Victimization Distress Research Articles

Impact of second victim distress on healthcare professionals' intent to leave, absenteeism and resilience: A mediation model of organizational support.

To examine the relationship between the second victim distress and outcome variables, specifically: 'turnover intentions, absenteeism and resilience'. Furthermore, this study also assessed how organizational support mediates the relationship between second victim distress and outcome variables. Cross-sectional survey. A cross-sectional survey study using regression and mediation analysis with bootstrapping was conducted among (n = 149) healthcare professionals in two university hospitals in Finland from September 2022 to April 2023 during different time periods. The Finnish version of the revised Second Victim Experience and Support Tool (FI-SVEST-R) was used to assess second victim distress, level of organizational support and related outcomes. Psychological distress was the most frequently experienced form of reported second victim distress, and institutional support was the lowest perceived form of support by healthcare professionals. The study found second victim distress to have a significant association with work-related outcomes: turnover intention and absenteeism. However, no significant relationship was found with resilience. Mediation models with organizational support revealed a partially mediated relationship between second victim distress and work-related outcomes. The findings from this study indicate that second victim experiences if not adequately addressed can lead to negative work-related outcomes such as increased job turnover and absenteeism. Such outcomes not only affect healthcare professionals but can also have a cascading effect on the quality of care. However, the mediating effect of organizational support suggests that if comprehensive support is provided, it is possible to mitigate the negative impact of the second victim phenomenon. Raising awareness regarding the second victim phenomenon, promoting a culture of safety and shifting the paradigm from a blame to just culture helps in identifying the system flaws thus improving both patient and provider safety. The study adheres to the STROBE reporting guidelines. No patient or public contribution.

The Role of Rumination as a Mediator of Psychological Distress Relationships and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Behavior in Adolescent Victims of Bullying

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is the deliberate destruction of body tissue without suicidal intent. NSSI occurs a lot in adolescents. Bullying is the most common factor in adolescents who commit NSSI. The impact of other than NSSI on adolescent bullying victims is psychological distress. Previous research stated that psychological distress can cause NSSI behavior needs to be mediated by a variable, one of the variables that can be related is rumination. This study aims to determine the role of rumination as a mediator of the relationship between psychological distress and NSSI behavior in adolescent bullying victims. The study design is non-experimental. Participants were adolescents aged 16–21 years, experienced bullying, self-harm within 12 months (n=60). The sampling technique used is non probability sampling. The instrument of this study was K10 for psychological distress (α=.86). Ruminative Response Scale (RRS) for rumination (α=.75) and Inventory of Statement About Self Injury (ISAS) for NSSI behavior (α=.83). Results showed that rumination does not mediate the relationship of distress and NSSI in adolescent victims of bullying. However, psychological distress correlated and have a role in the emerge of rumination and NSSI in adolescent bullying victims. ANNOVA test showed that distress, rumination and NNSI were highest in participants with a high frequency of bullying. Therefore, it is important to intervene reduce psychological distress in adolescents and take preventive action and education related to the impact of bullying.

“Understanding livelihood insecurity due to landslides in the mid-hill of Nepal: A case study of Bahrabise Municipality”

Nepal is known as the most landslide-prone country due to its fragile and diversified geographical structure, climatic change, active tectonic zones, and unplanned settlements in the mid-hills. This research employed a hybrid methodology, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches, to gain insights into the lived experiences of landslide victims in Bahrabise Municipality, which is the most landslide-prone area of the country. The study involves household questionnaire surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions (FGD) with 205 participants in three major landslide areas: Jambu, Ghumthang, and Jure. The study highlighted how landslides have affected on the livelihood's security in rural Nepal. Based on the results, landslides not only caused deaths and injuries but also inflicted livelihood insecurity in the landslide-prone area. The survey findings indicate that livelihood indices such as food, shelter, and employment are most deficient, while education and health have not been significantly affected. However informal interviews and FGD provide insights into displacement, psychological distress, and health challenges for victims. This paper contributes to the knowledge base as it focuses on a specific geographical area and provides localized insights into the effects of landslides on livelihood security. Policymakers and local communities can use the findings of this study as a basis for intervening in how to improve degraded livelihood security in the future.

Protective and Risk Factors for Suicidal Ideation and Behavior Among Sexual Minority Women in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the factors associated with suicidal ideation and behavior and serious suicidal ideation and behavior among sexual minority women (SMW), including resilience, discrimination, mental health, and sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: Web-based surveys were conducted with SMW from across the United States during January-February, 2022 using psychometric valid tools. Bivariate, hierarchical regression, and logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Results: Of 497 participants, 70% were identified as bisexual and 30% as lesbian. The mean scores for anxiety, depression, and stress were significantly higher among bisexual women compared to their lesbian counterparts (p < 0.05). The proportion of serious suicidal ideation and behavior was higher among bisexual women compared to lesbian women (53.9% vs. 41.2%, p = 0.012). Conversely, the mean scores of resilience were lower among bisexual women compared to lesbian women (139.7 ± 33.4 vs. 147.5 ± 33.6, p = 0.024). Lesbian women had nearly 57.4% lower odds of having serious suicidal ideation and behavior as compared to bisexual women (adjusted odds ratio = 0.426; p = 0.023). Experiencing anxiety, depression, victimization distress, and family discrimination distress were positively associated with serious suicidal ideation and behavior, whereas personal resilience and family cohesion were negatively associated with serious suicidal ideation and behavior. Conclusions: Tackling structural inequities such as racism and homophobia remains vital to improving the mental health of SMW. Interventions to strengthen social and familial supports may be particularly impactful, especially at the family level.

The Effect of Optimism on Psychological Distress in Student Victims of Body Shaming

Students who are victims of body shaming can experience psychological distress, namely symptoms of depression and anxiety. So it is important to maintain psychological well-being through an optimistic mindset. The aim of this research is to find out whether there is an influence of optimism on psychological distress in students who are victims of body shaming. Sampling used an accidental sampling technique with a total of 120 respondents who were Makassar State University students who were victims of body shaming. Hypothesis testing was carried out using non-linear regression analysis methods with exponential models. The results of this research hypothesis test show that there is a negative and very significant influence between optimism and psychological distress (r=-0.628; p=0.000). The contribution of optimism to psychological distress among Makassar State University students who are victims of body shaming is 39.5%. Other findings in this research show that the three aspects of optimism, namely permanence, pervasiveness and personalization, have a negative correlation with the two aspects of psychological distress, namely depression and anxiety. The conclusion in this research is that optimism has an influence on psychological distress in students who are victims of body shaming. The higher the optimism possessed by students who experience body shaming, the lower the level of psychological distress.

Desistance from physical abuse in a national study of Nepal: Protective informal social control and self-compassion

BackgroundResearch on the conditions under which perpetrators desist from child maltreatment has seen greater attention as part of the efforts to break the cycle of maltreatment. New theoretical insights suggest that informal actions (herein protective informal social control of child maltreatment) by network members which communicate warmth, empathy with victim distress, and promote the modeling of positive parenting practices are more likely to increase maltreatment desistance. Likewise, parents' desistance from maltreatment is theorized to impact on adolescents' (victim) cognition and self-compassion. ObjectiveThis study examined the relationship among protective informal social control of child maltreatment (protective ISC_CM) by social networks, physical abuse desistance, and adolescent self-compassion. Participants and settingA nationally representative sample of 1100 mothers and their adolescent children (aged 11–15) in Nepal was obtained. MethodsQuestionnaires were administered to mothers and their adolescent children independently. Hypotheses were tested using regression models with standard errors corrected for clustering within wards. ResultsMore than 1 in 7 mothers reported perpetrating physical abuse in the past year, and 1 in every 5 adolescents reported being victims of physical abuse. Odds of abuse desistance increase by roughly 10 % for each act of protective ISC_CM reported by the mother. Also, odds of abuse desistance associated with higher adolescent self-compassion, and acts of protective ISC_CM associated with higher levels of adolescent self-compassion. ConclusionThe findings suggest that interventions to boost desistance from maltreatment and break the cycle of abuse in Nepal, should focus on promoting protective informal social control actions.

스토킹 범죄 피해 실태와 피해자 보호 및 지원방안

Since the Act on the Punishment of Stalking Crimes has been promulgated in October, 2021, the stalking crimes have been considered as a social problem, but the research on the current states of stalking crimes and the measures to protect and support its victims has not been conducted adequately. In this context, this study aimed to seek the measures to support and prevent the victims of stalking crimes, which have not been supported, and the intervention strategies for the victims by analyzing the experiences of victims who suffered from stalking crimes. For this study, from the Survey on the Experiences of the damages resulted from the Digital Sexual Crimes and On-and Off-line Stalking Crimes in 2022, the data of 425 respondents with the experiences who suffered from off-line stalking were utilized. The data were analyzed through SPSS Win 25.0. The complexity in the experiences of victims who suffered from being stalked and their needs were explored based on the responses to the questions such as the experiences of damages caused by being stalked, the ways to deal with the damages and the distress and the necessary helps when they were being stalked. In the results of this study, all the 425 respondents who has experiences to be stalked answered that they have experienced 3 kinds of damages among all the 12 damages that were shown on the questionnaire. Stalking was likely to happen in the intimate relationships including spouses or persons who are romantically involved with and most of victims reported that stalking they had experienced lasted one week or over, not just one time. Victims were likely to deal with the stalking in the personal level including demanding an apology to the stalker in person or asking family members or friends for help. The mental distress of victims caused by stalking was led to anxiety, depression, hostility and angers resulting in difficulty in sleeping, gastrointestinal disturbance, and eating disorders, which may be the somatic symptoms due to the trauma. Furthermore, the stalking gave the negative effects on the victims’ daily life such as the fears to meet new people and walk around alone. Based on the results of this study, it was suggested that the one-stop service system from reporting the stalking to supporting victims should be established. Furthermore, it was also suggested to install the comprehensive support center for stalking victims providing a one-stop service including psychological therapy, legal support and case management. Given the importance of initial responses to stalking, it was indicated that the services should be associated with admission to the shelter, aid of moving expense, and introduction of private security service. Finally the services to help victims regain their daily life such as the case management system and the support for the psychological therapy to treat the victims’ trauma have been also suggested.

The Influence of Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim and Offender and Insincere Apologies on Perceptions of Sexual Assault.

DARVO (deny, attack, reverse victim and offender) is a response exhibited by perpetrators to deflect blame and responsibility. When using DARVO, perpetrators deny their involvement in wrongdoing, attack their victims' credibility, and argue that they are the real victims. The purpose of this study was to measure the influence of DARVO and another manipulative tactic-insincere perpetrator apologies-on observers' judgments of a victim and perpetrator in a fictional sexual violence scenario. Perpetrator DARVO was experimentally manipulated via fictional vignettes to measure their impact on perceived perpetrator and victim abusiveness, responsibility, and believability. Data from 230 undergraduate students revealed that participants who were exposed to perpetrator DARVO rated the perpetrator as less abusive (, 90% CI [0.04, 0.15]), less responsible for the sexual assault (, [0.001, 0.06]), and more believable compared (, [0.002, 0.07]) to participants who were exposed to a perpetrator who did not use DARVO. DARVO-exposed participants rated the victim as more abusive (, [0.04, 0.14]) and less believable (, [0.03, 0.14]), and also expressed less willingness to punish the perpetrator and greater willingness to punish the victim. Insincere apologies had minimal impact on ratings. By promoting distrust in victims and less punitive views of perpetrators, DARVO might contribute to rape-supporting outcomes such as victim blaming, greater victim distress, and low rates of rape reporting and perpetrator prosecution.

The effects of COVID-19 victimization distress and racial bias on mental health among AIAN, Asian, Black, and Latinx young adults.

U.S. young adult racial minorities have been disproportionately impacted by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in rates of infection and morbidity. Prepandemic racial discrimination has been associated with depression and general anxiety. However, the effect of coronavirus-specific forms of discrimination on mental health has not been examined. This study assessed the effect of social determinants of mental health and COVID-19-specific victimization and racial bias beliefs on depression and anxiety among young adults of color in the U.S. A national online survey of 399 American Indian/Alaskan Natives, Asian, Black, and Latinx adults (18-25 years) included demographic variables, COVID-19-health risks, and standardized measures of depression, anxiety, coronavirus-related victimization distress and perceptions of coronavirus-related racial bias across a range of contexts. Employment, financial and prescription insecurity, COVID-19-health risks, coronavirus-victimization distress and coronavirus racial bias beliefs were positively correlated with depression and anxiety. Scores on the Coronavirus Racial Bias Scale were significantly higher among Asian and Black respondents. Structural equation modeling controlling for race/ethnicity and demographic variables indicated coronavirus racial bias mediated the effect of coronavirus victimization distress on both mental health indices. Results suggest the COVID-19 pandemic has created new pathways to mental health disparities among young adults of color by reversing formerly protective factors such as employment, and by exacerbating structural and societal inequities linked to race. Findings highlight the necessity of creating mental health services tailored to the specific needs of racial minorities during the current and future health crises. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Posttraumatic Growth and Second Victim Distress Resulting From Medical Mishaps Among Physicians and Nurses.

Medical mishaps are well-known sources of distress. However, some mishaps may give medical professionals an opportunity to experience personal growth. We examined the associations between medical mishaps, second victim distress, and posttraumatic growth. A total of 157 physicians and 139 nurses completed a survey that included questions about mishaps, Second Victim Experience and Support Tool and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Overall, 82.8% of the physicians and 48.9% of the nurses experienced at least one mishap. Lack of training, rumination, and impact of mishaps were associated with distress among nurses, whereas rumination, impact, and stressfulness were associated with distress among physicians. On the other hand, the impact of mishaps is the only factor that was associated with posttraumatic growth among nurses, whereas none with physicians. This study suggests that the posttraumatic growth from medical mishaps is not associated with the theory-driven event-related factors, and highlights the importance of further investigation.

COVID-related social determinants of substance use disorder among diverse U.S. racial ethnic groups

ObjectiveBlack, Asian, and Hispanic/Latino people are disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and were more likely to experience coronavirus-related racial discrimination. This study examined the association between pandemic-related stressors, including employment and housing disruptions, coronavirus-related victimization distress, and perceptions of pandemic-associated increase in societal racial biases, and substance use disorder (SUD) risk among Asian, Black, Hispanic/Latino, and non-Hispanic White adults in the U.S. MethodsData were collected as part of a larger national survey on substance use during the pandemic. Eligible participants for the current study were 1336 adults self-identified as Asian (8.53%), Black (10.55%), Hispanic/Latino (10.93%), and non-Hispanic White (69.99%). Measures included demographic and COVID-19-related employment, housing, and health items, the coronavirus victimization distress scale (CVD), the coronavirus racial bias scale (CRB), and measures of substance use risk. ResultsAcross racial/ethnic groups, employment disruption distress and housing disruption due to the pandemic were associated with SUD risk. Binary logistic regression analyses controlling for demographic variables indicated CVD was associated with higher odds of tobacco use risk (AOR = 1.36, 95% CI [1.01, 1.81]) and polysubstance use risk (AOR = 1.87, 95% CI [1.14, 3.06]), yet CRB was unrelated to any SUDs. Logistic regressions for each racial/ethnic group found different patterns of relationships between stressors and risk for SUDs. ConclusionsResults highlight the significance of examining how the current pandemic has exacerbated racial/ethnic systemic inequalities through COVID-19 related victimization. The data also suggest that across all racial/ethnic groups employment and housing disruptions and perceptions of pandemic instigated increases in societal racial bias are risk factors for SUD. The study calls for further empirical research on substance use prevention and intervention practice sensitive to specific needs of diverse populations during the current and future health crises.

The slow violence of racism on Asian Americans during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Racism against people of Asian descent increased by over 300% after the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in the United States, with one in five Asian Americans reporting direct experiences with overt discrimination. Large-scale efforts and resources initially, and quite understandably, prioritized investigating the physiological impact of the coronavirus, which has partially delayed research studies targeting the psychological effects of the pandemic. Currently, two studies tracked the unique relationships between psychosocial factors, such as experiencing everyday racism, and the self-reported wellbeing of Asian Americans in the United States and compared these associations with Latinx Americans. Study 1 (April 2020-April 2021) examined how Asian and Latinx Americans varied in their levels of wellbeing, fear of the coronavirus, internalized racism, and everyday experiences with racism. Study 2 (September 2021-April 2022) included the same variables with additional assessments for victimization distress. We used the CDC Museum COVID-19 Timeline to pair collected data from our studies with specific moments in the pandemic-from its known origins to springtime 2022. Results highlighted how slow and deleterious forms of racist violence could wear and tear at the wellbeing of targeted people of color. Overall, this research underscores the possible hidden harms associated with slow-moving forms of racism, as well as some of the unseen stressors experienced by people of color living in the United States.

Distress, support and psychological resilience of psychiatric nurses as second victims after violence: A cross-sectional study.

The aim is to explore the impact of violence and psychological resilience on psychiatric nurses as second victims. Workplace violence is a public health concern, seriously influencing medical staff's physical and mental health. However, few pieces of research have concentrated on psychiatric nurses as second victims. The socio-demographic data, violence-related data, psychological resilience scale, the Chinese version of the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool were applied to conduct a cross-sectional survey on nurses from psychiatric hospitals. The multiple linear regression model identified significant variables associated with violence-related injury and resilience. A total of 683 nurses completed the survey, of whom 88.3% were women. The average scores of the second victims' experience and support, support and distress were 3.45 ± 0.43, 3.71 ± 0.57 and 3.19 ± 0.67, respectively. Physical violence, psychological violence, psychological influence and nursing work environment were positively correlated with the experience and support of the second victims, and innocuous violence was a negative factor, which explains 20.6% of the variation. Moreover, physical injury, nursing work environment, resilience restructuring, physical violence, psychological violence, psychological impact and disagreement about the existence of violence explained 14.8% of the distress. The innocuous violence, psychological violence and nursing work environment explained 46.2% of the support. Our findings suggest that nurses who are second victims after the violence mainly suffer from severe psychological distress and receive the least support for the same. The study provides clues to help nursing managers' emphasis on the distress and support of second victims and provides targeted intervention based on the relevant factors and these results. The article is a cross-sectional study of psychiatric nurses, which has been approved by the ethics committee of the hospital before the survey. All the nurses who participated in the survey have been informed and agreed.

Employment, coronavirus victimization distress, and substance use disorders among black and non-Hispanic White young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic

Substance abuse among young adults increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although pre-pandemic data indicate non-Hispanic White adults had higher levels of substance use disorder (SUD), Black adults suffered more serious consequences. The COVID-19 pandemic has introduced new stressors that may contribute to SUD, especially among Black young adults, including employment as essential workers, which may be related to victimization distress associated with the coronavirus (i.e., coronavirus victimization distress). The current study administered an anonymous, cross-sectional, online survey to a national sample of 132 Black and 141 non-Hispanic White adults 18 − 25 years to assess the relationship between health, economic disparities, employment, coronavirus victimization distress, and substance use during the first wave of the pandemic. Controlling for COVID-19 health risks and income, structural equation models indicated that coronavirus victimization distress fully accounted for the positive association between employment and SUD risk, and this association was more pronounced among Black young adults. Findings underscore the urgency of considering disease-related victimization in SUD interventions involving employed young adults during infectious disease pandemics.

The effectiveness of the revised protocol of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) on the quality of life and psychological distress in female victims of domestic violence

Introduction: Domestic violence is one of the social issues as old as a society and, due to its extensive scope of impact, it has always drawn the attention of therapists in terms of treatment and pathology. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the revised protocol of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy on psychological distress and the quality of life among female victims of domestic violence. Method: The present study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population consisted of female victims of domestic violence, who were referred to the court, health centers, homeless shelters, and counseling centers in Karaj, Alborz province in 2020, of which 40 people were selected using the convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The data collection tools included the Psychological Distress and Quality of Life questionnaire. The subjects in the experimental group received the trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral protocol in eight 90-minute sessions. The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS-20. Results: The findings indicated that the trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy caused significant differences between the two groups in psychological distress (F=64.87) at the significance level of 0.001, quality of life - mental health (F=121.19) at the level of 0.001, and quality of life - physical health (F=108.27) at the significance level of 0.001. Conclusion: Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the revised protocol of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy can reduce psychological distress, and increase the quality of life in female victims of domestic violence. It, as a preventive program, can also be applied in support, health, and treatment centers and increase the efficiency of female victims of domestic violence.

Causes of Nurses' Second Victim Distress: An Objective Analysis.

Unanticipated adverse events could harm not only patients and families but also health care professionals. These people are defined as second victims. Second victim distress (SVD) refers to physical, emotional, and professional problems of health care professionals. While positive patient safety cultures (PSCs) are associated with reducing severity of SVD, there is a dearth of research on the association between PSCs and SVD and the mediation effects in those associations. The purpose of this study was to explore the associations between PSCs and SVD and verify the multiple mediation effects of colleague, supervisor, and institutional supports. A cross-sectional study using a self-report questionnaire was conducted among 296 nurses in South Korea. The participants were selected by quota sampling in 41 departments including general wards, intensive care units, etc. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, multiple linear regression, and multiple mediation analysis were conducted using SPSS 25.0 and the PROCESS macros. Nonpunitive response to errors, communication openness, and colleague, supervisor, and institutional supports had negative correlations with SVD (Ps < .05). In the multiple mediation model, a nonpunitive response to error showed a significant direct effect on SVD (direct effect β = -.26, P < .001). Colleague, supervisor, and institutional supports showed a significant indirect effect between nonpunitive response to error and SVD; colleague (indirect effect β [Boot LLCI-Boot ULCI] = -.03 [-0.06 to -0.00]), supervisor (.03[0.00 to 0.07]), and institutional support (-.04 [-0.07 to -0.01]). The study suggests that establishing nonpunitive organizational cultures is an effective strategy to reduce SVD. The findings highlight the importance of promoting programs that strengthen PSCs in hospitals and prioritizing support resources to reduce SVD among nurses.

Implementation of a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist Second Victim Peer Support Program

Second victimhood, a phenomenon experienced by about half of health care providers, occurs when an individual experiences negative physical, psychological, or emotional effects after an adverse event, such as patient-related near miss, harm, or death. The stress of anesthesia practice increases the incidence of this phenomenon among anesthesia providers. Second victimhood increases turnover, absenteeism, and risk of medical error. This project aimed to decrease second victim distress among certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) by implementing a peer support program - second victims are more likely to use peer support over commonly offered support services. A quality improvement project. Eight volunteer CRNAs were trained to provide peer support 24-hours a day. CRNAs needing peer support could self-identify or be identified by a colleague, peer supporter, or lead CRNA, and could locate the peer supporter on call in the electronic anesthesia dashboard. Pre- and post-implementation second victim distress were assessed using the Second Victim Experience and Support Tool, a validated survey that measures distress symptoms and perceived institutional support. Although differences in pre- and post-implementation survey scores were statistically insignificant, the program was welcomed by leadership and staff. The program experienced higher utilization compared to similar launch studies, with eight encounters in the first month. Impact on staff morale is expected to increase; long-term peer support can improve provider well-being and patient outcomes.

Association of CAI Vulnerability and Sexual Minority Victimization Distress Among Adolescent Men Who Have Sex With Men.

Adolescent men who have sex with men (AMSM) are at high HIV risk. Condomless anal intercourse (CAI) increases HIV risk and has been associated with interpersonal power imbalances, such as asymmetries in decision-making authority, social status, and emotional dependence, between male sexual partners. AMSM experience high levels of psychological and physical victimization due to their sexual minority status. Sexual minority victimization (SMV) is similarly associated with low interpersonal power and may relate to the extent to which AMSM are vulnerable to partner influences to engage in CAI. This online survey study of AMSM 14-17 years (N = 143) tested the hypothesis that experiences and attitudes reflecting vulnerability to partner CAI influence (CAI Vulnerability) and distress in response to experienced sexual minority victimization (SMV Distress) would be positively associated with participant and partner condom non-use during anal sex (CAI frequency). Approximately 35% reported they or their partner(s) had never or rarely used a condom. Positive correlations were found among partners' CAI frequency during sex with the participant, CAI Vulnerability, and SMV Distress. Multiple regression indicated CAI Vulnerability significantly accounted for the relation between SMV Distress and partner's CAI frequency. Findings suggest that distress in response to SMV may be associated with a diminished sense of interpersonal control resulting in CAI Vulnerability and subsequent more frequent instances of partner CAI. HIV prevention strategies designed to increase condom use among AMSM have the potential to benefit from procedures aimed at increasing interpersonal sexual assertiveness and decreasing distress associated with sexual minority victimization.

COVID-Related Victimization, Racial Bias and Employment and Housing Disruption Increase Mental Health Risk Among U.S. Asian, Black and Latinx Adults.

Background: The mental health of racial/ethnic minorities in the U.S. has been disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examined the extent to which disruptions in employment and housing, coronavirus-specific forms of victimization and racial bias independently and conjointly contributed to mental health risk among Asian, Black, and Latinx adults in the United States during the pandemic.Methods: This study reports on data from 401 Asian, Black, and Latinx adults (age 18–72) who participated in a larger national online survey conducted from October 2020–June 2021, Measures included financial and health information, housing disruptions and distress in response to employment changes, coronavirus related victimization distress and perceived increases in racial bias, depression and anxiety.Results: Asian participants had significantly higher levels of COVID-related victimization distress and perceived increases in racial bias than Black and Latinx. Young adults (<26 years old) were more vulnerable to depression, anxiety, and coronavirus victimization distress than older respondents. Having at least one COVID-related health risk, distress in response to changes in employment and housing disruptions, pandemic related victimization distress and perceived increases in racial bias were positively and significantly related to depression and anxiety. Structural equation modeling indicated COVID-related increases in racial bias mediated the effect of COVID-19 related victimization distress on depression and anxiety.Conclusions: COVID-19 has created new pathways to mental health disparities among racial/ethnic minorities in the U.S. by exacerbating existing structural and societal inequities linked to race. Findings highlight the necessity of mental health services sensitive to specific challenges in employment and housing and social bias experienced by people of color during the current and future health crises.

Relationship between cyber bullying, cyber victimization and psychological distress among college students of Jammu District

Relationship between cyber bullying, cyber victimization and psychological distress among college students of Jammu District