SNPPs). As in the case of wind and solar power plants, SNPP operations are not accompanied by emissions of toxic substances or greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In addition, SNPPs consume a much smaller volume and mass of fuel compared to conventional small-capacity fossil fuel power plants. This paper describes the characteristics of the main types of distributed generation. The key technical and economic characteristics of existing and prospective small-capacity nuclear fuel facilities are systematized. The results of a comparative analysis of the cost of electricity produced by SNPPs and competing power plants are also presented. In addition, a number of promising regions of the Russian Federation for the introduction of SNPPS have been identified, and a review of the methods of energy storage for SNPPS, which are necessary when working in an isolated power system, has been carried out.

Predicting the stability of smart grid for improving the sustainability using distributed generation technology

Distributed Generation balances the supply in the grid effectively. Numerous distributed power generation technologies need more efficiency, cost, and power output to meet the energy requirements. Hence, this paper has aimed to provide an efficient DG system by integrating a PV module with a smart grid through a 3-phase AC-DC converter. Numerous PV modules are combined through DC linking, and different inverter control strategies are used to control the network. The ANN algorithm is used to optimize the demand and supply in the network. PV modules are included in the network to boost up the renewable energy source for the network. The power generated from the PV module is converted to DC through 3 phase AC-DC converter. A DC-link modeling is carried out between various converters and PV modules. It helps balance the variation in the DC input from the PV modules converted by AC-DC converters. The input current is again sent into a closed-loop inverter system to control the input current appropriately based on the demand. The problems between demand and supply are sorted through an ANN algorithm that optimizes the whole model based on supply and demand. The whole is simulated, and the results obtained are discussed in detail. The results are compared with similar Distributed power generation technologies to compare their efficiency. The comparison clearly shows that the proposed model provides better environmental sustainability and expandability to the system.

Сучасний стан та перспективи розвитку відновлюваної розподіленої генерації в Україні

The development of distributed generation in Ukraine corresponds to global trends in the energy sector. The particular relevance of distributed energy for Ukraine lies in the fact that its development contributes to reducing the costs of energy consumers, reducing the load on energy networks and losses of electrical energy, as well as improving the reliability of the energy system and energy efficiency of the economy. This article provides an overview of the main sources, technologies, and trends in the development of distributed generation (DG) in Ukraine, including stations running on biofuels (biomass and biogas), small hydroelectric power stations, as well as distributed solar and wind power plants. Various aspects related to the current state and future prospects of distributed energy in Ukraine are considered, with particular attention to barriers that impede its development. The main operating modes of distributed generation facilities are identified together with the National Energy Company of Ukraine. An analysis of the structure of distributed generation facilities by technology and power usage is carried out using statistical data. The factors that stimulate the development of distributed generation technologies are identified, and examples of successful implementation of DG facilities in Ukraine are provided. The main expected effects of implementing DG are determined, such as the adaptation of consumers to the uncertainty of the state of electricity due to the armed aggression of the Russian Federation, increasing the reliability of power supply, partial unloading of both main and distribution power lines, reducing energy losses in networks, as well as providing opportunities for communities to meet their energy needs. In addition, the development of distributed generation can contribute to increasing the level of competition in the electricity market, stimulating the review and optimization of pricing strategies. Keywords: distributed generation, RES, local networks, decentralization of energy supply.

Investing in Distributed Generation Technologies at Polish University Campuses during the Energy Transition Era

The functioning of universities during the energy transition can be quite a challenge for them. On one hand, it is necessary to pursue a sensible policy of sustainable development based on the growth of their own renewable energy sources and electricity storage facilities. The aim of such measures is to increase self-consumption and ensure partial energy self-reliance while reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. On the other hand, the current geopolitical situation has indicated significant problems in the energy sectors of European Union countries. From the point of view of decision-makers at universities, the main concern should be ensuring the continuity of the operation of such a facility, including ensuring the energy security of the sites under management. Thus, it is necessary to merge these two areas and consider the development of an energy management strategy on university campuses oriented towards the development of distributed generation resources. For this purpose, one of the methods of multi-criteria decision aiding the ELECTRE I was used. As a result of the analyses, an energy management strategy was established for the main campus of the Warsaw University of Technology, which simultaneously ensures energy security and sustainability efforts.

RESEARCH OF GLOBAL ENERGY TRENDS AIMED AT THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACTIVE ENERGY COMPLEXES

The article is devoted to the study of modern trends in the development of the global fuel and energy complex with the identification of features and key areas that determine the nearest policy in the field of energy conservation and energy efficiency improvement. The materials analyze the dynamics of changes in demand for consumption of various types of energy resources, changes in the structure of the world energy balance, emphasizing the continuing low level of energy efficiency in many countries of the world. Taking into account the significant amount of investments in renewable energy development technologies, the high growth rates of installed capacity of power plants operating on renewable energy sources over the past decade, as well as the high rates of global growth in demand for electricity consumption, one of the key areas in improving the efficiency of the global fuel and energy complex will be the use of distributed generation, including among those operating on the basis of renewable energy sources. Integration of technologies of small distributed generation with modern technologies of energy consumption management at the level of final consumption, such as management, demand for electricity and natural gas consumption and the formation of active energy complexes on the basis of industrial enterprises, will be full-fledged participants in the circulation of energy resources in Unified energy systems and Unified gas supply systems of the future.

Comparative assessment of techno-economic and environmental benefits in optimal allocation of distributed generators in distribution networks

Integration of Distributed Generation (DG) into power systems, especially at the distribution end, is one of the verified approaches that has been utilized to reduce power loss, enhanced reliable electricity supply, and promote environmental sustainability by reducing Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, an approach for solving an optimal DG allocation problem in distribution network with the objective function of maximizing the financial Techno-Economic and Environmental Benefits (TEEBs) of the grid is discussed. The TEEBs analysis of the DG planning problem is uniquely modeled as financial cost-benefit due to reduced power purchased and reduced Penalty Emission Cost (PEC) arising from the reduction of GHG emission in the network. A comprehensive and comparative analysis was carried out for the four classes of DG technology types to identify the environmental impact of integrating renewable and non-renewable DGs into the distribution system. Furthermore, The DG planning problem is solved using the Black Widow Optimizer (BWO) technique. The study implemented the proposed methodology on the standard IEEE 69-bus and Nigerian Shasa 59-bus distribution systems. The results show that renewable DGs’ optimal integration yielded higher TEEBs than non-renewable DGs despite the high capital cost of renewable DGs. Furthermore, the study affirmed the viability and efficiency of the proposed method by comparing the results of power loss obtained for the various DG types with that of techniques in open works of literature.

Smart grid systems infrastructures and distributed solar power generation in urban slums–A case study and energy policy in &lt;i&gt;Rio de Janeiro&lt;/i&gt;

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;This article discusses the relationship between urban slums and the management of the urban infrastructure network (electrification). An extensive survey of the scientific literature on the subject points out the main challenges and possible solutions for fixing precarious electrical infrastructure in urban slums through the promotion of public policies and the establishment of new arrangements based on distributed generation technologies and smart grid. A dialogue was also developed involving topics such as sustainable development and electrification of slums; relationship between communities and modernization of electrification; and emerging and sustainable technologies in the context of urban slums. Thus, a design was constructed that triggered a discussion of the relationship between this work and several other works found in the literature. This research indicates the need to strengthen local governance and the participation of urban slums for the technological modernization of the local electrical network, mainly with the implementation of smart grid and photovoltaic generation systems.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

An overview of AC and DC microgrid energy management systems

&lt;abstract&gt; &lt;p&gt;In 2022, the global electricity consumption was 4,027 billion kWh, steadily increasing over the previous fifty years. Microgrids are required to integrate distributed energy sources (DES) into the utility power grid. They support renewable and nonrenewable distributed generation technologies and provide alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) power through separate power connections. This paper presents a unified energy management system (EMS) paradigm with protection and control mechanisms, reactive power compensation, and frequency regulation for AC/DC microgrids. Microgrids link local loads to geographically dispersed power sources, allowing them to operate with or without the utility grid. Between 2021 and 2028, the expansion of the world's leading manufacturers will be driven by their commitment to technological advancements, infrastructure improvements, and a stable and secure global power supply. This article discusses iterative, linear, mixed integer linear, stochastic, and predictive microgrid EMS programming techniques. Iterative algorithms minimize the footprints of standalone systems, whereas linear programming optimizes energy management in freestanding hybrid systems with photovoltaic (PV). Mixed-integers linear programming (MILP) is useful for energy management modeling. Management of microgrid energy employs stochastic and robust optimization. Control and predictive modeling (MPC) generates energy management plans for microgrids. Future microgrids may use several AC/DC voltage standards to reduce power conversion stages and improve efficiency. Research into EMS interaction may be intriguing.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/abstract&gt;

Construction and Application of Distributed Power Storage System

In today’s society, with the continuous development of China’s economy, the power industry is also growing rapidly. As an important part of the logistics distribution system, the warehousing system plays an important role in the production and operation of the entire enterprise. Therefore, effective utilization of distributed generation is of great significance for improving energy supply efficiency and reducing operating costs. This paper mainly introduces the background and application status of distributed generation technology, analyzes and discusses the research and simulation of power supply network scheduling optimization methods based on DGS structure model and DGs topology mode, and gives the corresponding solutions. After the design of the system, this paper conducts a performance test on the system to determine whether the system can operate normally. The test results show that the performance of the distributed power storage system is basically stable at more than 80% under different power storage capacities, and the power utilization efficiency is also more than 90%. This shows that the performance of the power storage system can meet the needs of users.