Distributed Generation Facilities Research Articles

Assessment of Economic Synergies of Agrivoltaics in the Distributed Generation Segment in Chile

Agrivoltaics (AV) combines photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation with agriculture on the same land. In Chile, despite high potential, AV is not yet commercialized due to high investment cost. To close the remaining cost gap to conventional PV, we shed light on a set of AV specific synergies in the market segment of Small Distributed Generation Facilities. Through a techno-economic model, this paper monetizes AV synergies to derive the economic performance of a sun tracked AV system over blueberries for the PV stakeholder. The study reveals that tracked AV systems can be operated with an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 5.2% at the threshold of profitability. This is enabled due to the exploitation of synergies within the market segment that improve IRR for the PV stakeholder by 2.5%. Still, sun-tracked AV requires compulsory technology grants between 5 – 10 USD/MWh to be economically implemented. The results indicate the necessity for regulative adaption. Legislation must open agricultural land for AV project development to enable the commercialization.

Forecasting hourly electricity generation by a solar power plant using machine learning algorithms

Relevance. The need to develop energy-saving approaches through the use of data mining tools to improve the efficiency of management decision-making and more optimal use of energy resources. Forecasting the amount of electric energy generated by a solar power plant will allow optimal electricity distribution in decentralized systems. Information about the amount of electricity generated by a solar power plant and transmitted to a grid at every hour will allow planning the use of generated electricity and its distribution more reasonably. Also, the presence of a reliable forecast will allow embedding a predictive model into the micro-grid management subsystem. This will facilitate the integration of centralized electrical networks and distributed generation facilities. Aim. To analyze scientific papers containing proposals to improve the accuracy of determining the amount of electricity generated by solar power plants; to create machine learning models that allow you to create a short-term forecast of electricity generation by a solar power plant. Objects. Solar power plant named after A.A. Vlaznev (Sakmarskaya SPP), Orenburg region, Orsk, Oktyabrsky district, geographical coordinates: 51.266023, 58.474689. Methods. Analytical method, methods of mathematical statistics, methods of machine learning, complex generalization of scientific achievements and practical experience in the use of data processing tools in the tasks of forecasting electricity generation by solar power plants. Results. The authors have carried out the review of literature sources reflecting the results of using modern data mining tools in predicting the magnitude of electricity generation by solar power plants. The paper considers various approaches to forecasting electricity generation at solar power plants. The analysis of factors used in forecasting is carried out. The authors obtained the results of theoretical and applied nature. The results consist in recommendations on using exogenous variables in predicting power generation at SPP, as well as some machine learning algorithms in construction of predictive models. These recommendations were obtained in generalizing the results of the applied research.

Optimal dynamic multi-microgrid structuring for improving distribution system resiliency considering time-varying voltage-dependent load models

This paper presents an innovative approach for enhancing distribution network resiliency against severe weather-related faults. Given the importance of loads in the resiliency concept, an exact and realistic load model is developed along with the consumption pattern and voltage-dependency of each load type. By defining two technical and economic objective functions, a unique method is used to combine and optimize the objective functions through Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA). Two main strategies, namely the dynamic arrangement of microgrid regions via hourly network reconfiguration as well as grid voltage control through Automatic Voltage Regulation (AVR) of distributed generation facilities, are utilized for increased load restoration. The effect of each of these strategies on grid resiliency is evaluated along with the overall approach efficiency based on simulations on a sample 33-bus network comprising renewable and non-renewable resources and commercial, residential and industrial loads. Using this approach, the strategy to encounter each particular type of failure is obtained.

On the Influence of Organizational and Technical Measures on the Cascade Evolvement of Accidents in Electric Power Systems with Heterogeneous Parameters

The aim of the study is to assess the effect of various organizational and technical measures on the evolvement of emergency cascade processes in electric power systems (EPS) with heterogeneous parameters and to determine the limits of the maximum permissible operation modes. The article presents the results of electrical operation mode calculations in the test configurations of 6, 35, 110, and 500 kV EPS containing 25, 36 and 40 nodes, which illustrate the influence of heterogeneity of the EPS parameters on the evolvement of cascade emergency processes. An approach to taking into account the heterogeneity of EPS parameters in planning and maintaining the EPS operation modes is presented. To enhance the EPS survivability and reduce the risk of cascade emergency processes to occur and evolve, distributed generation facilities of different capacities and FACTS devices were used in the EPS. In addition, power flows were redistributed by changing the loading of existing power plants with different electricity generation costs. The proposed approach was used to analyze the evolvement of a cascade-type system accident that occurred in the EPS of the Republic of Bashkortostan. By using the developed approach, the possibility of cascade emergency processes to occur and evolve can be evaluated in planning and maintaining the EPC operation modes, as well as to develop EPS configuration and operation mode adjustment measures aimed at preventing such emergencies from occurring.

Сучасний стан та перспективи розвитку відновлюваної розподіленої генерації в Україні

The development of distributed generation in Ukraine corresponds to global trends in the energy sector. The particular relevance of distributed energy for Ukraine lies in the fact that its development contributes to reducing the costs of energy consumers, reducing the load on energy networks and losses of electrical energy, as well as improving the reliability of the energy system and energy efficiency of the economy. This article provides an overview of the main sources, technologies, and trends in the development of distributed generation (DG) in Ukraine, including stations running on biofuels (biomass and biogas), small hydroelectric power stations, as well as distributed solar and wind power plants. Various aspects related to the current state and future prospects of distributed energy in Ukraine are considered, with particular attention to barriers that impede its development. The main operating modes of distributed generation facilities are identified together with the National Energy Company of Ukraine. An analysis of the structure of distributed generation facilities by technology and power usage is carried out using statistical data. The factors that stimulate the development of distributed generation technologies are identified, and examples of successful implementation of DG facilities in Ukraine are provided. The main expected effects of implementing DG are determined, such as the adaptation of consumers to the uncertainty of the state of electricity due to the armed aggression of the Russian Federation, increasing the reliability of power supply, partial unloading of both main and distribution power lines, reducing energy losses in networks, as well as providing opportunities for communities to meet their energy needs. In addition, the development of distributed generation can contribute to increasing the level of competition in the electricity market, stimulating the review and optimization of pricing strategies. Keywords: distributed generation, RES, local networks, decentralization of energy supply.

Survey of Sustainable Energy Sources for Microgrid Energy Management: A Review

Renewable energy sources are nowadays a viable choice to satisfy the rising energy consumption and promote the advancement of sustainable development. These systems are integrated into microgrids using a variety of technological solutions to ensure customer communication and distributed generation facilities in an optimal way. Energy management in microgrids refers to the information and control system that provides the necessary functionality to guarantee that the generating and distribution systems produce energy at the lowest expenses. This study analyzes the various optimization objectives, constraints, problem-solving techniques, and simulation tools used for connected and freestanding microgrids. It reviews the literature on energy control in microgrids powered by sustainable energy. Energy storage technology is also viewed as an intriguing alternative to managing the intermittent nature of renewable energy because of its advanced techniques, increased energy efficiency, and capacity to perform tasks such as frequency response. The final phase suggests future suggestions, particularly for the model-based prediction of energy storage systems.

Integrated framework for modeling the interactions of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles aggregators, parking lots and distributed generation facilities in electricity markets

This paper presents an integrated framework for the optimal resilient scheduling of an active distribution system in the day-ahead and real-time markets considering aggregators, parking lots, distributed energy resources, and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) interactions. The main contribution of this paper is that the impacts of traffic patterns on the available dispatchable active power of PHEVs in day-ahead and real-time markets are explored. A two stage framework is considered. Each stage consists of a four-level optimization procedure that optimizes the scheduling problems of PHEVs, parking lots and distributed energy resources, aggregators, and active distribution system. The distribution system procures ramp-up and ramp-down services for the upward electricity market in a real-time horizon. The active distribution system can utilize a switching procedure to sectionalize its system into a multi-microgrid system to mitigate the impacts of external shocks. The model was assessed by the 123-bus test system. The proposed algorithm reduced the interruption and operating costs of the 123-bus test system by about 94.56% for the worst-case external shock. Further, the traffic pattern decreased the available ramp-up and ramp-down of parking lots by about 58.61% concerning the no-traffic case.

Organization of Control of the Generalized Power Quality Parameter Using Wald’s Sequential Analysis Procedure

This paper analyzes the key defining features of modern electric power distribution networks of industrial enterprises. It is shown that the requirements set by industrial enterprises with respect to power quality parameters (PQPs) at the points of their connection to external distribution networks of utilities have been becoming increasingly strict in recent years. This is justified by the high sensitivity of critical electrical loads and distributed generation facilities to distortions of currents and voltages from a pure sine wave. Significant deviations of PQPs lead to significant damage at the consumer end due to the shutdown of electrical equipment by electrical and process protections as a result of overheating and increased wear and tear of individual elements of process lines. This necessitates the implementation of continuous monitoring systems at industrial enterprises, or sampling-based monitoring of PQPs at the boundary bus with an external distribution network. When arranging sampling-based monitoring of PQPs at certain time intervals, only those parameters that are critical for specific electrical loads should be calculated. We provide a rationale for the transition from the monitoring of a set of individual PQPs to a generalized PQP with the arrangement of simultaneous monitoring of several parameters. The joint use of the results of simulation and data from PQP monitoring systems for PQP analysis using the sampling-based procedure produces the desired effect. We present an example of a sequential decision-making process in the analysis of a generalized PQP based on Wald’s sequential analysis procedure. This technique makes it possible to adapt the PQP monitoring procedure to the features of a specific power distribution network of an industrial enterprise. We present the structural diagram of the device developed by the authors, which implements the sampling-based monitoring procedure of the generalized PQP. We put forward an approach for determining the average number of sampling data points required to make a decision about the power quality in the implementation of the sequential analysis procedure.

Reliable power supply to power consuming units via isolated distributed generation: problematic issues and approaches to their solution

The present study considers solutions to problematic issues concerning the integration of distributed generation facilities into the internal power supply network of power consuming units. The possibility of ensuring reliable power supply using verified models of generating plants and power consuming units is analysed along with a description of principles for the selection of control systems for generating plants. Full-scale measurements recording significant deviations in power quality indicators, were carried out. A total capacity of distributed generation facilities operating as a part of isolated energy districts is estimated at 8.5–9 GW. In addition, in the case of operation as a part of power systems, this capacity is equal to 13.5–14 GW. Therefore, the total capacity of these facilities is 22–23 GW or 9.5–10% of the total capacity of all generating facilities in Russia. The necessity of using verified mathematical models of generating plants, as well as main synchronous and asynchronous motors, along with the correct consideration of rotated mechanism types and real load factors, is substantiated. Principles for selecting the excitation systems of generating plants, as well as coordinating parameter settings for relay protection devices in generating plants and other elements in the internal power supply networks of power consuming units are considered. Recommendations regarding the permissibility of commutations and guaranteed correspondence between electric power quality indicators and regulatory requirements in island (autonomous) operating mode are provided. Thus, the need on the part of organizations that have necessary software systems and experience in conducting complex mode calculations to implement projects for integrating distributed generation facilities is substantiated. Here, the volume and complexity of calculations is higher than in the design of standard power plants and power supply systems.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПЕРЕТОКОВ МОЩНОСТИ В ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЕ С ФОТОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ УСТАНОВКОЙ И НАГРУЗКОЙ

Implementation of distributed energy resources based on renewable energy sources in existing electrical systems leads to a change in the direction and magnitude of power flows and, as a result, to a change inthe parameters of the network operation mode. The aim of the work is to study power flows in power supply systems with distributed generation facilities. To achieve this goal, power flows in the electrical system with thepower supply system, solar power plant, battery and load are analyzed. The results of the experiments showed that at the power supply point of the load of the electrical system, a low value of the power factor and the occurrence of a reactive power flow into the power system are observed. The results obtained on the value of the power factor in the electrical system with a solar power plant, can be used for further research and in practice.

СПОСОБЫ ПОДДЕРЖАНИЯ ЗНАЧЕНИЙ НАПРЯЖЕНИЯ И ЧАСТОТЫ В ДОПУСТИМЫХ ПРЕДЕЛАХ В УСЛОВИЯХ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕННОЙ ГЕНЕРАЦИИ ПРИ РЕЗКОПЕРЕМЕННОМ ХАРАКТЕРЕ НАГРУЗКИ ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЯ

Relevance A promising direction for the development of domestic and foreign electric power industry is distributed generation. Distributed generation is a principle for the development of distribution networks and internal power supply networks of enterprises with a voltage level of up to 110 kV inclusive, in which power plants with an installed capacity of not more than 25 MW are located in close proximity to power consumption nodes. The reasons for the spread of this principle of development of distribution networks include the reduction of losses in the transmission of electricity, the possibility of isolated or autonomous modes of operation of energy districts, and due to the variety and high efficiency of distributed generation generating plants, the ability to use any available energy resources, including renewable energy sources. In conditions of distributed generation, power supply to consumers with a sharply variable nature of the load is difficult, which is associated with significant deviations of the mode parameters and shutdown of generating plants by emergency automatics. The reasons for such a low dynamic stability of generating installations of distributed generation are different and are determined by their operating principle, design and some other factors. The main reasons include incorrectly set operation algorithms and settings of emergency automatics, overheating of the primary engine, low moment of inertia of the turbine, and stochastic nature of power generation. Consumers with a sharply variable nature of the load include not only large industrial enterprises, but also communications enterprises, some agricultural enterprises, and the load of the housing and communal sector. Thus, a sharply variable load is present in many areas of activity and solving the issues of organizing its power supply according to the principle of distributed generation is an urgent problem. Aim of research Review of ways to maintain the mode parameters of the power supply system with distributed generation facilities and consumers with a sharply variable nature of the load. Research methods The studies were carried out using the theory of transient electromechanical processes, the theory of power transmission, and experimental results. Results A review is made of ways to maintain the mode parameters of a power supply system with distributed energy sources within a

Güç Akışı Analizini Öğrenmede PowerWorld Simülatör Kullanımı: Bilgisayar Destekli Bir Görselleştirme Aracı

Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının hızlı gelişimi, dağıtık üretim tesislerinin entegrasyonu ve dijitalleşmedeki ilerlemeler dünya genelindeki güç sistemlerinde karmaşık bir değişime neden olmaktadır. Güç sistemlerinin karmaşıklığı hem lisans hem de lisansüstü öğrencilerinin güç sistemleri ile ilgili çalışmalarını sıkıcı, zor ve zaman alıcı hale getirmektedir. Bununla birlikte, simülasyon araçlarının kullanılması, güç sistemleri çalışmalarıyla ilgili hesaplama işlemlerini büyük ölçüde basitleştirmiştir. Yalnızca güç sisteminin mevcut çalışma koşulları altında çalışmasını değil, aynı zamanda gelecekteki genişlemelerin planını ve tasarımını da değerlendirmek için güç akışı çalışmaları giderek daha gerekli hale gelmektedir. Bu makale, öğrencilerin güç sistemlerindeki karmaşık olayları daha iyi anlamalarına yardımcı olmak için gelişmiş görselleştirme teknikleri kullanan PowerWorld Simülatör ile güç akışı analizinin bir incelemesini sunmaktadır. Bu amaçla, Stevenson’ın 5 baralı güç sisteminin güç akışı analizi Newton-Raphson, Gauss-Seidel ve Hızlı Ayrık metotları ile incelenmiştir. Simülasyon sonuçları hem görsel olarak hem de tablo olarak verilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, PowerWorld Simülatör ile öğrencilerin geleneksel çözümlere ek olarak güç sistemi analiz problemlerini daha iyi anlayacağı görülmüştür.

An approach to energy distribution between sources in a hierarchical integrated energy system using multi-agent technologies

Nowadays, researchers from all over the world pay increasingly more attention to the creation and development of models and methods to investigate the operation and management of integrated energy systems since this strand could provide significant advantages in the future in comparison with traditional energy systems. The optimal distribution of energy among sources in an integrated energy system is quite a complex and relevant issue since the growing number of distributed generation facilities and the increasing role of prosumers in the energy supply process can cause various problems, which require new methods to solve them. In this regard, this paper proposes an approach to the rational energy distribution among sources in a hierarchical integrated energy system using multi-agent technologies. This approach employs the principle aimed at coordinating solutions in three stages, starting with the calculation of load-controlled consumers and ending with the entire integrated energy system, and, thanks to such calculation principles, energy is distributed evenly among sources and there is no significant increase in costs for an individual consumer. The multi-agent technologies are used as a tool that has recently been successfully used by scientists worldwide to solve problems of various complexity and dimension. Based on the proposed approach, a multi-agent model of an integrated energy system was developed and a computational experiment was carried out to verify the developed principles of interaction among the components of an integrated energy system, and formulate a compromise energy supply solution taking into account the preferences, interests and capabilities of all participants in the integrated energy system.

WSPRT Methods for Improving Power System Automation Devices in the Conditions of Distributed Generation Sources Operation

The trend towards the decentralization and decarbonization of the energy sector stimulates the adoption of generation facilities based on renewable energy sources (RES) and distributed generation (DG) facilities that utilize secondary energy resources. Operation features of DG facilities, such as a high speed of electromechanical transient processes and significant deviations of power quality indicators from standard values, require improvement and an increase in the speed of automation devices. Modern electroautomatic devices must determine the operating regions (normal and emergency) and adapt the operation algorithms to the conditions of the current mode. The study presented proposes methods developed to use the Wald Sequential Probability Ratio Test (WSPRT) to improve the reliability and efficiency of the power system automation devices. The paper provides examples of using WSPRT in the devices of automatic frequency load shedding, automatic transformer disconnection, and power quality control. The results of mathematical modeling confirm the high performance of WSPRT in power system automation devices owing to an increase in the reliability of operating regions identification and speed of response. For example, in the automatic frequency load shedding (AFLS) algorithm for a network with DG facilities at a sampling rate that meets the requirements of the IEC 61850 (80 samples per period), the acceptance time does not exceed 1 ms. The study substantiates the need to use WSPRT in the logic blocks of automation devices employed in active distribution networks.

Specific Features of Operation of Distributed Generation Facilities Based on Gas Reciprocating Units in Internal Power Systems of Industrial Entities

The creation of a decentralized low-carbon energy infrastructure is the main trend in the development of the electric power industry in many countries. Distributed generation facilities (DGs) based on gas reciprocating units (GRUs) are often built by industrial entities for the efficient utilization of secondary energy resources in order to minimize the environmental impact. Modern GRUs have some advantages, but they have design features that should be factored in when connecting them to the internal power systems of industrial entities. Incorrect consideration of possible operating conditions of GRU in their design can lead to their damage, excessive shutdowns, and disruptions in power supply to essential power consumers with significant damage and losses from undersupply of their products. Excessive shutdowns of GRUs are often caused by a non-selective choice of settings for relay protection devices or by load surges that exceed the allowable ones. With high availability factors, GRUs are disconnected five to eight times more often compared to large gas turbine and steam turbine power units. The large total power consumed by electric motors, as part of the load of an industrial entity, determines the nature and parameters of electromechanical transient processes during emergency disturbances. The presented analysis of issues facing real DG facilities relies on the acts of investigation into the causes of accidents. Calculations have shown that the action of the “Load Agreement Module” in the GRU excitation controller can provoke the occurrence of a voltage avalanche in the internal power system with a complete shutdown of the load. The paper presents recommendations on the choice of control algorithms and voltage settings for the GRU excitation controller. Technical solutions are given to prevent damage and excessive shutdowns of GRU in various operating conditions of the system, and to help ensure a reliable power supply to power consumers. The change in approaches to the design of DG facilities is substantiated in the light of their significant differences from other electric power facilities.

Influence of Wind Turbines on the Operating Modes of the Distribution Network

The paper aim was to study the normal functioning modes of consumers power supply by the distribution network, taking into account the electricity production using wind turbines, as well as to develop recommendations that allow optimizing power consumption modes. The goal was achieved by analyzing the initial information on the network section topology, the technical characteristics of linear and transformer equipment, as well as consumption and generation profiles. The most significant result of the paper was the determination of the fact that the connection of wind turbines according to the “install and forget” principle without prior justification of both connection place and wind turbine capacity often leads to significant change in the operating characteristics and additional technical losses of active power. In this case, the main part of the losses falls on power lines. The significance of the obtained results lies in the fact that the main problems, associated with the coordination of the operating modes of distributed generation facilities and load, were identified and possible technical solutions were proposed to improve the situation. Based on the obtained results it is possible to conclude that when connecting a wind turbine to a distribution network, it is necessary to take into account both the capacity and the installation location of the equipment, which significantly change the values of the operating parameters of electrical networks. It has been shown that use of energy storage devices, as well as the network reconstruction, can make it possible to minimize active power losses and carry out balance of regimes.

ФЕРРОРЕЗОНАНСНЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ В СИСТЕМАХ ЭЛЕКТРОСНАБЖЕНИЯ С РАСПРЕДЕЛЕННОЙ ГЕНЕРАЦИЕЙ

Relevance The article is devoted to the study of the possibility of occurrence of ferroresonant processes in power supply systems with distributed generation. Ferroresonant processes cause overvoltages in electrical installations and lead to their failure. In backbone and distribution networks without distributed generation facilities, the phenomenon of ferroresonance has been studied quite deeply, effective hardware and operational measures have been developed to prevent the occurrence of ferroresonance surges in electrical installations. However, the issue of the occurrence of ferroresonant processes in power supply systems with distributed generation, which is a promising direction in the development of the energy sector, seems to be little studied. Aim of research The main aim of the research is to investigate circuit-mode conditions for the occurrence of ferroresonant processes in power supply systems with distributed generation. Research methods To study the circuit-mode conditions for the occurrence of ferroresonant processes in power supply systems with distributed generation, the main provisions of the theory of electrical complexes and systems, the theory of nonlinear electrical circuits, and the principles of controlling objects of electrical complexes and industrial systems were used. Results The circuit-mode conditions for the occurrence of ferroresonant processes in power supply systems with distributed generation are studied. The power supply system of a HF radio center, containing a power plant with a lower installed power or corresponding to the maximum power consumption of the load, was chosen as the object of study. The features of the scheme-mode conditions for the occurrence of ferroresonant processes under conditions of distributed generation are as follows. Due to the insignificant remoteness of distributed generation facilities and consumers, additional opportunities arise for subharmonic ferroresonant processes. When a generating plant is connected to low-voltage busbars, conditions are created for the occurrence of a ferroresonant process involving low-voltage windings of power transformers. The low dynamic stability of generating installations of distributed generation facilities based on synchronous generators reduces the likelihood and duration of ferroresonant processes in the event of phase wire breaks and short circuits on the power line. Generating plants connected via grid inverters have a limited output current and can be turned off by emergency automatics in the event of an emergency operation of the grid, which, as a rule, precedes the appearance of ferroresonant overvoltages in electrical installations. Thus, in power districts with distributed generation facilities, the circuit-mode conditions for the occurrence of ferroresonant processes, known in the centralized power supply system, undergo changes, and it is also possible to form new ferroresonant oscillatory circuits. Keywords: distributed generation, ferroresonant process, power supply system, oscillatory circuit, generating plant, relay protection and automation devices Acknoledgements: The work was carried out under the state order of the Omsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (project state registration number 122011200349-3).

ФЕРРОРЕЗОНАНСНЫЕ ПЕРЕНАПРЯЖЕНИЯ В ЭЛЕКТРОУСТАНОВКАХ 6–220 кВ: ТЕОРИЯ И РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ

Relevance The article is devoted to the systematization and generalization of theoretical and experimental studies of ferroresonance overvoltages in electrical installations 6–220 kV. The need to study this issue is associated with the active introduction of distributed generation facilities into distribution networks, as well as medium and low voltage networks. In power districts with distributed generation facilities, the settings and operation algorithm of relay protection and automation devices differ from the traditional ones used in centralized power supply. The generation parameters and the nature of electromechanical transients also differ, which is caused by the low dynamic stability of generating plants based on synchronous generation and the use of network inverters with energy storage in electronic generation. Thus, due to significant differences in the parameters of the network operation mode with and without distributed generation objects, it is necessary to revise many well-known technical problems, including the issue of ferroresonant processes. Electrical installations of 6–220 kV were chosen as the object of research, since the concept of distributed generation does not imply backbone networks, and the maximum installed power of an individual facility is limited by 25 MW. Aim of Research Aim of research is to systematize and summarize the theoretical and experimental studies of ferroresonance overvoltages in electrical installations 6–220 kV. Research methods To study the circuit-mode conditions for the occurrence of ferroresonant processes in electrical installations of 6–220 kV, an analysis of foreign and domestic publications, standards was carried out, and the theoretical foundations of electrical engineering and the theory of nonlinear electrical circuits were used. Results The physical essence of the phenomenon of ferroresonance, the conditions for the occurrence of ferroresonant processes and measures to prevent them in medium and high voltage networks, experimental studies of ferroresonant processes are considered. The ferroresonant process consists in compensating the inductive and capacitive resistances in the oscillatory circuit with a saturated inductance core. There are various modes of ferroresonance, which are determined by the initial conditions: fundamental, subharmonic, aperiodic and chaotic. A prerequisite for the occurrence of a ferroresonant process is the power of the power source sufficient to saturate the inductance core. Non-linear inductance that can participate in the formation of an oscillatory circuit are voltage transformers, power transformers, shunt reactors. The capacity of the circuit can be a power line, a busbar system, a capacitor bank, shunt capacitors of switches. Hardware and operational measures to protect against ferroresonant processes in electrical installations are aimed at changing the capacitance or inductance of network elements that may participate in the formation of a ferroresonant oscillatory circuit, preventing the formation of such a circuit or reducing its quality factor. The results of experimental studies of ferroresonant processes do not contradict the guidelines for protection against resonant voltage increases in electrical installations. Keywords: ferroresonance overvoltages, distributed generation, ferroresonant process, electrical installation, busbar system, high-voltage switch, non-linear inductance

КОНЦЕПЦІЯ INTERNET OF ENERGY ДЛЯ УПРАВЛІННЯ ОБ’ЄКТАМИ ЕЛЕКТРОМЕРЕЖ

Purpose. Determination of a promising way of managing electric networks in the conditions of an increase in the number of implemented distributed generation facilities using renewable sources. Dispatch systems are the object, methods of building dispatch systems are the subject. Methods. Research was carried out on the basis of system and elemental-structural approaches. Results. The article analyzes the subject industry and the evolution of energy facility management systems. The relevance of the work lies in the acute study of modern approaches to the management of electric power facilities, designed to change not only management methods, but also to generally revise the concept of modernization of existing systems and construction of new networks. It has been determined that information networks become not only the means of communication between people, but also open completely new ways of exchanging telemetric information regarding the management of technological processes between devices. The energy sector is no exception, where every year the penetration of telecommunication technologies is deepening, creating new approaches to the management of energy systems of electricity generation and distribution. The work considers ways of organizing network management and increasing its stability with a decrease in the level of inertia, based on the use of differential meters, the concept of hot backup, the use of intelligent forecasting and information exchange technologies, and the introduction of modern communication technologies, and parallels between the levels of power distribution and data transmission in information networks. Scientific novelty. It has been offered to increase the efficiency of management in electrical networks with distributed generation with the help of energy routers. Practical significance. The work proves that the IoE concept is the most promising for the use in power grids in the conditions of an increase in the number of distributed objects of small generation.

Analysis of ways to ensure the energy independence of construction techniques using renewable energy sources

In recent years, society has faced the problem of constantly increasing energy consumption. This increases the rate of consumption of minerals. Another problem is the increase in harmful emissions into the Earth's atmosphere. Both problems pose tasks that need to be addressed first.
 The most promising sources of "clean" energy today are wind and solar energy. The rapid development of the industry leads to the constant generation of new ideas and new technical solutions both in the industry itself and in related areas of economic activity. The idea of distributed energy generation, which is still implemented by classical technologies, requires a similar application of renewable energy sources in the modern distribution of energy balance.
 Given the advantages and disadvantages of different types of wind turbines, it was determined that in the conditions of settlements it is advisable to use wind turbines with a vertical axis. This design allows for small size and dense mutual location to create compact and energy-independent power supply systems for construction equipment.
 Given the trends of global manufacturers to expand the range of construction equipment through models type zero emission - without harmful emissions into the atmosphere, will increase the number of batteries that will need to be serviced in enterprises. Such operations can be provided at the expense of distributed generation facilities, which are aggregated by "clean" energy sources.
 The introduction of the concept of modular equipment and modular systems of construction equipment allows to develop compact technical solutions in the form of mobile energy modules that can ensure energy independence of individual construction sites. Given the current geopolitical situation in the world, this concept of energy infrastructure can be applied not only in the field of construction.