Types Of Distress Research Articles

Distress, Social Support, and Self-Compassion: Relationships With Mental Health Among College Students.

This study investigated how distress, conceptualized as an interaction between hassles and stress perceptions, related to mental health, whether the type of distress (social or nonsocial) was consequential, and whether perceived support and self-compassion attenuated these relationships. Students (N = 185) from a mid-sized university in the southeast completed a survey. Survey questions pertained to hassles and stress perceptions, mental health (i.e., anxiety, depression, happiness, and love of life), perceived social support, and self-compassion. As predicted, students reporting more hassles and stress (both social and nonsocial) as well as those reporting less support and self-compassion, were worse off regarding mental illness and mental wellness. This was observed for both social and nonsocial distress. Although we did not support our hypotheses regarding buffering effects, we found perceived support and self-compassion are beneficial, regardless of hassles and stress levels. We discuss implications for students' mental health and ideas for future research.

A review of rutting in asphalt concrete pavement

AbstractUndoubtedly, rutting in asphalt concrete pavement is considered a major dilemma in terms of pavement performance and safety faced by road users as well as the road authorities. Rutting is a bowl-shaped depression in the wheel paths that develop gradually with the increasing number of load applications. Heavy axle loadings besides the high pavement summer temperature enhance the problem of rutting. According to the AASHTO design equation for flexible pavements, a 1.1 in rut depth will reduce the present serviceability index of relatively new pavement, having no other distress, from 4.2 to 2.5. With this amount of drop in serviceability, the entire life of the pavement in effect has been lost. Therefore, it is crucial to look at the mechanism, possible reasons, as well as techniques, to reduce the rutting in order to offer long service life and safe roadways. To this end, the need has been arising for this research which deals mainly with a thorough review of the existing literature to highlight some key points for the researchers and pavement engineers related to rutting mechanism, measurement, and criteria, both intrinsic (mixture variables) and extrinsic (traffic and temperature) contributory factors to rutting, material characterization, test methods, and prediction methodologies, as well as possible ways to minimize the rutting distress in asphalt concrete pavement. So far, this research attempts to bridge the gap in the literature that frequently only addresses a single aspect of rutting by providing an in-depth review of rutting in asphalt concrete and thereby offers a complete comprehensive understanding of this major distress type.

Development of Pavement Maintenance Management System for Baghdad Urban Roadway Network

The road transportation system is considered as major component of the infrastructure in any country, it affects the developments in economy and social activities. The Asphalt Concrete which is considered as the major pavement material for the road transportation system in Baghdad is subjected to continuous deterioration with time due to traffic loading and environmental conditions, it was felt that implementing a comprehensive pavement maintenance management system (PMMS), which should be capable for preserving the functional and structural conditions of pavement layers, is essential. This work presents the development of PMMS with Visual inspection technique for evaluating the Asphalt Concrete pavement surface condition; common types of Asphalt Concrete distress including (bleeding of Asphalt, patching, block cracking, edge cracking, longitudinal and transverse cracking, rutting, pot holes, longitudinal and transverse deformation) with their various severity and intensity conditions have been included in the system as data base. The surface of the pavement was divided into sections, and the pavement condition is visually evaluated by the raters using specially designed forms, each type of defect was measured, classified, and rated according to type, severity, and extent. Data will be fed to the system using the computer, various types of intensity and severity of distress were analyzed by the system, the present condition rating (PCR) of the pavement section is determined, and the system suggests the required maintenance action. The developed system which is assigned (PMMS-09) was verified in evaluating the pavement surface condition at AL-Jaderiah campus roadway network. The results indicated that the system is sound in evaluation of the pavement condition and in suggestion of the proper maintenance to reserve the pavement condition.

Measuring the psychological burden of women with pelvic floor complaints: The psychometric characteristics of a new instrument

Background: To be able to optimize pelvic healthcare, it would be helpful to specifically assess women’s psychological burden with pelvic floor complaints. In the absence of such an instrument, a new instrument was developed to measure this burden in women who seek help. In previous research, a comprehensive overview was yielded of women’s restrictions and distress with pelvic floor complaints, and a conceptual model was developed of seven types of distress that were reflected by 33 statements. The present study was performed to investigate the psychometric properties of the new instrument, termed the Pelvic Floor Complaint-related Psychological Burden Inventory (PFC-PBI). Methods: In an online survey data was collected from women with and without pelvic floor complaints on the 33 statements. The internal consistency of the types of distress was tested, Principal Component and Confirmatory Factor Analyses were performed, and the convergent and divergent validity of the types of distress was examined against existing questionnaires. Results: Based on the factor analyses, a 10-item instrument was tested. Outcomes show excellent internal consistency of this instrument, comprising a single component. The PFC-PBI demonstrated satisfactory convergent and divergent validity. Conclusions: This new measure appears to be a promising tool to inventory the psychological burden of women suffering from pelvic floor complaints. Research into its further development, implementation, and clinical use appears warranted.

Functional field evaluation on urban pavements. Case study in Valparaiso de Goias

Urban pavements deteriorate due to traffic and weather conditions. In order to maintain appropriate riding comfort, safety, and economy for users, Maintenance and Rehabilitation (M&R) activities are necessary. The objective of this research is to promote the implementation and continued use of an Urban Pavement Management System (UPMS), based on the functional condition evaluation of a sample of sections in Valparaíso de Goiás (GO). Through field evaluation, it is possible to identify and quantify the sections with the worst or best conditions, define M&Rs, and track the evolution of distresses. The identification of surface distresses was carried out based on the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP/FHWA, 2014) Distress Identification Manual. A total of 226 sections were evaluated in 2019 and 2021 to obtain a historical series of data. As a result of this research, a decrease in serviceability was identified, suggesting that a UPMS can improve the condition of paved areas. In addition, M&Rs were defined for each section and the most common types of distresses were identified, which include fatigue cracking, potholes, patches, and wearing.

Engineering properties of SBS and crumb-rubber modified bitumen – a design of experiment approach

Purpose Cracking, deformation and rutting are the most prevalent types of pavement distress, and these deformations and flow characteristics greatly distress the pavement features while also limiting its use. In India, on the other hand, more than 300 million scrap tyres are generated each year, and their disposal has become a severe environmental issue. Furthermore, the scrap generated by the used tyre must be disposed of properly. Hence, this study presents the experimental investigations of bitumen incorporating with Crumb rubber as main additive along with SBS polymer, to enhance the engineering property. Design/methodology/approach Crumb rubber (CR) was used as an additive along with styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) polymer to enrich the engineering qualities of the bitumen to reduce the disposal problem of scrap tyres and reduce the risk of environmental pollution. Because SBS polymer is expensive, response surface methodology modelling's central composite design (CCD) was used to optimise the number of tests. CCD modelling's input factors (process variables) were the inclusion rates of SBS and CR, which ranged from 2% to 5% and 4% to 10%, respectively, by total weight. Furthermore, the influence of SBS polymer and CR on the characteristics of modified bitumen was prioritised. Findings The addition of SBS and CR enhanced the bitumen's penetration resistance at service temperatures. Furthermore, increasing the SBS and CR concentration affected the flow characteristics of the modified bitumen and enhanced its viscosity. The addition of SBS and CR as bitumen modifiers increased penetration resistance by 24.06%. The Dynamic Shear Rheometer test demonstrated that the complex modulus of virgin bitumen increases with increasing SBS and CR content, which is consistent with the shifting softening point trend. The dosing rate of up to 3.5% SBS and 11% CR considerably contributed to the creation of polymer link networks, which increased the complex modulus of the bitumen by 16.5%. The CCD model's analysis of variance and Pareto bar chart demonstrated that the dose of CR is significant in improving the engineering features of the virgin bitumen rather than the SBS. Originality/value The utilisation of CR as a bitumen modifier may solve the problem of waste tyre disposal while also lowering the risk of environmental damage. Furthermore, because the presence of CR increased the engineering properties, particularly the complex modulus of virgin bitumen, the use of CR in combination with SBS polymer can be an efficient and cost-effective strategy to improving bitumen qualities.

Analysis and Prediction of Pothole Formation Rate Using Spatial Density Measurements and Pavement Condition Indicators

Potholes represent one of the dangerous distress types on roads. They form as a result of various factors, including water ingress, freeze–thaw, and pavement condition deterioration. In the UK, 1.7 million potholes were repaired in 2021; this critical number causes significant economic, social, and environmental impacts; there is no tool able to predict the number of potholes that might appear in a road network. This study aims to analyze pothole formation and its relationship with other distress types and their severity, and to develop a simple tool able to predict the number of potholes that might appear in a road network based on the network condition. Significant pothole data from the road network of Greater London between 2017 and 2020, in addition to surface distress data, were used in this study. ‘Spatial density’ and ‘join’ tools embedded in ArcGIS were used to correlate pothole spatial density (PSD) with the road condition surrounding the potholes. This analysis was then used to calculate PSD as a function of different condition indicators, such as road condition index and crack intensity, allowing prediction of the number of potholes based on the length and condition of the sections being analyzed. The results demonstrate that potholes are significantly concentrated in sections with deteriorated conditions. They also show that it is possible to predict the number of potholes using PSD with reasonable accuracy. Lastly, it was found that sections with low crossfall are more susceptible to pothole formation, presumably because of water ponding and consequent damage.

Applications of Terrestrial Laser Scanner in Detecting Pavement Surface Defects

An entire roadway system represents a crucial element in the sustainable urban transportation planning process. Pavement surfaces are at continual risk of accumulating serious deteriorations and defects throughout their service life due to traffic loading and environmental impact. Since roadway networks are growing rapidly, relying on visual pavement inspection is not always feasible. Therefore, this paper proposes an effective assessment method for evaluating flexible pavement surface distresses using a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and calculating the pavement condition index (PCI). The proposed terrestrial laser scanner method results in road condition assessments becoming faster, safer, and more systematic. It also aims to determine the geometric characteristics of the investigated roads. A major road in Egypt was selected to test the proposed technique and compare it with the traditional visual inspection method. The evaluation was carried out to assess different types of pavement distress, such as cracking, rutting, potholes, and raveling distresses. Every pavement distress was defined in terms of surface area, the width of the crack, and intensity, and the data from TLS were then processed by MAGNET COLLAGE software. A MATLAB program was developed to match the TLS observational data to plane equations. PAVER software was also used to determine the PCI values for each TLS position. The revealed distresses for the investigated road using TLS observations reveal a significant improvement in determining flexible pavement distresses and geometric characteristics.

Disruptions in Lifestyle Habits and Access to Social Support in the Time of COVID-19: Associations With Diabetes Distress and Depression Among Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Living in British Columbia

ObjectivesIn this study, we examined rates of diabetes distress and depressive symptoms in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) during the COVID-19 lockdown and its association with disruptions in lifestyle habits and access to social support. MethodsThis cross-sectional investigation included a convenience sample of 60 adults with T1D who completed a survey assessing diabetes distress (Type 1 Diabetes Distress Scale), depressive symptoms (Personal Health Questionnaire-9), and disruptions in lifestyle habits (sleep patterns, dietary patterns, exercise routine) and access to support from family/friends. Linear regression analyses examined COVID-19 disruption variables as predictors of diabetes distress and depressive severity. ResultsSeventy-three percent and 38% of participants reported elevated diabetes distress and depressive symptoms, respectively. Greater eating disruption predicted higher depressive symptom severity (β=1.33, p=0.045) and eating distress (β=0.28, p=0.045). Greater social support disruption predicted higher eating distress (β=0.36, p=0.019). ConclusionsFindings revealed high rates of diabetes distress and depressive symptoms in this T1D sample during the COVID-19 lockdown. Moreover, disruptions in some lifestyle habits and access to social support were associated with worse mental health outcomes.

Crack Pattern an Indicator and Type of Distress in Concrete Structures: A Compilation of Causes, Measurement and Solution

Abstract: Crack occurs over time in almost all concrete which indicates distress. It varies in depth, width, direction, pattern, location, and cause. Cracks can be either active or dormant (inactive). Active cracks widen, deepen, or migrate through the concrete. Dormant cracks remain unchanged. Some dormant cracks, such as those caused by shrinkage during the curing process, pose no danger, but if left unrepaired, they can provide convenient channels for moisture penetration, which normally causes further damage. Structural cracks can result from temporary or continued overloads, uneven foundation settling, or original design inadequacies. Structural cracks are active if the overload is continued or if settlement is ongoing; they are dormant if the temporary overloads have been removed, or if differential settlement has stabilized. Thermally-induced cracks result from stresses produced by temperature changes. They frequently occur at the ends or corners of older concrete structures built without expansion joints capable of relieving such stresses. Superficial repairs do not eliminate underlying causes. To aggravate problems, professional consultation is recommended in almost every instance where noticeable crack occurs [1].

Decolonization the what, whyand how: A treatieson Indigenous nursing knowledge.

Decolonization the what, whyand how: A treatieson Indigenous nursing knowledge.

Influence of Traffic Characteristics on Pavement Performance of Parking Lots

This research aims to identify and interpret the main traffic characteristics affecting the pavement condition index (PCI) of asphalt within parking areas. The study also examines the effect of severity and type of asphalt pavement distress on parking decisions. Previous literature examines the impact of the environment on asphalt pavement deterioration. This paper will focus on the shape of traffic operations within a parking area. The methodology includes applying a multilevel mixed regression model to reveal the hidden hierarchical relationship between traffic activities and the different types of pavement distresses and then discovering their effect on asphalt PCI. The resulting models showed that parking lots are aging faster than the common traveling roads due to the increased impact of axial loads on their surfaces at low and static speeds and some distinctive traffic characteristics. Moreover, some types of pavement distress, such as alligator cracks, potholes and depressions, appear more widely than others on the parking lot surface and significantly influence the parking decision. The conclusion of the research may significantly impact pavement design and maintenance management for parking lots.

ISTD-PDS7: A Benchmark Dataset for Multi-Type Pavement Distress Segmentation from CCD Images in Complex Scenarios

The lack of large-scale, multi-scene, and multi-type pavement distress training data reduces the generalization ability of deep learning models in complex scenes, and limits the development of pavement distress extraction algorithms. Thus, we built the first large-scale dichotomous image segmentation (DIS) dataset for multi-type pavement distress segmentation, called ISTD-PDS7, aimed to segment highly accurate pavement distress types from natural charge-coupled device (CCD) images. The new dataset covers seven types of pavement distress in nine types of scenarios, along with negative samples with texture similarity noise. The final dataset contains 18,527 images, which is many more than the previously released benchmarks. All the images are annotated with fine-grained labels. In addition, we conducted a large benchmark test, evaluating seven state-of-the-art segmentation models, providing a detailed discussion of the factors that influence segmentation performance, and making cross-dataset evaluations for the best-performing model. Finally, we investigated the effectiveness of negative samples in reducing false positive prediction in complex scenes and developed two potential data augmentation methods for improving the segmentation accuracy. We hope that these efforts will create promising developments for both academics and the industry.

Impact of Road Pavement Condition on Vehicular Free Flow Speed, Vibration and In-Vehicle Noise

Road infrastructure in good condition is a key requirement for efficient transportation systems which leads to economic prosperity and improved quality of life. However, road surface conditions deteriorate over time according to traffic loads and environmental factors. Poor road conditions lead to congestion, accidents, lost productivity, and driver fatigue. This work considers the relationship between road pavement condition and vehicle speed, vibration, and in-vehicle noise. A 7 km section of the Grand Trunk Road, Peshawar, Pakistan divided into 280 segments (140 for each lane), of length 50 m was observed and the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) of each segment was determined based on the recurrent distress type and density according to ASTM D6433-011 guidelines. The number of very good, satisfactory, fair, poor, and very poor conditions are 51, 52, 81, 48, and 42, respectively. The mobile app BotlnckDectr was employed to measure vehicle speed, RPM, noise, vibration, GPS location, and time. Statistical analysis was employed to determine the relationship between PCI and vehicle speed, vibration, and in-vehicle noise. The results obtained indicate that noise and vibration increase by 3.3% and more than 30%, respectively, as the pavement condition changes from good to very poor, and vehicle speed decreases by 8.8%.

Preventing comorbidity between distress and suicidality: a network analysis

Suicidality among individuals between 10 and 35 years of age may be poised to exert massive burdens on society through decreased economic productivity and increased incidence of chronic physical conditions in the individuals’ later years, thereby necessitating early prevention of suicide. While research suggests that the pathway to suicidality may begin from episodes of psychological distress, such pathway may involve complex interplays between intermediary psychiatric symptoms and external stimuli that are not easily delineated through conventional means. This study applies the network approach to psychopathology to elucidate this complexity. Comorbidity between psychological distress and suicidality in 1968 community-dwelling individuals is analyzed with regularized partial correlation networks to identify their bridge symptoms and links. Temporal relationships between symptoms are analyzed through temporal symptom network formed from 453 individuals who completed subsequent follow-up surveys. Network analysis shows that feelings of hopelessness and the presence of suicidal ideation are the strongest bridge symptoms in the comorbidity symptom network, and form the only prominent link that bridges psychological distress and suicidality. Effects of sleep troubles, anxiety, and poor social relationships on suicidal ideation appear to be mediated by hopelessness. The same observations hold among individuals with and without diagnoses of psychiatric disorders, as well as young people (10–24 year-olds) and young adults (25–35 year-olds). The edge between hopelessness and suicidal ideation remains the strongest bridge link after controlling for effects of symptoms from the previous time point. Findings here provide an evidence base for both professional training in caregiving professions as well as gatekeeper training in community members to emphasize more on how to effectively recognize hopelessness, and instill hope, in young people and young adults for various types of distress.

Understanding the effects of structural factors and traffic loading on flexible pavement performance

Pavement damage increases rapidly with vehicle loads. The deterioration in pavements over time is caused by various factors but traffic loading plays a significant role in the consumption of pavement life. heavy vehicle loads, in addition to the insufficient structural capacity of pavements, are a major contributor to poor road conditions. Alligator cracking, rutting, and roughness are among the various types of distresses that are performance measures of road conditions and are the primary focus of this study. Thus, in order to improve the understanding of pavement deterioration in terms of these distresses, this paper assesses the effect of different structural factors, traffic loading and environmental conditions on pavement performance. In this study, the base type, hot mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) layer thickness, base layer thickness, traffic loading, age, and environmental conditions (precipitation and temperature) are chosen as major contributing factors for the analysis of pavement performance. Generalized linear models (GLM), binary logistic regression (BLR), and random forest (RF) approaches are employed to evaluate the data from the Long-Term Pavement Performance Program (LTPP). Cross validation technique is used to compare the efficacy of regression models (GLM, BLR) with RF. Numerous performance indicators demonstrated that RF surpasses other models in terms of accuracy and identification of influencing variables. The result from the study shows that the important design parameters that have considerable effects on rutting, roughness, and alligator cracking are the base thickness and base type. Traffic loading, pavement age and environmental factors (precipitation and temperature) are critical factors and have a significant impact on pavement performance. This study brings a new idea of using statistical methods to analyze the effects of structural factors and loading on flexible pavements.

Point-of-care lung ultrasound score for predicting escalated care in children with respiratory distress

PurposeRespiratory distress due to lower respiratory illnesses is a leading cause of death in children. Early recognition of high-risk populations is critical for the allocation of adequate resources. Our goal was to assess whether the lung ultrasound (US) score obtained at admission in children with respiratory distress predicts the need for escalated care. MethodsThis prospective study included 0–18-year-old patients with respiratory distress admitted to three emergency departments in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, between July 2019 and September 2021. The enrolled patients underwent lung US performed by a pediatric emergency physician within two hours of arrival. Lung ultrasound scores ranging from 0 to 36 were computed. The primary outcome was the need for high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), noninvasive ventilation (NIV), or mechanical ventilation within 24 h. ResultsA total of 103 patients were included. The diagnoses included wheezing (33%), bronchiolitis (27%), pneumonia (16%), asthma (9%), and miscellaneous (16%). Thirty-five patients (34%) required escalated care and had a higher lung ultrasound score: median 13 (0–34) vs 2 (0−21), p < 0.0001; area under the curve (AUC): 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.71–0.90). The best cut-off score derived from Youden's index was seven (sensitivity: 71.4%; specificity: 79.4%; odds ratio (OR): 9.6 [95% CI: 3.8–24.7]). A lung US score above 12 was highly specific and had a positive likelihood ratio of 8.74 (95% CI:3.21–23.86). ConclusionAn elevated lung US score measured in the first assessment of children with any type of respiratory distress was predictive of severity as defined by the need for escalated care with HFNC, NIV, or mechanical ventilation.

Evaluation of Performance of Void-Reducing Asphalt Membrane and Tack Coat on Asphalt Mixtures’ Longitudinal Joints

The longitudinal joint is one of the most crucial parts of asphalt pavement construction becuase several types of distress of the pavement can occur if the target density does not meet at the joint. A low density of asphalt pavement causes the pavement at the joint to be more exposed to water penetration, accelerating the rate of deterioration. To address this issue, asphalt agencies use various construction techniques and innovative materials to improve the joint’s performance. Void-reducing asphalt membrane (VRAM) is an innovative adhesive liquid that consists of an asphalt binder, an elastomeric polymer, and a wax modifier. In this study, field cores were collected from an Indiana state road to evaluate the VRAM and tack coat performance at the joint. Semicircular bending Illinois flexibility index (SCB-IFIT) and modified pulloff strength tests were performed to investigate the fatigue resistance and bond strength of VRAM and tack coat at the joint. Digital image analysis confirms that VRAM can migrate up to 15.88 mm (5/8 in.) from the interface. In addition, the pulloff strength test reveals that the interface bonding of the pavement containing VRAM is less than the pavement containing tack coat at low and intermediate temperatures. One of the key findings from the SCB-IFIT test is that the flexibility index of VRAM-containing pavement is around eight times higher than tack coat–containing pavement. Moreover, the fatigue cracking resistance of the VRAM-containing pavement is higher than the laboratory-prepared asphalt mixtures with PG 64-22, PG 70-22, and PG 76-22.

Surface Condition Survey of The Thika-Magumu Road Pavement

In developing countries, large sums of money are spent annually to enhance and maintain road networks as allocated by road authorities. The need of road users in most countries all over the world is to have safe, economic, and smooth roads despite pressure on road authorities to further reduce expenditure. Money allocation for road infrastructure is among the many priorities competing for government funds, thus causing the pressure. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the performance of the Thika-Magumu road, identify the defects on the pavement, and finally find the best remedy for the defects established. This was done by visual inspection, in which the road was inspected and photographs taken. Surface regularity tests were carried out to determine the extent of ruts on the road. Roughness measurement was carried out to determine the roughness of the road, PSR to verify the rating of the road, the deflection of the road was measured using the FWD and traffic analysis was done to determine the axle loading on the Thika-Magumu road and the effect on the pavement. There were different types of pavement distress that enhanced the cost of maintenance of this road, such as a pothole and a crack. The usefulness of the research findings was that it gave a guide on the process to prolong the life span of the pavement hence reducing the need to replace the pavement and also the finding were used to assist the government and road authorities in budgeting for road maintenance

Detecting the Impact of Micro and Nano Size Additives on Deformation of Asphalt Concrete

Permanent deformation is considered as one of the major distress type of asphalt concrete pavement in the hot climate region. It can be controlled by the use of additives either for asphalt binder or for the asphalt concrete mixture. In the present assessment, the impact of micro and Nano size additives (fly ash and silica fumes) on the deformation behaviour of asphalt concrete mixtures was assessed. Such additives were implemented as partial substitute of mineral filler. Asphalt concrete slab samples were prepared in the laboratory with the aid of roller compaction. The optimum percentages of the additives are (2 and 4) % of silica fumes and coal fly ash respectively by the weight of the binder. Beam specimens were obtained from the slab samples and tested for fatigue life under three constant strain levels using four point bending beam technique. It was observed that for mixture treated with Nano additive (silica fumes), the reduction in the permanent deformation starts at 0.0001 MJ/m3 loss in energy for 750 microstrain level. However, for mixture treated with Micro size additive (fly ash), as the dissipated energy vanishes, the permanent deformation was in the range of (3 - 4.5) microstrain. It was concluded that as the dissipated energy vanishes, the permanent deformation was lower by (29.4 and 11.7) % for mixtures treated with silica fumes and fly ash additives respectively as compared with the control mixture.