Distraction Behavior Research Articles

통합학급에서의 긍정적 행동지원이 자폐성 장애유아의 문제행동에 미치는 영향*

The purpose of this study is to find out the effects of positive behavior support (PBS) in integrated classes on the behavior of autistic behavior disorder in young children. One 5-year old autistic behavior disorder child in the integrated class of public kindergarten in Gyeonggi-do was selected. The study was conducted multiple factors mediations based on functional assessment of the target child using "Multiple baseline design across behavior”. Mediations were conducted to provide positive action support including danger and distraction behaviors and intervention in background and prior events about rejection of food, arbitrations of alternative technology professors, follow-up results and long-term support for risk behavior. Mediation was performed after measuring the baseline, and maintenance data was collected 10 days after the end of arbitrations. Research has shown that positive behavior support in integrated classes has had a positive effect on maintaining a reduction in problem behavior after the termination of arbitration and reduction of problem behavior in autistic disorder children. This study is meaningful to demonstrate that positive behavior support in integrated class is an effective strategy for preventing and mediating problem behavior in autistic disorder children.

A Descriptive Mixed-Methods Analysis of Sexual Behavior and Knowledge in Very Young Children Assessed for Sexual Abuse: The ASAC Study.

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a worldwide problem with serious consequences. We hypothesized that worrisome sexual behavior and knowledge would frequently be reported in children assessed after CSA. We therefore investigated (A) what types of sexual behaviors and knowledge were reported by parents of young children assessed for CSA; (B) in what cases such behaviors and knowledge were worrisome; and (C) how such children responded verbally and non-verbally during child interviews. We conducted a mixed-methods study, including qualitative inductive content analysis and quantitative analysis. It included 125 children (76 boys, 60.8%; median age 3.3 years, age range 0–11), all involved in the Amsterdam sexual abuse case (ASAC) and examined for highly suspected (n = 71) or confirmed CSA (n = 54). We identified themes from (1) the parent reports: sexual behavior (e.g., self-stimulation, touching others, imitation of sexual acts), fears and anxiety with regard to sexuality, and sexual utterances (sexual slang, references to sexual acts); and (2) the child interviews: behavioral reactions (avoidance, distractive behaviors), emotional reactions (anger, aggression), and verbal reactions (conspicuous utterances, refusal to talk about specific subjects). In 37% of the children the sexual behavior was deemed worrisome or very worrisome. Clinicians who assess children for CSA are advised to focus in particular on sexual behavior problems and inappropriate sexual knowledge.

Distraction behaviors of pedestrians in the city of Tabriz

Background: Traffic accidents represent the greatest economic burden across the world. Pedestrian behaviors are very important due to the higher risk of road injuries among them, the purpose of this study was to investigate of the Traffic Safety behavior of Pedestrians in Tabriz city. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study to data were collected by observation and checklist. In this study, the statistical population was all pedestrians in Tabriz 2nd district to 557 pedestrian through census method and filming on a daily basis for six days and certain hours for 15 minutes of filming from any intersections were studied. After filming, the information was extracted from the checklist and analyzed using soft spss22. Results: In this study, most people were in the age group of approximately 18-34 years (61.6%) And male pedestrians were more than women (55.1%). According to the findings of this study, 24.3 percent of pedestrians crossed the street, regardless of traffic signs and 20.6% when crossing the intersection and the street had at least one type of distraction (mobile, hand-held, etc.) The most common cause of distraction was talking with a friend (11.3%) and then using mobile (3.6%). And overall 13.5 percent of pedestrians had unsafe traffic behavior during the crossing of the street that 8.1% of them were accompanied by a type of distraction. Also, according to the findings of this study, there was a significant relationship between distraction and unsafe behavior and age group with pedestrian distraction (p <.05). Conclusion: By identifying the factors associated with unsafe traffic behaviors and the role of distraction factors in the unsafe behaviors of pedestrians, Behavioral and educational interventions should be used to promote safe pedestrian behavior and to change the pedestrian -related rules.

Smart Longitudinal Velocity Control of Autonomous Vehicles in Interactions With Distracted Human-Driven Vehicles

With the development of commercialized autonomous vehicles (AVs), the interaction between AVs and human-driven vehicles has become increasingly important. Nevertheless, on the one hand, complex driver behaviors like distraction are hard to detect by AVs, which may lead to traffic accidents because of the late alert to the following vehicles. On the other hand, advanced techniques such as the real-time image or video processing and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications make it possible to let AVs receive monitoring signals from nearby vehicles, predict the latent risks, and make smart control to avoid the vehicles driven by distracted drivers. Hence, in this paper, we envisage a collaborative framework integrating human driver distraction monitoring, V2V communications, and AV velocity control. Then, we design the smart velocity control of AVs by taking into consideration the distraction behaviors of the drivers in the human-driven vehicles, and by formulating it as a feasible optimization problem based on model predictive control (MPC) strategies. Furthermore, we analyze the safety benefits that the collaborative framework could help improve on the condition of preserving traffic performance. Finally, we implement the contrast tests of real-time evaluation on driver distraction monitoring based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and perform simulations of smart velocity control strategies of the AV at avoiding the distracted driver and reducing rear-end collisions. Through the analysis and the simulations, we show our framework could increase the safety regions, reduce the rear-end collisions, and thus increase the safety of the whole transportation networks.

Perceived safety benefits, concerns, and utility of advanced driver assistance systems among owners of ADAS-equipped vehicles

Objective: There are many unknowns regarding drivers’ use and acceptance of advanced vehicle technologies. This research aimed to examine drivers’ perceptions of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS).Methods: This research was conducted using structured interviews and focus groups of owners of vehicles with advanced technologies.Results: Drivers’ perceptions about ADAS were mixed, but generally safety was considered to be the greatest value of the systems. There was recognition that the systems may result in overreliance and thus encourage distraction behaviors or other bad driving habits, and participants generally expressed that they were ultimately responsible for the vehicle’s operation and needed to be ready to override the system if it failed.Conclusions: The findings indicate that driver characteristics and individual factors may influence perceptions, behaviors, and interactions with safety technology, and this research is a first step toward understanding any influences. Human factors issues related to automated vehicle technologies are critical for design and deployment, including those of trust, acceptance, and understanding of systems.

On How to Be Flexible (or Not): Modulation of the Stability-Flexibility Balance

Goal-directed behavior in a constantly changing environment requires a dynamic balance between two antagonistic modes of control: On the one hand, goals need to be maintained and shielded from distraction (stability), and on the other hand, goals need to be relaxed and flexibly updated whenever significant changes occur (flexibility). A dysregulation of this stability-flexibility balance can result in overly rigid or overly distractible behavior, and it is therefore important to understand how this balance is regulated in a context-sensitive, adaptive manner. In the present article, we review recent evidence on how positive affect, reward prospect, and task context modulate the stability-flexibility balance. Two distinct underlying cognitive mechanisms will be discussed: Flexibility may result either from lowering the updating threshold in working memory or from keeping multiple tasks active in working memory. Critically, these two mechanisms allow different (testable) predictions: Whereas lowering the updating threshold should ease the access of new information in working memory and thereby increase flexibility in general, concurrent task activation should only increase flexibility between the respective tasks.

긍정적 행동지원이 장애위험유아의 주의산만 행동과 방해 행동에 미치는 영향*

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of positive behavioral support on the behaviour of children with at risk for disability. One at risk child with disability belonging to the public kindergarten was selected for the study &amp; a functional assessment was conducted using the method of interview, direct observation, hypothesis setting, &amp; verification to understand the function of the child's distracting behaviors and interference behavior. Based on the results, multiple elements including background &amp; prior event mediation, replacement technical professor intervention, &amp; subsequent outcome arbitration were conducted. In this study, multiple baseline across conditions design was used between situations, &amp; measurements were taken using partial interval recording for 10 minutes each session. Basic lines &amp; intervention were conducted in three situations, including story-sharing activity, free play activity, &amp; lunch-time, focusing on kindergarten classrooms where activities of the children were conducted. In order to investigate the maintenance effect of the behavioral change after one week after the intervention, maintenance observation was performed in the same experimental environment as the baseline, and treatment fidelity and social validity were measured. The results of this study were derived as follows. First, the distracting behaviors of target child were effectively reduced through positive behavior support based on functional evaluation. Second, positive behavioral support based on functional assessment effectively reduced the interfering behavior of the target child. Third, even after ending positive behavioral support interventions, the effects of changes in the attention-based behaviour &amp; interference behavior of the target child were maintained. As above, positive behavioral support has had a positive effect on the reduction of distracting behavior &amp; disruptive behavior for at risk child. This result suggests that positive behavior support is effective in reducing the problem behaviors of young children with disabilities. The study was meaningful in that positive behavior support reduced the incidence of problem behavior in target child proved positive behavior support to be a useful strategy for managing behaviour for young children with disabilities in early childhood special education setting.

Using time pressure and note-taking to prevent digital distraction behavior and enhance online search performance: Perspectives from the load theory of attention and cognitive control

Digital distraction has become a chronic behavior problem for university students that interferes with their attention and learning within personalized learning environment. Applying a randomized control block trial with a counterbalanced experimental design, we investigated the effect of note-taking strategies and time pressure on students' task-irrelevant browsing behaviors and online search performance. Students were randomly assigned to a matrix note, conventional note, or note-free condition and then to one of the four experimental blocks, counterbalancing the order of online search topics and time pressure. Results of the study showed that 44 out of 60 participants (73.33%) conducted at least an irrelevant browsing. Students in the matrix note condition and those under high time pressure exhibited a lower task distraction rate. Moreover, students taking matrix notes demonstrated better online-search performance. Note-taking strategies and task distraction rate were significant predictors of participants' online search performance controlling for their prior knowledge. Study results are consistent with the load theory of attention and cognitive control and have implications to reduce student distraction and improve learning effectiveness.

Generalized Estimating Equation Model Based Recursive Partitioning: Application to Distracted Driving

Traditional statistical methods have used a coarse aggregation of data across subjects that may not be representative of any single individual. Even though Generalized Estimating Equations procedure extends generalized linear model to allow for analysis of repeated measurements or other correlated observations, the nonlinear relationship between independent variables and dependent variable could significantly hinder the model’s performance. In this study, we propose Generalized Estimating Equation based tree model that combines the advantages of both models by separating the data set recursively into subsets with significantly different parameter estimates. For the best application of the proposed model, distracted driving on intersection is analyzed in this study. Previous studies have focused on evaluating the singular effect of individual geometry and human characteristic variables on driving behaviors. Interactions between variables associated with red-light running (e.g., cell phone usage, cell phone interface, and driver age groups) present different levels of distraction on red-light running. As an indicator of the sensitivity to distractions (referring to the distance being an impairment due to a secondary task), the drivers’ distance to the intersection onset of yellow interval is partitioned into two groups (i.e., close and far distance) that maximally differentiate the distraction behavior. Proposed cell phone impact zones produce more significant impacts of distraction on red-light running, compared against dilemma zone. We identify interactions that are sensitive to red-light running and different as a function of the level of the speed and yellow interval duration. Drivers are more vulnerable to cell phone distractions when their location is near the stop line of the intersection at onset of yellow interval.

Heads Up, Phones Down: A Pedestrian Safety Intervention on Distracted Crosswalk Behavior.

Cell phone use has been implicated in driver distraction and motor vehicle crashes, and more recently has been associated with distracted pedestrians. There are limited data on interventions aimed at this important public health issue. We hypothesized that the use of a visual intervention near street crossings would decrease the frequency of distracted behaviors of pedestrians. We performed a prospective observational cohort study examining painted sidewalk stencils reading, "Heads Up, Phones Down" as an intervention to decrease cell phone distractions amongst pedestrians. These stenciled messages were placed at a children's hospital, middle school, and high school in Los Angeles County. Anonymous observations of pedestrian distractions (texting, talking on a phone, headphone use, and other) were conducted before, 1week after, and 4months after the intervention. Distractions were compared before and after intervention using Chi square tests. A total of 11,533 pedestrians were observed, with 71% children and 29% adults. Total distractions decreased from 23% pre-intervention to 17% 1week after stencil placement (p < 0.01), but this was not sustained at 4months (23%, p = 0.4). A sustained decrease was observed only for texting at 4months post-intervention (8.5% vs. 6.8%, p < 0.01). A simple visual intervention reduced distracted cell phone usage in pedestrians crossing the street, but this was most effective early after the intervention. Future studies are warranted to determine how to sustain this effect over time and how to minimize other types of distractions.

SafeDrive

Distracted driving causes a large number of fatalities every year and is now becoming an important issue in the traffic safety study. In this paper, we present SafeDrive, a driving safety system that leverages wearable wrist sensing techniques to detect and analyze driver distracted behaviors. Existing wrist-worn sensing approaches, however, do not address challenges under real driving environments, such as less distinguishable gesture patterns due to in-vehicle physical constraints, various gesture hallmarks produced by different drivers and significant noise introduced by various driving conditions. In response, SafeDrive adopts a semi-supervised machine learning model for in-vehicle distracting activity detection. To improve the detection accuracy, we provide online updated classifiers by collecting real-time gesture data, while at the same time utilize smartphone sensing to generate soft hints filtering out anomalies and non-distracted hand movements. In the evaluation, we conduct extensive real-road experiments involving 20 participants (10 males and 10 females) and 5 vehicles (a sedan, a minivan and three SUVs). Our approach can achieve an average classification accuracy of over 90% with a error rate of a few percent, which demonstrate that SafeDrive is robust to real driving environments, and has great potential to help drivers shape safe driving habits.

"Maybe I Will Just Send a Quick Text…" - An Examination of Drivers' Distractions, Causes, and Potential Interventions.

Many people use cars all over the world. This is, however, not done without risk, as traffic accidents are one of the most common causes of death for adolescents worldwide. The number of deaths has steadily decreased, both worldwide and in Norway. Many of these accidents involve passenger cars and distracted driving. While there are many campaigns to improve safety in traffic, little research has looked at distractions. A recent report has investigated the occurrence of and damage caused by distraction, and one article has looked at what predicts baseline differences in levels of distracted driving. However, no one has tested an intervention to decrease distracted behavior in traffic. Motivational variables suggested by the Theory of Planned Behavior, personality traits, and demographic variables show utility in similar contexts and are all tested in this project. Data from two samples were collected to investigate the nature of distractions in traffic, what factors predict baseline levels of distractions, and to test an intervention to reduce distractions. Both samples feature randomly assigned intervention and control groups. The first sample (n = 1100 total; n = 208 was licensed to drive) consisted of high school students from all over Norway as a part of a larger attitudinal campaign, while the second sample (n = 414) was more general. The second tested a digital version of implementation intentions designed as volitional help sheets. The results from both samples suggest that there are some robust differences between people in how much they are distracted in everyday life, while some variables need further research. The second study failed to uncover any effects of the intervention. Reasons for this are discussed, along with points on the efficacy of digital interventions, the design of the volitional help sheets, and the design of the study in general. Notwithstanding the ineffectual interventions, this study contains novel information about baseline differences in distractive behavior that may further impact future behavior change interventions and guide future research.

Students’ social media engagement and fear of missing out (FoMO) in a diverse classroom

With the growing attention paid to fear of missing out (FoMO) psychological phenomenon in explaining social media engagement (SME), this mixed-method research measured the relative impact of FoMO on students’ SME for personal reasons during lectures. The moderating effect of culture (minority vs. non-minority students) on the connection between FoMO and SME was also considered. Quantitative data were gathered from 279-undergraduate students. The structural equation modeling results showed a positive moderate connection between the FoMO and SME variables. The bootstrapping result showed a significant indirect effect between the minority group of students and SME through increased levels of FoMO. A sequential explanatory strategy was used to refine and interpret the quantitative results. Accordingly, qualitative data were gathered by using semi-structured interviews to assist in explaining the findings of the quantitative phase. The qualitative data suggested several explanations for students’ distractive behavior enabled by technology during class. The main recurrent theme was the frequently used instructional activities based on the teacher-centered pedagogical approach. This approach imposed greater challenges for minority students as they tend to grapple with a host of language barriers. These students reported using social media tools to seek help from friends during lectures and feared missing out a useful assistance. Another finding showed that mainly non-minority students who experienced FoMO admitted using social media during lessons regardless of the teaching method implemented.

SELF-EFFICACY OF ENGLISH LISTENING SKILLS IN JAPANESE COLLEGE EFL LEARNERS: QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSES

The present study employed both quantitative and qualitative analyses to better understand the causes of unmotivated and distracted behaviors among students. Furthermore, the essential development of a cycle of self-regulated learning (Ambrose et al., 2010) was focused upon to promote better learning strategies and to maintain motivation to study English. Our participants were 200 Miyazaki Municipal University freshmen in Japan. Based upon the quantitative and qualitative analyses, we found that (1) all the students except for advanced students made significant improvements on TOEIC during the first term.; (2) all the students except for intermediate II students made significant improvements on self-efficacy; (3) a positive correlation between English listening skills and self-efficacy was found; (4) the establishment of (new) concrete English study reasons have to be prioritized before English activities targeted to enhance self-efficacy can help Japanese college EFL freshmen sustain their motivation to study English; (5) much more consideration needs to be given to help Japanese college EFL learners understand the importance of study plans to carry out necessary tasks to improve their English listening skills; (6) time management skills to prioritize English study need to be taught to help distracted freshmen set a time to improve their English listening skills; and (7) individualized educational guidance sessions need to be re-implemented in our English curricular activities to help Japanese college EFL freshmen understand the significance of time management skills, and of self-regulated skills. Article visualizations:

Driver Movement Patterns Indicate Distraction and Engagement.

Objective This research considers how driver movements in video clips of naturalistic driving are related to observer subjective ratings of distraction and engagement behaviors. Background Naturalistic driving video provides a unique window into driver behavior unmatched by crash data, roadside observations, or driving simulator experiments. However, manually coding many thousands of hours of video is impractical. An objective method is needed to identify driver behaviors suggestive of distracted or disengaged driving for automated computer vision analysis to access this rich source of data. Method Visual analog scales ranging from 0 to 10 were created, and observers rated their perception of driver distraction and engagement behaviors from selected naturalistic driving videos. Driver kinematics time series were extracted from frame-by-frame coding of driver motions, including head rotation, head flexion/extension, and hands on/off the steering wheel. Results The ratings were consistent among participants. A statistical model predicting average ratings from the kinematic features accounted for 54% of distraction rating variance and 50% of engagement rating variance. Conclusion Rated distraction behavior was positively related to the magnitude of head rotation and fraction of time the hands were off the wheel. Rated engagement behavior was positively related to the variation of head rotation and negatively related to the fraction of time the hands were off the wheel. Application If automated computer vision can code simple kinematic features, such as driver head and hand movements, then large-volume naturalistic driving videos could be automatically analyzed to identify instances when drivers were distracted or disengaged.

Exploring Factors That Influence Technology-Based Distractions in Bring Your Own Device Classrooms

Previous research on distractions and the use of mobile devices (personal digital assistants, tablet personal computers, or laptops) have been conducted almost exclusively in higher education. The purpose of the current study was to examine the frequency and influence of distracting behaviors in Bring Your Own Device secondary school classrooms. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 181 secondary school students (55 female and 126 male) enrolled in three schools across Canada. Almost 80% of the students reported being on task regularly when using mobile devices in class. However, students also engaged in at least one of five distracting activities occasionally or regularly with their mobile devices including emailing (64%), surfing the web (65%), using social media (52%), instant messaging (32%), and playing games (30%). Female students engaged with social media significantly more than male students, whereas male students played games significantly more than female students. Students were rarely distracted by peer use of mobile technology devices. Students were more distracted by their own use of mobile devices when engaged in independent or group work, and less distracted with lectures and student presentations. Students claimed that teacher and school restrictions were probably the most effective method to limit distracting behavior while learning.

Meaning in Life and Substance Use

Viktor Frankl theorized that an absence of meaning in one’s life can result in boredom and apathy—the “existential vacuum”—and attempts to avoid or “escape” the vacuum can include short-acting distracting behaviors. This study investigated whether the presence of meaning (PM) or the search for meaning are associated with alcohol, drug, and cigarette use by young adults, and whether boredom mediates those relationships. Hundred and seventy-six young adults completed the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, and provided information about cigarette and illicit drug use over the preceding year. The results partly support Frankl’s model: higher PM was associated with lower alcohol/other drug use and boredom mediated those relationships, but PM was not related to cigarette smoking. Contrary to Frankl’s model, no relationship was found between search for meaning and alcohol, drug, or cigarette use. This suggests that psychological interventions that assist individuals who use drugs or alcohol to identify meaning or purpose in their lives might reduce levels of drug and alcohol use. The process of searching for meaning may not have substantial direct impact on levels of substance use, but once some meaning was established there may be decreased impetus to continue using drugs and alcohol.

The Role of Adult Perceptions and Supervision Behavior in Preventing Child Injury.

Supervision is an important factor in reducing injury risk. There are multiple factors that can affect the appropriate level of supervision including risk perception, anticipation of injury, and distracted behaviors. This study examined the perceived risks of child injury among parents and child caregivers and their supervision behavior among adults in an urban playground. Participant data from 25 individuals were collected through observations and anonymous self-reported surveys. More than half of the participants indicated practice of appropriate supervisory behavior, including attentiveness to their child's behavior and proximity to their child during play. Caregivers were more likely to report more careful levels of supervision. One-fourth of participants reported a change in the supervisory behavior during periods of distraction, specifically with phone use. Of the variables tested, there was a significant association between the variable 'talking to other adults' during supervision and 'prior injury' (P value = 0.04, 95% CI 0.03-0.91). Parents were more likely to report that they would leave their child unattended if they believed that the playground was a safe environment for play. There was a difference between self-reported behaviors and actual observed behavior, which is likely due to varying perspectives regarding child safety and injury prevention. In regards to injury risk, findings highlight the important role of appropriate supervisory behaviors and risk perceptions in preventing child injuries.

Study on the influence of driving distraction on traffic flow considering the stochastic duration time of distraction

This paper aims to study the traffic flow characteristics considering drivers’ distraction behavior, which is common and lasts for stochastic duration time. The distribution of distraction duration time and the influence of distraction on traffic flow are analyzed. The relationship among distraction duration time, probability of distraction occurrence and proportion of distraction is established by stochastic model. Then a modified optimal velocity model was proposed to simulate a two-lane road, taking the effect of distraction behavior into account. A survey was conducted to collect maximum speed, average speed, lane change frequency and headway of vehicle when distracted. The results suggest that distraction behavior has significant negative influence on traffic flow rate and increases the lane changing frequency. Short-time distraction seems to have smaller impact on traffic flow than long-time distraction. This model simulates the distraction behavior very well and distracted drivers have lower mean speed, lower lane changing frequency, longer headway and are overtaken by more vehicles in simulation. This study provided a good model to analyze distraction behavior in traffic flow and pointed out an important factor affecting the traffic flow efficiency.

Deceiving predators: linking distraction behavior with nest survival in a ground-nesting bird

Deceiving predators: linking distraction behavior with nest survival in a ground-nesting bird