Effects Of Distraction Research Articles

Effectiveness of Visual Distraction with and without Virtual Reality Glasses in Reducing Dental Anxiety among Children with Hearing and Speech Disability: A Pilot Study.

Aim and objectiveTo assess the effectiveness of visual distraction with and without virtual reality glasses in reducing dental anxiety among children with hearing and speech disabilities undergoing dental treatment.Materials and methodsTwenty-four children with hearing and speech disabilities aged 6-12 years were selected and were randomly divided into three groups (N = 8). Children in group A received no distraction, group B received visual distraction using virtual reality (VR) glasses and group C received visual distraction without VR glasses during dental treatment. The anxiety levels were measured using PJS- Pictorial Scale and physiological parameters - before, during, and after a dental procedure. Then intragroup and intergroup comparison was done.ResultsIntragroup comparison showed that “During” and “Post” treatment anxiety scores were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of “baseline” in group B. Intergroup comparison of anxiety scores in the three groups, at all three intervals, showed a statistically significant difference in the “during treatment” anxiety score (p = 0.049) with least score in group B.ConclusionVisual distraction using VR glasses can be recommended as an effective distraction technique in reducing dental anxiety among children with speech and hearing disabilities.How to cite this articleKaur J, Shivashankarappa PG, A S, et al. Effectiveness of Visual Distraction with and without Virtual Reality Glasses in Reducing Dental Anxiety among Children with Hearing and Speech Disability: A Pilot Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(S-2):S162-S166.

Development of PISA-based test on mechanical wave material in senior high school

This study aims to develop a PISA-based test on mechanical wave material in high school in accordance with good test qualification standards in terms of validity, reliability, level of difficulty, discriminatory power and effectiveness of distractors. The type of research is development research, using the ADDIE model. The data analysis technique used is qualitative and quantitative. The results of qualitative analysis, the quality of the PISA-based test is very good with a percentage of validity of 84.75% based on the results of validation by 5 experts who are reviewed in terms of material, construct and grammar. Quantitative analysis of the quality of the PISA-based test are good. Analysis of 38 items in the small group test obtained 36 items accepted and 2 items rejected. The large group test obtained: (1) 32 valid items (88.89%), 4 invalid items (11.11%). (2) the reliability of the tests is included in the Very Good category with a value of 0.839. (3) 4 (11.11%) questions in the easy category, 30 (83.33%) questions in the medium category and 2 (5.56%) in the difficult category. (4) The discriminatory power of questions obtained 1 (2.78%) questions in the very good category, 31 (86.61%) questions in the good category and 4 (11.11%) questions in the bad category. (5) 32 (88.89%) items are effective and 4 (11.11%) items are ineffective. The items received were 30 (83.33%) questions, 2 (5.56%) items revised, and 4 (11.11%) items rejected.

Determining driver perceptions about distractions and modeling their effects on driving behavior at different age groups

This study was aimed at determining the driving distractions which are perceived most hazardous and determining the effects of these distractions and age on speed and headway. A questionnaire survey was done to find out the opinion of drivers related to the most hazardous distraction. 639 responses were collected in the survey which were used to determine the top-rated distractions for drivers in Bahrain. Roadside observations were taken to observe the speed, headway, age and type of distraction for the driver. Speed was observed for 48 drivers while headway was observed for 36 drivers along with other parameters. The most hazardous distractions, according to the participants of the questionnaire, are using mobile phones, handling children, and accidents or incidents on the road. Further, the results of the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and regression analysis demonstrated that using mobile phones and age have a significant effect on both speed and headway. Speed tends to decrease with distraction for all age groups while decreasing the headway for young and middle-aged drivers. The effect of distraction is higher than the effect of age on speed, as well as headway. Texting has the most significant effect among distractions on headway. It is hereby recommended that policymakers should focus on increasing awareness and stringent law enforcement related to handling mobile phones and children, especially for young and middle-aged drivers.

The Development Of Character Achievement Test For Islamic University Students

This study aims to develop an instrument that has never been created before, the statistically good character test. The instrument can be used to measure the character of Muslim students at the level of competence in knowledge, comprehension, and application. The test development applies a modified 4D model procedure into three stages, define, design, and develop. The reliability of the test was obtained based on the level of reliability, the level of difficulty of the questions, the discriminatory power, and the effectiveness of alternative distractors. The research was conducted in 2021 with a total of 50 students. The results of the study (1) reliability coefficient (α) 0.938, (2) the average item difficulty level (p) 0.643, (3) the average discriminatory power index (rpbis) was 0.522, (4) the alternative distractors were categorized as effective (50%) and ineffective (50%). Based on these findings, it shows that cognitive test devices are feasible to use and can be used to determine the character of Muslim students.

The Effects of Distraction on Preoperative Anxiety in Preschool and School-Age Children: A Literature Review

Children experience high levels of anxiety before surgery. Preoperative anxiety interferes with anesthesia induction compliance and is associated with many short and long-term postoperative complications The aim of this integrative review was to evaluate the impact of distraction methods on preoperative anxiety in preschool and school-age children compared to standard of care or conventional methods. A systematic search of literature was conducted using PubMed and CINHAL databases. We found 15 full-text articles in English published, between the years 2015-2019 on preschool and school-age children on PubMed, CINHAL, and keyword search according to inclusion criteria. The tools used to measure the children’s anxiety included a personal information from, separation scoring, index of clinical stress score, modified Yale preoperative assessment scale, the state-trait anxiety inventory for children, post hospitalization behavior questionnaire, Hamilton anxiety rating scale, and vital signs. Medical clowns, integrated art therapy, therapeutic play, “Play-doh”, computer games, books, and music, video games, toys, music, books, virtual reality, smartphone, relaxation-guided imagery, and iPads were used for creating distraction to reduce anxiety levels during parental separation and the preoperative period. Distraction is a safe, timely, and cost-effective non-pharmacological anxiolytic intervention that can be performed by nurses. Keywords: distraction, therapy, art, anxiety, play, surgery

Impact of Interspace Distraction on Fusion and Clinical Outcomes in Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion: A Longitudinal Cohort Study.

Study DesignLongitudinal cohort study.PurposeTo determine the effect of change in interspace height on fusion and postoperative neck pain.Overview of LiteratureThe optimal height of a cervical interbody device (cage) in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is not well defined. In addition, the effect of interspace distraction on fusion and postoperative neck pain remains unclear.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the charts of consecutive patients who underwent one- or two-level ACDF using polyetheretherketone cages by multiple surgeons from January 2015 to June 2016. We excluded patients younger than 18 years old, patients who had prior surgery at the same level (s), those with two-stage procedures, and those with less than 3 months of follow-up. Fusion was determined using the “Song” criteria. Ordinal regression was used to determine predictors of fusion. Patient-reported outcomes (PRO) were analyzed.ResultsWe identified 323 consecutive patients. Twenty-two patients met the exclusion criteria. A total of 435 operative levels were included in the 301 remaining patients. Interspace fusion did not significantly vary by increasing interspace height with fusion rates between 76.2% and 82.8% at a mean follow-up of 17.9±12.6 months. The effect of an increase in interspace height and neck pain PRO was available for 163 patients who underwent one-level ACDF at a mean follow-up period of 16.2±13.1 months. We found no significant difference in fusion rate or neck pain score with increasing interspace height from 1 to 8 mm. Ordinal regression demonstrated no significant predictors of fusion.ConclusionsInterspace distraction from 1 to 8 mm did not result in significantly different pseudarthrosis rates or postoperative neck pain.

When Less Is More: Investigating Factors Influencing the Distraction Effect of Virtual Reality From Pain.

Virtual reality (VR) is a powerful method of redirecting attention away from pain. Yet, little is known about which factors modulate the size of this distraction effect. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive load and inter-individual differences in the cognitive and affective domain on heat pain thresholds during a VR game. Ninety healthy participants (mean age ± SD: 23.46 ± 3.28; 50% identified as male and 50% as female) played a low and high load version of a VR game while heat pain thresholds and heart rate were recorded. The effects of cognitive load were assessed by computing the difference in pain thresholds between the high and low load condition for each participant. In addition, we computed the difference in heart rate variability (HRV) measures between both conditions to explore whether these would be correlated with the difference in heat pain thresholds. Prior to the VR session, participants completed questionnaires about their emotional distress, pain-related cognitions, and different executive functioning tasks. Contrary to our expectations, not all participants benefitted from a higher load in terms of distraction from pain. Logistic regression analysis revealed that participants who reported more emotional distress were more likely to exhibit higher pain thresholds in the low relative to the high load condition. Accordingly, these participants tended to show marginally higher HRV in the low compared to the high load condition. Our study demonstrates that the potential benefits of an increased cognitive load in VR on pain sensitivity depends on individual differences in affective state.

High bladder pressure reduces the ability to filter out interference from distractors in low perceptual load condition.

According to the load theory of attention, an active cognitive control mechanism is needed to ensure that behaviour is controlled by target-relevant information when distractors are also perceived. Although the active cognitive control mechanism consists of working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibition components, predictions regarding the load effects of this mechanism were derived mostly from studies on working memory. We aimed to test whether these predictions are also valid for an inhibition component. The inhibitory load was manipulated physiologically by creating different bladder pressure and its effects on distractor interference were examined under low and high perceptual load conditions. The results indicated that the availability of inhibitory control resources was important for decreasing the interference of distractors in the low perceptual load condition and that the high perceptual load reduced the effects of distractors independently from the availability of inhibitory resources. The results were consistent with the predictions of load theory, and to the best of our knowledge, the study provided the first piece of evidence in terms of the load effect of inhibition component on distractor interference.

Effectiveness of Auditory Distraction and Brief Relaxation Therapy in Reducing Anxiety in Dental Patients Undergoing Extraction: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective: This study compared the effectiveness of auditory distraction and brief relaxation therapy for reducing anxiety in patients undergoing tooth extraction. Methods: A non-blind, three-armed, randomized control trial was carried out. The targeted study population were patients who needed extraction of a non-restorable and non-mobile molar tooth. Eighty-six patients were recruited; the brief relaxation therapy and auditory distraction groups had 32 participants each, while 10 of the 22 participants in the control group were excluded due to missing data. The Hierarchical Anxiety Questionnaire was used to assess the anxiety level. The Mann–Whitney U or Kruskal–Wallis test was performed to compare means between the groups. The before and after comparisons in each group were carried out using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. The alpha value was set at 0.05, and data were analyzed using SPSS version 24. Results: The mean anxiety score after brief relaxation therapy and auditory distraction had significantly decreased (p &lt; 0.001). Although not significant (p = 0.13), there was a slight increase in the anxiety score of the study participants in the control group just before the extraction procedure. Brief relaxation therapy was significantly effective in reducing anxiety scores in comparison to the control group (MD = 5.87, 95% CI = 2.58, 9.17; p = 0.001), but auditory distraction was not (p = 0.14). Conclusion: Both auditory distraction and brief relaxation therapy were effective in reducing patient anxiety before a dental procedure. Furthermore, it would be interesting to learn if these findings remain consistent for more complex dental procedures, such as surgical removal of an impacted third molar.

The Effect of Active Distraction Compared to Midazolam in Preschool Children in the Perioperative Setting: A Randomized Controlled Trial

The Effect of Active Distraction Compared to Midazolam in Preschool Children in the Perioperative Setting: A Randomized Controlled Trial

A Study to Assess the Effect of Distraction Using Rattle on Pain among Infants during IV Cannulation

Pain is a subjective experience and children respond to pain with behavior that depends on their age and cognitive process. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of distraction using rattle on pain among infants during IV Cannulation in Upasana Hospital, Kollam. Quantitative research approach was adopted for this study. Quasi-experimental post-test only control group design and purposive sampling technique was used to select 40 infants aged between 2 and 6 months, 20 each in the experimental group and control group at Upasana Hospital, Kollam. After obtaining consent from the concerned authorities of the hospital and participants caregiver, the study was done. Distraction using rattle provided to the experimental group for few minute during beginning to till end of the procedure. No intervention was given in the control group. Pain assessment was done by Neonatal Infant Pain Scale during procedure. The data thus collected were analyzed using differential and inferential statistics. Analysis revealed that the mean pain score of control group (5.3) was significantly higher than the mean pain score of experimental group (2.4) and calculated “t” value (6.74) was greater than table value (1.69) at 0.05 level of significance. There was significant association between the pain score among infants with selected demographic variables such as age in month, birth order, weight of child in experimental group and age in month, and site of cannulation in control group. Therefore, it is interpreted that the distraction using rattle among infants during IV cannulation is effective in reducing the pain.

Ambient Noise Monitoring during Pure-Tone Audiometry.

There is an increasing need to administer hearing tests outside of sound-attenuating rooms. Maximum permissible ambient noise levels (MPANLs) from published in standards (Occupational Health and Safety Administration [OSHA] 1983; American National Standards Institute [ANSI] S3.1-1999 (R2018)) can be modified to account for the additional attenuation provided by circumaural earphones (relative to supra-aural earphones) that are used for pure-tone audiometry. Ambient noise can influence the results of pure-tone audiometry by elevating thresholds by direct masking and by producing distractions that affect the accuracy of the test. The effects of these distractions have not been studied in relation to pure-tone audiometry in adult listeners. In Part I MPANLs provided by ANSI and OSHA standards are extended to account for the greater attenuation provided by circumaural earphones. Rules ("alerts") were developed taking into account the listeners' thresholds. In Part II effects of distracting noise on pure-tone thresholds are reported. In Part I MPANLs two standards were modified for circumaural earphones by adding the additional attenuation provided by three circumaural earphones (relative to supra-aural earphones). A set of rules ("alerts") is provided for identifying masking effects from ambient noise in a variety of conditions (earphone type, threshold elevation, uncovered ear). In Part II the distracting effects of an industrial noise sample on thresholds obtained from five listeners with normal hearing are described. Pure-tone thresholds were measured in quiet and in distracting noise presented at various levels. The effects of the distracting noise on the following variables were measured: time per trial, number of trials required to measure threshold, threshold shift, and perceived distractibility of the noise. Time per trial was unaffected by distracting noise. Number of trials required for threshold, threshold shift, and perceived distractibility increased with distracting noise level. Part I: The modified MPANLs provide more relevant determinations of the potential effects of ambient noise on pure-tone thresholds than the values in the standards. Part II: Distracting noise affects pure-tone threshold measurements in a manner that is different from direct masking. The potential contaminating effect of distracting noise can be measured and reported.

A SEQUENTIAL EXPLANATORY MIX METHODS DESIGN TO UNDERSTAND THE AWARENESS, OPINION ON CERVIX CANCER, COMPARE THE ACCEPTANCE OF SELF SAMPLING VERSUS ASSISTED SAMPLING ON HPV SCREENING AND BARRIERS FOR HPV VACCINATION AMONG WOMEN-STUDY PROTOCOL

Cancer is one of the leading causes of adult deaths worldwide. India alone suffer from more than one quarter of the world population facing the distractive effect of cervical cancers such as cervix and breast cancers. Early detection through screening can help in reduction of cancer effect and help in providing better treatment. However, despite availability of various screening method for cervical cancer, women are not showing interest to participate in screening in regions where programme are available. It is predicted that the number of women in India will die due to cervical cancer will reach to 13 million by 2120. Providing screening programs is in place a major obstacle for women across many countries and culture has been the requirement to undergo a speculum based pelvic examination, limited sources to care and lack of awareness about disease and preventive tools. In this protocol study we provide an assessment of opinion and experiences regarding self-sampling versus assisted sampling for HPV screening and noncompliance of HPV vaccine among women at selected villages of Puducherry as a mixed methods study. Keywords: Cervix cancer, HPV screening, HPV vaccination, pilot study, study protocol Citation: Ankita Jacob, Manjubala Dash, Jeyastri Kurushev, Felicia Chitra, Malarvizhi. A Sequential Explanatory Mix Methods Design to Understand the Awareness, Opinion on Cervix Cancer, Compare the Acceptance of Self Sampling Versus Assisted Sampling on HPV Screening and Barriers for HPV Vaccination among Women-study Protocol. International Journal of Oncological Nursing. 2022; 8(2): 1–10p.

Method for the Evaluation of Distraction Effects of Head-Up Displays in Vehicles Using the Example of Smart Glasses

Method for the Evaluation of Distraction Effects of Head-Up Displays in Vehicles Using the Example of Smart Glasses

A Pilot Assessment of a ‘Plastic Free Community’ Initiative, Respective Community Actions and Residents’ Behavior

The problems of plastic pollution are increasing and have been linked to sustainability efforts. Some communities have tried to tackle this issue by implementing ‘plastic free’ initiatives, such as the ‘Plastic Free Community’. Community initiatives foster change and encourage improved environmental outcomes; however, it is unclear if ‘plastic free’ initiatives have the capacity to ‘snowball’ into further sustainable behaviors or if they are a ‘distraction’ from more pressing environmental issues. This study presents the behavioral changes, snowball and distraction effects from the first Scottish mainland ‘plastic free community’ initiative. The pilot study of ‘Plastic Free Anstruther’ (Scotland) identifies self-transcending values and locus of control as important drivers for change, but adoption of single-use plastic alternatives and a ‘single use’ mindset resulted in a limited ‘snowball’ effect. Future ‘Plastic Free Community’ initiatives should focus on encouraging more circular approaches and individual behavior change to reduce waste and improve environmental outcomes. While the initiative resulted in greater awareness of wider environmental issues, additional incentives for individual and business pro-environmental behavior could further improve economic, social and environmental sustainability.

How drowsiness and distraction can interfere with take-over performance: A systematic and meta-analysis review

Drowsiness and distraction are major factors of road crashes and responsible of>35% of road fatalities. Automated driving could solve or minimize their impact, yet it is also in itself a way to promote them. Previous literature reviews and meta-analysis regarding take-overs during automated driving primarily focused on distraction rather than drowsiness. We thus present a systematic and meta-analysis literature review focused on the effect of distraction and drowsiness on take-over performance. From an initial selection of 1896 articles from databases, we obtained by applying systematic review methodology a total of 58 articles with 42 articles dedicated to distraction and 17 articles related to drowsiness.According to our analysis, we demonstrated that distraction and drowsiness increased the take-over request reaction time (TOR-RT), which could also lead to a reduction of the quality of take-overs. In addition, this longer reaction time was even more important in the case of handheld non-driving related tasks, which is important to consider as phone use is among the most frequent tasks done during automated driving. On a more methodological aspect, we also demonstrated that take-over time budget had a significant effect on TOR-RT. However, it is difficult to estimate to what extend distraction and drowsiness could impact the take-over quality, even if several elements supported safety issues.We underpinned several limits of the current methodologies applied in the study of distraction and drowsiness such as (i) the lack of additional measures related to the take-over quality (e.g., accelerations, collision rate), (ii) the many different methodologies applied to the determination of the TOR-RT (e.g., deactivation by the steering wheel, pedals, button), (iii) the high frequency of take-over requests which can lead to habituation effects, (iv) the lack of control conditions, (v) the fact that the level of drowsiness was relatively low in most studies.We thus highlighted recommendations for a better estimation of the effect of distraction and drowsiness on take-over performance. Further studies should adopt more standardized measures of TOR-RT and additional take-over quality measures, try minimizing the number of take-over requests, and carefully consider the time budget available for the use case since it influences the TOR-RT. Regarding distraction, researchers should consider the impact of tasks requiring handholding items. Concerning drowsiness, further protocols should consider the non-linearity of drowsiness and presence of micro sleeps and favor take-over requests based on drowsiness level protocols rather than on fixed duration protocols.

EFEKTIVITAS DISTRAKSI VIDEO GAME TERHADAP PENURUNAN KECEMASAN ANAK USIA 7-10 TAHUN PADA TINDAKAN ANESTESI INFILTRASI

Introduction: Children’s anxiety toward dental care in the clinic creates significant problems for the patient and the dental professionals. One of the techniques to overcome the anxiety of the patient is by using video game distraction. This study purpose to determined the effectiveness of video game distraction on reducing the level of anxiety in children between 7-10 years during infiltration anesthesia. Method: A pre-test post-test quasi-experimental study was conducted involving 32 purposive sampling subjects; divided into two groups (16 with video game distraction and 16 as a control). Facial Image Scale (FIS) was used to assess anxiety. Result: Independent t-test showed that there were significant differences between the two groups (p&lt;0,05) with a decrease in the level of anxiety in the group with video game distraction by 47,40% while there was an increase of 72,40% in the control group. Conclusion: Video game distraction could be effective in reducing anxiety in children aged 7-10 years under infiltration anesthesia with a reduction rate of 47,40%.

Item Quality Analysis of Chemistry Final Semester Test in The Academic Year of 2017/2018, 2018/2019 and 2019/2020

&lt;p&gt;Item analysis is a process in which both students' answers and test questions are evaluated in order to determine the quality of the items and the test as a whole in the standardized and objective evaluation of student performances. Evaluation is needed to define how much the participants' learning outcomes have changed from their beginning abilities to their abilities after completing the educational process. This research examines the items' quality from a quantitative standpoint. The aims of this study are to determine the difficulty index, item discrimination, distractor effectiveness, and reliability of the final semester test for Chemistry Subject Class X MIPA SMAN 1 Wonosegoro, Boyolali Regency. The research was carried out at SMAN 1 Wonosegoro, Boyolali Regency, using a quantitative descriptive technique. This study's population consists of response data from all 212 students in class X MIPA Chemistry throughout 2019/2020, 2018/2019 and 2017/2018 academic years. Documentation techniques are used to collect data. The data was analyzed quantitatively with the ANATES 4.0.9 version. According to the findings, in three consecutive academic years, the difficulty index was medium means is good because it is neither too complex nor too simple. Item discrimination is acceptable and meets the standards of sufficient, good, and exceptional. The distractor effectiveness was functions and the reliability value in the Academic Year of 2017/2018 was sufficient at 0.45, but it was high at 0.62 and 0.78 in the Academic Year of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. The finding of this study item analysis is a crucial process in creating tests. This is about the impact of the accuracy of students' scores on test quality.&lt;/p&gt;

Reading in the age of digital distraction

PurposeDigital distraction is a common phenomenon in e-reading contexts, and it is worth exploring in depth from the perspectives of information (digital content), users (readers) and technology (digital reading medium). Since screen reading has close links with multitasking and potential distraction, any investigation of reading in the digital environment must factor in this reality. This paper aims to investigate the extent and effects of digital distraction while reading on screens. Special emphases go to exploring multitasking while reading.Design/methodology/approachSurvey and analysis methods are employed.FindingsThe extent of digital distraction among college students it found is alarming. All the top four sources of distraction are communication-based activities. Female students tend to concentrate more than males when they read on screens. An overwhelming majority of participants choose to read in print to reduce distractions and to concentrate effectively. Screen reading is inherently distracting, primarily due to multitasking. It appears that repeated multitasking during academic endeavors carries substantial costs.Originality/valueImplications of digital distraction are discussed, and directions of future research are suggested.

The influence of humor in advertising: Explaining the effects of humor in two‐sided messsages

AbstractResearch on advertising containing negative information, such as two‐sided messages, has neglected the potential of including humor in the advertisements, although both theory and practical examples suggest that humor might help to sell negative information. This paper presents the results from three studies that showed that humor can increase the persuasive influence of two‐sided advertising due to a positive surprise effect. However, it can also reduce this effect for high‐involvement consumers due to a negative distraction effect. Because two‐sided advertising is particularly effective in targeting high‐involvement consumers, this study established humor–product fit as a boundary condition to help mitigate the negative effects on high‐involvement consumers who are exposed to two‐sided advertising messages. When the fit between product and humor is high, the persuasiveness of two‐sided advertising for high‐involvement consumers increases. The study's findings have implications for theory and for the practice of including negative information in advertising. Humor can be applied in two‐sided advertising if consumers are highly involved and the humor is appropriate to the product.