Distinct Shapes Research Articles

Programming gel automata shapes using DNA instructions

The ability to transform matter between numerous physical states or shapes without wires or external devices is a major challenge for robotics and materials design. Organisms can transform their shapes using biomolecules carrying specific information and localize at sites where transitions occur. Here, we introduce gel automata, which likewise can transform between a large number of prescribed shapes in response to a combinatorial library of biomolecular instructions. Gel automata are centimeter-scale materials consisting of multiple micro-segments. A library of DNA activator sequences can each reversibly grow or shrink different micro-segments by polymerizing or depolymerizing within them. We develop DNA activator designs that maximize the extent of growth and shrinking, and a photolithography process for precisely fabricating gel automata with elaborate segmentation patterns. Guided by simulations of shape change and neural networks that evaluate gel automata designs, we create gel automata that reversibly transform between multiple, wholly distinct shapes: four different letters and every even or every odd numeral. The sequential and repeated metamorphosis of gel automata demonstrates how soft materials and robots can be digitally programmed and reprogrammed with information-bearing chemical signals.

Intimal Macrovascular Pericytes: Their Role in Vascular Biology and Atherogenesis.

Atherosclerosis remains a major challenge to global healthcare despite decades of research and constant trials of novel therapeutic approaches. One feature that makes atherosclerosis treatment so elusive is an insufficient understanding of its origins and the early stages of the pathological process, which limits our means of effective prevention of the disease. Macrovascular pericytes are cells with distinct shapes that are located in the arterial wall of larger vessels and are in many aspects similar to microvascular pericytes that maintain the functionality of small vessels and capillaries. This cell type combines the residual contractile function of smooth muscle cells with a distinct stellar shape that allows these cells to make numerous contacts between themselves and the adjacent endothelial layer. Moreover, pericytes can take part in the immune defense and are able to take up lipids in the course of atherosclerotic lesion development. In growing atherosclerotic plaques, the morphology and function of pericytes change dramatically due to phagocytic and synthetic phenotypes that are actively involved in lipid accumulation and extracellular matrix synthesis. In this review, we summarize our knowledge of this less-studied cell type and its role in atherosclerosis.

Comparative study of SiC fabrication through 3D-printing combining silicon infiltration based on granulated and non-granulated powders

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) combined with liquid silicon infiltration (LSI) holds promise for fabricating intricate SiSiC components. However, its suitability for producing SiC components without free silicon, crucial for acidic or alkaline resistance, remains uncertain. In this study, SiC components were fabricated through successive processes of LPBF, polycarbosilane impregnation (PI), carbonization, LSI, and acid etching using granulated and nongranulated SiC powders. Their properties were compared systematically. The results showed that PI treatment significantly improved the performance of samples made from non-granulated SiC; the bulk density and compressive strength after pyrolysis increased by 33 % and 325 %, respectively, and the bending strength after LSI increased by 26.2 %. These samples also exhibited a higher strength retention after acid etching. In contrast, PI treatment did not benefit the granulated SiC samples. Further analysis suggested that these differences stem from the distinct particle shapes and surface microstructures of granulated and nongranulated SiC, highlighting the need for process optimisation tailored to different SiC raw materials.

A novel two–parameter unit probability model with properties and applications

This paper develops a novel two-parameter unit probability model which is the generalized form Kumaraswami distribution that exhibits greater flexibility compared to well-known existing distributions, attributed to its distinct hazard and density function shapes. Extensive analysis has been conducted to explore numerous statistical features of the specified distribution, specifically moments, and order statistics providing explicit expressions for these measures. The maximum likelihood estimation is employed to estimate the model parameters and a numerical simulation analysis confirms the consistency of this estimation approach. Furthermore, the applicability of the specified model is demonstrated by considering four real data sets, showcasing its effectiveness in capturing the characteristics of real life data. The proposed model shows promise as a versatile tool for analyzing diverse data sets in a wide range of fields.

Koopman analysis of the singularly perturbed van der Pol oscillator.

The Koopman operator framework holds promise for spectral analysis of nonlinear dynamical systems based on linear operators. Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the Koopman operator, the so-called Koopman eigenvalues and Koopman eigenfunctions, respectively, mirror global properties of the system's flow. In this paper, we perform the Koopman analysis of the singularly perturbed van der Pol system. First, we show the spectral signature depending on singular perturbation: how two Koopman principal eigenvalues are ordered and what distinct shapes emerge in their associated Koopman eigenfunctions. Second, we discuss the singular limit of the Koopman operator, which is derived through the concatenation of Koopman operators for the fast and slow subsystems. From the spectral properties of the Koopman operator for the singularly perturbed system and the singular limit, we suggest that the Koopman eigenfunctions inherit geometric properties of the singularly perturbed system. These results are applicable to general planar singularly perturbed systems with stable limit cycles.

Design and Development from the Qing Dynasty Armchair Inspired for Modern Home Decoration Business

Background and Aims: Chinese traditional culture is extensive and profound, among which the Qing Dynasty culture has a more profound influence on modern home decoration. The Qing Dynasty was a period of rapid development of Chinese furniture culture, and many representative works appeared in the history of furniture. In these works, the chair of the Qing Dynasty has a unique style, unique design, atmospheric beauty, and simple beauty. Thus, this paper aims (1) to define and characterize the Qing Dynasty Armchair. (2) to study 5 well-known brands of new Chinese-style chairs in the market. And (3) to develop and design new Chinese chairs based on the Qing Dynasty style. Methodology: Three new Chinese chairs that skillfully combine tradition and innovation are the result of the research process, which carefully combined cultural heritage with modern design trends. The final designs were confirmed to be in line with modern consumers' preferences for distinctive shapes, eco-friendly materials, and functional versatility through surveys and expert interviews. This strategy emphasizes how important it is to respect cultural heritage while satisfying the changing needs of the modern furniture market. Results: Nowadays, the progress of modern home improvement enterprises has brought new changes to people's needs, so the design of the chair must also change. The main consumers of the modern home improvement market are young customers, so it is important to meet their needs. We should make some chairs that conform to the trend of The Times and have Chinese characteristics. To sum up, the author thinks that this research should develop and design a new Chinese chair based on the Qing Dynasty style. Through the questionnaire survey of 30 people and the interview of 3 people, we understand the consumers' evaluation and expectations of the existing 3 new Chinese chair design cases and then improve the chair cases to determine the final design innovation scheme. Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for contemporary home improvement companies to modify chair designs while preserving Chinese cultural elements to satisfy the changing demands of younger consumers. The study emphasizes the significance of creating new Chinese chairs with Qing Dynasty design inspirations and incorporating customer and expert interview feedback to improve designs that meet modern trends and expectations.

Intrinsic Bipolar Head-Direction Cells in the Medial Entorhinal Cortex.

Head-direction (HD) cells are a fundamental component in the hippocampal-entorhinal circuit for spatial navigation and help maintain an internal sense of direction to anchor the orientation in space. A classical HD cell robustly increases its firing rate when the head is oriented toward a specific direction, with each cell tuned to only one direction. Although unidirectional HD cells are reported broadly across multiple brain regions, computation modelling has predicted the existence of multiple equilibrium states of HD network, which has yet to be proven. In this study, a novel HD variant of bipolar HD cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) are identified that exhibit stable double-peaked directional tuning properties. The bipolar patterns remain stable in the darkness and across environments of distinct geometric shapes. Moreover, bipolar HD cells co-rotate coherently with unipolar HD cells to anchor the external visual cue. The discovery reveals a new spatial cell type of bipolar HD cells, whose unique activity patterns may comprise a potential building block for a sophisticated local neural circuit configuration for the internal representation of direction. These findings may contribute to the understanding of how the brain processes spatial information by shedding light on the role of bipolar HD cells in this process.

Anion‐Modulated Construction of Two Novel Tetra‐ and Hepta‐Nuclear Ni(II) Salamo‐Type Clusters: Comparison of the DFT Calculations and Weak Interaction Analyses

ABSTRACTTwo novel tetra‐ and hepta‐nuclear Ni(II) salamo‐type clusters, [Ni4(L)2(μ2‐Cl)2(μ3‐OH)2(EtOH)2]⋅4CH2Cl2 (1) and [Ni7(L)3(μ3‐OEt)2(μ3‐OH)6(EtOH)2] (2), were constructed by modulating different anions (Cl− and NO3−). X‐ray crystallographic researches revealed that cluster 1 is a tetranuclear cluster consisting of a symmetric binuclear structure in which chloride ions are involved in coordination. Although cluster 2 consists of seven Ni(II) ions, three deprotonated (L)2− parts, two μ3‐ethoxy groups, six μ3‐OH− anions, and two coordinated ethanol molecules, in which it is quite rare for a large number of water molecules to be deprotonated to participate in the bridging of the cluster due to the alkaline environment. TEM electron scanning displayed the distinct shapes. Comparison of DFT calculations revealed that cluster 2 is less chemically reactive and more kinetically stable, which is in accordance with the analytical results of weak interactions, where the stronger weak interaction forces were presented, the more stable the molecule is. Finally, a comparative analysis of UV–Vis, IR, and fluorescence spectra were carried out.

Enhancing thermal field prediction in a jet in cross flow through turbulent heat flux model optimization by using large eddy simulation

High fidelity big data obtained from highly accurate large eddy simulation (LES) was utilized to enhance current models for turbulent heat transfer, boosting the precision of the realizable Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) k-ε model in forecasting film cooling thermal field. The LES analysis was conducted on a flat plate with a jet in crossflow, at a primary flow Reynolds number (Re) of around 17382. Post-validation of the LES outcomes, a data analysis, and a numerical optimization (gradient descent algorithm) technique were employed to fine-tune three chosen models for turbulent Prandtl number using data near the coolant wall. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of these refined models for RANS simulations of various film cooling setups with distinct shapes and flow situations, a series of simulations were executed, encompassing two curved surfaces to simulate flow around leading-edge and over the blade suction side. The optimized models exhibited marked enhancement in forecasting film cooling effectiveness in both averaged lateral and longitudinal directions (achieving reductions in numerical errors of up to 68.0 % and 43.67 % respectively). These fine-tuned models were proven suitable for use across different geometries and flow conditions according to their performance in three analyzed problems.

Influence of different molar concentration on the structural, optical, electrical and photo diode properties of MoO3 thin films

This article discusses an eco-friendly method for creating metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) diodes. MoO3 thin films are prepared at different mole concentrations (0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07 M) using a Jet Nebulizer Spray Pyrolysis (JNSP) methodology. An orthorhombic phase, which is of special interest because of its potential in electronic applications, was discovered by structural investigation using X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the 0.05 M MoO3 film. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) pictures of the 0.05 M MoO3 film show a distinct nanoplate shape, indicating positive characteristics for photovoltaic applications. UV–Vis spectroscopy revealed an energy bandgap of 3.21 eV for this concentration. This corresponds to the requisite electronic parameters for a high-performance MIS diode. Then the DC electrical conductivity of the films showed a monotonic rise with the concentration of MoO3, peaking at 0.05 M, suggesting improved carrier transport characteristics. The I–V characteristics of the Cu/MoO3/p-Si diodes revealed that current flows mostly across interfaces and is controlled by carrier concentration. The 0.05 M MoO3 substance exhibited a considerable increase in photocurrent. This work explains the optimized MoO3 concentration and the morphology using the JNSP approach can result in the production of highly efficient MIS diodes suited for a wide range of optoelectronic applications.

Benchmarking the composite performance of distinct shapes of ferrometallic gold nanoshells: photothermal cancer therapy

Benchmarking the composite performance of distinct shapes of ferrometallic gold nanoshells: photothermal cancer therapy

Semi-Conv-DETR: A railway ballast bed defect detection model integrating convolutional augmentation and semi-supervised DETR

Railway ballast bed defects, including subsidence, mud pumping, and abnormal water, pose significant safety risks by destabilizing the railway ballast beds. Timely detection and repair of railway ballast bed defects are vital for safeguarding the security of both the trains and their passengers. Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) is widely used for railway ballast beds inspection and evaluation owing to its high speed and non-destructive characteristics. However, GPR image data contain considerable noise, and the distinct shapes and sizes of each ballast bed defect renders it challenging to apply a unified data annotation standard, which hampers the development of railway ballast bed defect detection models. Considering the distinct wave-like characteristics of GPR data and the vaguely contours of the defects to be identified, we propose a convolutional augmentation operation tailored for GPR images. Furthermore, we also investigate Semi-Supervised Learning by employing limited annotated railway ballast bed inspection data along with a vast amount of unlabeled data to joint train the DETR detection model. To sum up, we proposed a semi-supervised DETR model supplemented with convolutional augmentation for railway ballast bed defect detection, termed as Semi-Conv-DETR model. Experimental outcomes indicate that Semi-Conv-DETR shows an improvement of 58.6 % in accuracy when compared to the classical Faster-RCNN model.

Multiscale study of structure formation in high moisture extruded plant protein biopolymer mixes

While high moisture extrusion (HME) of plant proteins is known to result in anisotropic structures, there are still gaps in understanding the principles underlying structure formation, as well as how to study the interactions between biopolymers in mixed systems. This study aims to employ advanced rheological and microstructural tools to better characterize the structure of various HME systems and to derive some general principles for their structure formation. Pea protein isolate, with and without starch, and less refined protein fractions from pea and faba bean were used to produce extrudates with varying structures. Mechanical properties were assessed using Texture Profile Analysis, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), and oscillatory rheology, while microstructural insights were obtained through Confocal Laser Scanning and Confocal Raman Microscopy. The addition of maize starch resulted in softer extrudates with clear partitions between protein and starch domains. The different formulations used in this study also suggest the important role of different complex carbohydrates in structure formation. Distinct parabolic shapes were observed in the extrudates, suggesting that lamellae formed during cooling, influenced by melt viscosity and the laminar flow profile resulting from the temperature gradient across the cooling die. DMA was particularly useful in evaluating differences in mechanical behavior and anisotropy. Raman microscopy proved to be valuable in assessing spatial distribution of various components and providing insights of water mobility related to competition. Evaluating various biopolymer mixes allowed for a more general view into the mechanisms of formation of structure in HME, important to enhance the development of plant-based foods.

Association of body shape phenotypes and body fat distribution indexes with inflammatory biomarkers in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) and UK Biobank

BackgroundThe allometric body shape index (ABSI) and hip index (HI), as well as multi-trait body shape phenotypes, have not yet been compared in their associations with inflammatory markers. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between novel and traditional anthropometric indexes with inflammation using data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) and UK Biobank cohorts.MethodsParticipants from EPIC (n = 17,943, 69.1% women) and UK Biobank (n = 426,223, 53.2% women) with data on anthropometric indexes and C-reactive protein (CRP) were included in this cross-sectional analysis. A subset of women in EPIC also had at least one measurement for interleukins, tumour necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, leptin, and adiponectin. Four distinct body shape phenotypes were derived by a principal component (PC) analysis on height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist (WC) and hip circumferences (HC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). PC1 described overall adiposity, PC2 tall with low WHR, PC3 tall and centrally obese, and PC4 high BMI and weight with low WC and HC, suggesting an athletic phenotype. ABSI, HI, waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip index (WHI) were also calculated. Linear regression models were carried out separately in EPIC and UK Biobank stratified by sex and adjusted for age, smoking status, education, and physical activity. Results were additionally combined in a random-effects meta-analysis.ResultsTraditional anthropometric indexes, particularly BMI, WC, and weight were positively associated with CRP levels, in men and women. Body shape phenotypes also showed distinct associations with CRP. Specifically, PC2 showed inverse associations with CRP in EPIC and UK Biobank in both sexes, similarly to height. PC3 was inversely associated with CRP among women, whereas positive associations were observed among men.ConclusionsSpecific indexes of body size and body fat distribution showed differential associations with inflammation in adults. Notably, our results suggest that in women, height may mitigate the impact of a higher WC and HC on inflammation. This suggests that subtypes of adiposity exhibit substantial variation in their inflammatory potential, which may have implications for inflammation-related chronic diseases.

Connectivity defines the distinctive anatomy and function of the hand-knob area.

Control of the hand muscles during fine digit movements requires a high level of sensorimotor integration, which relies on a complex network of cortical and subcortical hubs. The components of this network have been extensively studied in human and non-human primates, but discrepancies in the findings obtained from different mapping approaches are difficult to interpret. In this study, we defined the cortical and connectional components of the hand motor network in the same cohort of 20 healthy adults and 3 neurosurgical patients. We used multimodal structural magnetic resonance imaging (including T1-weighted imaging and diffusion tractography), as well as functional magnetic resonance imaging and navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS). The motor map obtained from nTMS compared favourably with the one obtained from functional magnetic resonance imaging, both of which overlapped well within the 'hand-knob' region of the precentral gyrus and in an adjacent region of the postcentral gyrus. nTMS stimulation of the precentral and postcentral gyri led to motor-evoked potentials in the hand muscles in all participants, with more responses recorded from precentral stimulations. We also observed that precentral stimulations tended to produce motor-evoked potentials with shorter latencies and higher amplitudes than postcentral stimulations. Tractography showed that the region of maximum overlap between terminations of precentral-postcentral U-shaped association fibres and somatosensory projection tracts colocalizes with the functional motor maps. The relationships between the functional maps, and between them and the tract terminations, were replicated in the patient cohort. Three main conclusions can be drawn from our study. First, the hand-knob region is a reliable anatomical landmark for the functional localization of fine digit movements. Second, its distinctive shape is determined by the convergence of highly myelinated long projection fibres and short U-fibres. Third, the unique role of the hand-knob area is explained by its direct action on the spinal motoneurons and the access to high-order somatosensory information for the online control of fine movements. This network is more developed in the hand region compared to other body parts of the homunculus motor strip, and it may represent an important target for enhancing motor learning during early development.

The extended fibers of the alar part of the nasalis connect to the levator labii superioris, zygomaticus minor, and skin adjacent to the nasal ala.

This study aimed to elucidate the positions of the extended fibers of the alar part of the nasalis (Na), and their connections to the levator labii superioris (LLS), zygomaticus minor (Zmi), and adjacent skin near the nasal ala. The extended fibers of the Na were investigated in 54 specimens obtained from 27 embalmed adult South Korean cadavers. In 51.9% of the specimens, some fibers of the Na extended over the alar facial crease, intermingling or blending with the LLS or Zmi, and attached to the skin lateral to the nasal ala. The quantity and distribution of these extended fibers varied: some fibers of the Na extended and intermingled or blended with the LLS in 25.9%, while another 25.9% exhibited the Na extending in a distinctive fan shape with longer fibers, and combining with both the LLS and Zmi. However, the Na had no extended fibers that reached the LLS, Zmi, or skin near the nasal ala in 48.1%. Contraction of the Na and its extended fibers can influence the nasal ala and also the laterally located skin and muscles, directing them inferomedially toward the incisive fossa of the maxilla, which is the origin of the nasalis. These insights offer a deeper understanding of the role and actions of facial muscles in facial expression. They will be instrumental in the comprehension and analysis of nose and mouth movements, and in conducting electromyographic analyses in this region.

Dark matter from phase transition generated PBH evaporation with gravitational waves signatures

We study the possibility of generating dark matter (DM) purely from ultralight primordial black hole (PBH) evaporation with the latter being produced from a first order phase transition (FOPT) in the early Universe. If such ultralight PBH leads to an early matter domination, it can give rise to a doubly peaked gravitational wave (GW) spectrum in Hz-kHz ballpark with the low frequency peak generated from PBH density fluctuations being within near future experimental sensitivity. In the subdominant PBH regime, the FOPT generated GW spectrum comes within sensitivity due to absence of entropy dilution. In both the regimes, PBH mass from a few kg can be probed by GW experiments like BBO, ET, CE, UDECIGO etc. while DM mass gets restricted to the superheavy ballpark in the PBH dominance case. Apart from distinct DM mass ranges in the two scenarios, GW observations can differentiate by measuring their distinct spectral shapes. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

A description of a new species of Mongolodiaptomus Kiefer, 1937 (Copepoda, Calanoida, Diaptomidae) from Thailand with an up-to-date key to the genus.

The genus Mongolodiaptomus is widely distributed in stagnant water bodies in Southeast Asia. During a comprehensive collection of freshwater copepods from different areas in Thailand, a previously unknown species of calanoid copepod, Mongolodiaptomusphutakaensis sp. nov., was recorded. Representatives were found in a natural swamp located in the Kok Phutaka community forest in Khon Kaen Province, northeastern Thailand. The new species belongs to the "M.loeiensis species group" and most closely resembles M.loeiensis and M.mekongensis by having a distinct shape of the second exopodal segment of the male right P5, with enlarged proximal and distal parts of the outer margin as well as a bent and twisted principal lateral spine. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by various characters in the males. The ventral surface of the right caudal ramus has two chitinous teeth and two knobs. The intercoxal plate is slightly produced distally and without any spine. The right P5 basis lacks a hyaline membrane on the inner margin but has a distinct spur-like chitinous process at the mid-distal margin on the posterior surface. The left P5 basis has a thin, longer hyaline lamella on the inner margin. The new species is rare, having been observed in only one out of approximately 5,000 surveyed locations in Thailand. A detailed morphological comparison and an up-to-date key to the Mongolodiaptomus species are presented. Their taxonomic characters, interspecies relationships, and biogeography are discussed.

Unraveling the Structure-Spectrum Relationship of Yeast Phenylalanine Transfer RNA: Insights from Theoretical Modeling of Infrared Spectroscopy.

Yeast phenylalanine tRNA (tRNAphe) is a paradigmatic model in structural biology. In this work, we combine molecular dynamics simulations and spectroscopy modeling to establish a direct link between its structure, conformational dynamics, and infrared (IR) spectra. Employing recently developed vibrational frequency maps and coupling models, we apply a mixed quantum/classical treatment of the line shape theory to simulate the IR spectra of tRNAphe in the 1600-1800 cm-1 region across its folded and unfolded conformations and under varying concentrations of Mg2+ ions. The predicted IR spectra of folded and unfolded tRNAphe are in good agreement with experimental measurements, validating our theoretical framework. We then elucidate how the characteristic L-shaped tertiary structure of the tRNA and its modulation in response to diverse chemical environments give rise to distinct IR absorption peaks and line shapes. These calculations effectively bridge IR spectroscopy experiments and atomistic molecular simulations, unraveling the molecular origins of the observed IR spectra of tRNAphe. This work presents a robust theoretical protocol for modeling the IR spectroscopy of nucleic acids, which will facilitate its application as a sensitive probe for detecting the fluctuating secondary and tertiary structures of these essential biological macromolecules.

Evaluation of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) genotypes under semi-arid region of Haryana

Present study was carried out during 2020–21 and 2022–23 at Regional Research Station (CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana), Bawal, Haryana for characterizing 35 distinct ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) genotypes by evaluating their 16 morphological attributes as growth habits, foliage and thorn characteristics. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. Among selected genotypes, an upright growth pattern was reported in five genotypes, whereas, the most of the genotypes displayed a semi-erect growth habit. All the genotypes showed tomentose shoot surface. Further, four distinct leaf shapes were documented. Ovate leaf shape was exhibited by 15 genotypes, while 8 genotypes displayed oval and 6 genotypes showed cordate and obovate type leaf each. The maximum leaf blade length (10.63 cm) and width (7.31 cm) was recorded in Thar Sevika, while, the minimum size of leaf blade length was noticed in Sanori (6.95 cm) and width was found in Katha Bombay (3.86 cm). In response to branch thorniness, the less branch thorniness was found in Illaichi, Naki, Umran and Kaithali, while two genotypes revealed high branch thorniness (Tasbtso, Narkali). Only two types of thorn shape were noticed, as out of 35 genotypes, 21 had alternate curved thorn. Based on anthocyanin blush of immature fruit, genotypes Kathaphal, Sanori and Narkali had reddish blush on fruit. Further, theses genotypes were categorized into early, mid and late on the basis of fruit maturity. Six genotypes showed early maturing fruits, while 21 genotypes were mid-season and 8 were late maturing genotypes. The bunch bearing of fruit was noticed only in two genotypes (Jhajjar Selection and BS 2). It is worth highlighting that all these genotypes under study exhibited substantial variability across various morphological traits, which can potentially be attributed to genetic disparities stemming from the diverse ancestral species from which these cultivated genotypes originated.