Distinct Shapes Research Articles

Experimental and numerical study of a hollow droplet impacting on inclined solid surfaces

This study sheds light on the complex dynamics of hollow droplet impacts and highlights the unique behaviors that differentiate them from their dense counterparts. The impact dynamics of hollow droplets on surfaces at varying angles were investigated through a combination of experimental and numerical methods. Two-view imaging technique is used to capture the droplet flattening during the experimental study. A three-dimensional compressible solver is developed to model the droplet impact using the volume of fluid method to capture the liquid and gas interface. The study revealed two distinct behaviors when comparing the flattening of hollow droplets to that of dense droplets. First, a unique counter-jet formation was observed following the collision of a hollow droplet perpendicular to the surface, indicating an inherent characteristic of hollow droplet flattening. The length of this counter-jet was primarily influenced by the droplet velocity and liquid viscosity, with the perpendicular velocity component playing a key role in its size. Second, unlike dense droplets that recoil and form a dome shape upon impact on hydrophobic surfaces, hollow droplets form a donut shape due to disturbances caused by bubble rupture during spreading. These disturbances fragmented the liquid sheet, preventing the droplet from recoiling and resulting in a distinctive donut shape. On surfaces with different orientations, the hollow droplet exhibited two velocity components, where the normal component controls the counter-jet size while the tangential component induces tangential motion. The donut shape splat was also observed on surfaces with different orientations.

Simulation and analysis of the over-expanded flow field in asymmetric nozzles with lateral expansion

The study presented a numerical simulation of three-dimensional asymmetric nozzles featuring lateral expansion to investigate the flow field characteristics under over-expanded conditions and assess the influence of the lateral expansion angle. The research findings elucidate the distinct shape of the separation zones within the nozzle resulting from varying lateral expansion angles. In the restricted shock separation with separation bubbles forming on the flap pattern, the central separation bubble and corner separation bubbles exhibit independent characteristics. With an increasing lateral expansion angle under the same nozzle pressure ratio, the corner separation shock wave significantly impacts the shape of the central separation bubble.

Bioactive compositions and identification of functional groups of selected medicinal plants

Medicinal plants, either as standardized extracts or in their pure forms, offer countless propects for new drug leads and also possess a good range of nutritional benefits due to the presence of bioactive organic chemical compounds called phytochemicals that act as a defense against a variety of diseases. This study focus was to investigate the bioactive compounds, and identification of functional groups of three medicinal plants; Monodora myristica, Parkia biglobosa, and Azadirachta indica. The solvents used were methanol, water and ethanol respectively. Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) assay was used for the analysis of bioactive compounds and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) method was used for the identification of functional groups in the plant extracts. Results revealed several bioactive compounds at different peaks that were confirmed by their retention time, compound name, structure and percentage composition. FTIR analysis revealed different functional groups with distinct characteristic wave numbers, peak intensity, peak shape and bonds in the plant extracts. Among the identified phytocompounds of Monodora myristica, phenol, dodecanoic acid, hexadecane, n-hexadecanoic acid, 1-octadecene, and 1-eicosanol possess antioxidant property. Similarly, some of the identified phytocompounds of Parkia biglobosa; dodecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, 9-octadecene, naphthalene, 3-eicosene and n-hexadecanoic acid possess antioxidant property. Likewise, Hexadecane, hexadecenoic acid, 3-eicosene and n-hexadecanoic acid are phytocompounds of Azadirachta indica with antioxidant property. This study demonstrated these plants as a great source of naturally occurring bioactive compounds with therapeutic value, which supports their application in medicine to treat a variety of diseases.

Perturbation of Fermi Resonance on Hydrogen-Bonded > C═O: 2D IR Studies of Small Ester Probes.

We utilized linear and 2D infrared spectroscopy to analyze the carbonyl stretching modes of small esters in different solvents. Particularly noteworthy were the distinct carbonyl spectral line shapes in aqueous solutions, prompting our investigation of the underlying factors responsible for these differences. Through our experimental and theoretical calculations, we identified the presence of the hydrogen-bond-induced Fermi resonance as the primary contributor to the varied line shapes of small esters in aqueous solutions. Furthermore, our findings revealed that the skeletal deformation mode plays a crucial role in the Fermi resonance for all small esters. Specifically, the first overtone band of the skeletal deformation mode intensifies when hydrogen bonds form with the carbonyl group of esters, whereas such coupling is rare in aprotic organic solvents. These spectral insights carry significant implications for the utilization of esters as infrared probes in both biological and chemical systems.

Pomegranate Fruit Disease Prediction Using Machine Learning

Abstract: Pomegranate may be a broadly developed planting within Indian. This Profoundly useful natural product is contaminated by numerous bugs and illnesses which cause extraordinary temperate misfortunes. Distinctive Shapes of the pathogens maladies within leaves, Stems and of natural products are show. A few of the maladies that influence pomegranate natural products are anthracnose, heart decay and bacterial curse. There’s a require for malady control procedures to incorporate opportune activity on the created infections. Hence, there’s a require for shrewdly and self-learning acknowledgment frameworks to identify these illnesses within given Time. This think about is pointing to classifying of pomegranate natural products in twice classes ordinary and unusual utilizing CNN&LSTM procedure. This investigate work utilizes with cross breed CNN&LSTM procedure to distinguish four sort of maladies show within the pomegranate natural products and classifying all of them within 4 different classes. The comes about gotten utilizing CNN&LSTM are at that point optimized utilizing dragonfly calculation. The highlights like color, surface and shape of the natural products are gathered & bolstered into the half breed CNN&LSTM. The datasets with the classifier is understood like an exceed expectations record which is at first pre-processes utilizing outline diminish procedure and dimensionality carried utilizing foremost component investigation and Discriminant investigation.

PLUG KNOT PROCESSING OF GLOBE VALVE

Globe valves are essential components in fluid control systems, widely used in various industries for regulating flow. This paper provides an overview of globe valves, focusing on their design, operation, and applications. The distinctive spherical body shape of globe valves allows for precise control of fluid flow through the system. The paper discusses the internal components of globe valves, including the valve stem, disk, seat, and bonnet, highlighting their roles in the valve's functionality. Furthermore, it examines different types of globe valves, such as straight pattern, angle pattern, and Y-pattern valves, along with their specific applications and advantages. Additionally, the paper addresses common materials used in globe valve construction, emphasizing the importance of selecting materials suitable for the operating conditions and the fluid being controlled. Lastly, maintenance and troubleshooting tips are provided to ensure optimal performance and longevity of globe valves in industrial settings. Emphasis is placed on their operational mechanisms, wherein the movement of the plug, controlled by the stem, modulates flow rates precisely. Overall, this paper serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding globe valves and their significance in fluid control systems Keywords: Globe vаlve (type) , valve body, bonnet, plug , disk ,valve seat, stem.

Degradation mechanisms in PBSAT nets immersed in seawater

Fishing gears are known to continue fishing after being abandoned, lost, or discarded through a phenomenon called ghost fishing. After this ghost fishing period, disintegrated nets contribute to plastic pollution. Biodegradable nets could be an alternative to conventional nets to reduce ghost fishing but must strike a delicate balance between durability and degradation. This study evaluates the seawater degradation of a net made of polybutylene(succinate-co-adipate-co-terepthalate) (PBSAT) at several scales: monofilament, knot, and net. Mechanical testing was used to monitor the strength at each scale during immersion at several temperatures: 4 °C, 15 °C, 25 °C, 40 °C. Steric exclusion chromatography (SEC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray tomography were used to investigate degradation processes. While no degradation was observed for samples immersed for 240 days at 4 °C, hydrolysis led to embrittlement at 40 °C. Biotic degradation was observed at both 15 °C and 25 °C with distinct degradation patterns and bacteria shapes. At both temperatures, the degradation was accelerated in the knot, leading to an unusable net after 240 days at 15 °C while no loss of strength was detected at the monofilament scale. These findings suggest that the durability of the knot is critical for successful development of a biodegradable polymer for application in gillnets.

Comparative Cranial Geometric Morphometrics among Wistar Albino, Sprague Dawley, and WAG/Rij Rat Strains.

This research utilizes geometric morphometrics to investigate shape variation in the skull, mandible, and teeth among three rat strains: Wistar Albino (WA), Sprague Dawley (SD), and WAG/Rij (WR). Through the analysis of 48 rats using 2D geometric morphometric techniques, significant differences in their skull morphology were identified. This study indicates a shift from a rectangular to an oval cranial shape across strains, with notable size and morphological variances. Particularly, the WR strain's skull shape significantly differs from the SD and WA strains, suggesting distinct ecological or genetic pathways. Compared to the skull, mandible shape differences are less pronounced, but still significant. The WR strain exhibits a distinct mandible shape, potentially reflecting ecological adaptations like dietary habits. The teeth shape of WR rats is the most distinct. SD rats consistently exhibited larger sizes in both skull and mandible measurements, while WR rats were notably smaller. Interestingly, sexual dimorphism was not statistically significant in skull and teeth sizes, aligning with findings from previous studies. However, the mandible showed clear size differences between sexes, underscoring its potential for adaptive or behavioral studies. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of morphological variations in rat strains, highlighting the intricate interplay of size, shape, and ecological factors. These findings lay a foundation for deeper explorations into the adaptive, ecological, or genetic narratives influencing rat morphology.

Influence of insular conditions on wing phenotypic variation in two dominant mosquito vectors, Aedes albopictus and Armigeres subalbatus (Diptera: Culicidae), in the border archipelagos of Thailand.

Insects geographically separated into island and mainland populations often exhibit phenotypic variations, a phenomenon known as insular conditions. These conditions can lead to rapid evolutionary changes that affect the morphological characteristics of mosquito vectors. Nevertheless, studies that specifically examine phenotype differences between island and mainland mosquito populations have been limited. In this study, wing variation in size and shape was investigated using the geometric morphometric (GM) technique in two dominant mosquito vectors, Aedes albopictus and Armigeres subalbatus, in the Ranong and Trat archipelagos of Thailand. Significant differences in average wing centroid size (CS) were found in 6 out of 15 population pairs for Ae. albopictus (p < 0.05) and in 5 population pairs for Ar. subalbatus (p < 0.05). After removing the allometric effect, canonical variate analyses (CVA) based on wing shape analysis revealed overlap across all populations for both Ae. albopictus and Ar. subalbatus. However, the statistical analysis indicated that Ar. subalbatus exhibited wing shape differences across all populations (p < 0.05), and most Ae. albopictus populations also displayed distinct wing shapes (p < 0.05), except for the populations from Chang Island and the mainland of Ranong, which showed no significant differences (p > 0.05). These findings enhance our understanding of mosquito adaptability in island regions and provide valuable data for the surveillance and monitoring of vector evolution.

Diatom-Inspired Structural Adaptation According to Mode Shapes: A Study on 3D Structures and Software Tools.

Diatoms captivate both biologists and engineers with their remarkable mechanical properties and lightweight design principles inherent in their shells. Recent studies have indicated that diatom frustules possess optimized shapes that align with vibrational modes, suggesting an inherent adaptation to vibratory loads. The mode shape adaptation method is known to significantly alter eigenfrequencies of 1D and 2D structures to prevent undesired vibration amplitudes. Leveraging this insight, the diatom-inspired approach to deform structures according to mode shapes was extended to different complex 3D structures, demonstrating a significant enhancement in eigenfrequencies with distinct mode shapes. Through extensive parameter studies, frequency increases exceeding 200% were obtained, showcasing the method's effectiveness. In the second study part, the studied method was integrated into a user-friendly, low-code software facilitating swift and automated structural adjustments for eigenfrequency optimization. The created software tools, encompassing various components, were successfully tested on the example structures demonstrating the versatility and practicality of implementing biomimetic strategies in engineering designs. Thus, the present investigation does not only highlight the noteworthiness of the structural adaptation method inspired by diatoms in maximizing eigenfrequencies, but also originate software tools permitting different users to easily apply the method to distinct structures that have to be optimized, e.g., lightweight structures in the mobility or aerospace industry that are susceptible toward vibrations.

Comparative anatomy and evolution of the atlantoaxial complex in the fossorial lineage Amphisbaenia (Squamata: Lacertoidea).

The atlas and axis are the first two vertebrae from the cervical series; these two vertebrae are responsible for neck flexion, extension, and rotation movements, while providing insertion points for muscles and tendons. Amphisbaenia is a group of fossorial squamates known for having four distinctive head shapes, which are related to different excavation methods. However, little is known about the relationship between these different digging patterns and the anatomy and evolution of the atlantoaxial complex. In this study, we used computed microtomography data to describe in detail of the atlantoaxial complex for 15 species, belonging to all six current families of Amphisbaenia. Furthermore, we evaluate evolutionary scenarios of selected characters related to the atlantoaxial complex in the most recent phylogeny for Amphisbaenia, using the criteria of parsimony and maximum likelihood. Our results indicate that the evolutionary pattern of the atlantoaxial complex presents a diversification in its morphology that is not always correlated with the shape of the head. This analysis reinforces the hypothesis of remarkable morphological convergences in the evolutionary history of Amphisbaenia. Additionally, some of the characters studied may represent independent evolution through convergence in some cases (e.g., horizontal axis of the neural column) and parallelism in others (e.g., present or absent from the transverse process).

Facile synthesis of mordenite zeolites from bamboo leaves ash for acetalization of benzaldehye and glycerol using non-microwave instant heating

BackgroundsBamboo leaves ash (BLA) is a cheap and sustainable silica source but under-utilized. In this work, mordenite zeolites with various morphologies synthesized from BLA are reported. MethodologyOur strategy involves merely mixing of silicate and aluminate solutions where parametric crystallization study successfully captured three mordenite synthesis recipes. The prepared solids are then characterized with XRD, SEM, XRF, FTIR, TGA/DTG, N2 sorption and TPD-NH3 before their catalytic behavior is tested in acetalization . Significant findingsMordenites with three distinct shapes (nanostick, intergrown bulky ball, nanorod) are successfully synthesized via parametric crystallization study. Some mordenite zeolites contain hierarchical micro/mesoporosity which is beneficial in acetalization of benzaldehye and glycerol. The nanorod-like mordenite is the best catalyst (80.2 ± 2.4 % conversion, 54.4 ± 0.3 % selective towards 2-benzyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane) and its catalytic performance is better than those of classical homogeneous and zeolite catalysts with high recyclability.

The antimicrobial and photothermal response of copper sulfide particles with distinct size and morphology

The development of photothermal agents for antibacterial applications has become increasingly attractive. An exciting area for these materials is in the food industry where such materials can be applied to prevent microbial contamination, as an environment-friendly alternative to chemical disinfectants. However, for such applications, there is a need for low-cost photocatalytic materials with easy synthesis procedures and long-term stability. In this regard, copper sulfide (CuS) nanomaterials have gained vast attention for their large antimicrobial response, driven primarily by the photothermal effect resulting from their uniform absorption in the NIR range. However, an important factor for a successful application is the level of the light-to-heat conversion capability of the specific CuS nanomaterial, which highly impacts on the antimicrobial response. Here, different synthesis procedures were investigated to synthesize a variety of CuS particles with distinct sizes and shapes, to demonstrate the large variation in antimicrobial response. The antibacterial activity of the particles was demonstrated on the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) by irradiation with a regular IR lamp, to simultaneously investigate light absorption under a relatively low irradiation power. The results reveal that the light absorption of the CuS particles vary greatly and thus also so does the antibacterial effect. In conclusion, the difference in antimicrobial effect can not only be ascribed to size and morphology, but it is also influenced by crystal size and phase composition.

Ion Kinetics and Neutron Generation Associated with Electromagnetic Turbulence in Laboratory-Scale Counterstreaming Plasmas.

Electromagnetic turbulence and ion kinetics in counterstreaming plasmas hold great significance in laboratory astrophysics, such as turbulence field amplification and particle energization. Here, we quantitatively demonstrate for the first time how electromagnetic turbulence affects ion kinetics under achievable laboratory conditions (millimeter-scale interpenetrating plasmas with initial velocity of 2000 km/s, density of 4×10^{19} cm^{-3}, and temperature of 100eV) utilizing a recently developed high-order implicit particle-in-cell code without scaling transformation. It is found that the electromagnetic turbulence is driven by ion two-stream and filamentation instabilities. For the magnetized scenarios where an applied magnetic field of tens of Tesla is perpendicular to plasma flows, the growth rates of instabilities increase with the strengthening of applied magnetic field, which therefore leads to a significant enhancement of turbulence fields. Under the competition between the stochastic acceleration due to electromagnetic turbulence and collisional thermalization, ion distribution function shows a distinct super-Gaussian shape, and the ion kinetics are manifested in neutron yields and spectra. Our results have well explained the recent unmagnetized experimental observations, and the findings of magnetized scenario can be verified by current astrophysical experiments.

Impact of Dry Processing on Secondary Metabolites in the Petals of Marigold (Tagetes spp.) Cultivar

The edible flowers of marigold (Tagetes spp.) are cultivated for their aesthetic appeal and high utility as functional health food ingredients. Carotenoid and flavonoid contents in marigold petals highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate cultivar and its processing methods for their industrial applications. The comparative understanding of the effects of dry processing on functional components across different marigold cultivars is still lacking. Therefore, this study investigated functional compound changes in the dry processing effect on four marigold cultivars with distinct flower shapes (Durango, Inca) and colors (yellow, orange). The petals in hot air drying (HAD) with 30, 60, and 90 °C applications were analyzed for the measurement of their individual secondary metabolite contents, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities. In freeze drying (FD), the lutein content varied significantly based on flower color, exhibiting higher levels in cultivars with orange petals. Otherwise, the levels of quercetin derivatives displayed distinct differences based on varieties other than color, with Inca cultivars demonstrating higher levels of quercetin 7-O-glucoside (Q7G) than Durango cultivars. In HAD, the lutein levels show a tendency to increase above 60 °C regardless of the cultivar. The content of quercetin glycosides decreased, while the aglycone increased in HAD treatments, regardless of the temperatures. Correlation and PCA results highlighted the impact of phenol compounds on antioxidant activity. Overall, these findings underscore the significance of variety and color in determining the chemical composition and antioxidant properties of marigold flowers.

Comprehensive deciphering the alternative splicing patterns involved in leaf morphogenesis of Liriodendron chinense

Alternative splicing (AS), a pivotal post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism, profoundly amplifies diversity and complexity of transcriptome and proteome. Liriodendron chinense (Hemsl.) Sarg., an excellent ornamental tree species renowned for its distinctive leaf shape, which resembles the mandarin jacket. Despite the documented potential genes related to leaf development of L. chinense, the underlying post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms remain veiled. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome to clarify the genome-wide landscape of the AS pattern and the spectrum of spliced isoforms during leaf developmental stages in L. chinense. Our investigation unveiled 50,259 AS events, involving 10,685 genes (32.9%), with intron retention as the most prevalent events. Notably, the initial stage of leaf development witnessed the detection of 804 differentially AS events affiliated with 548 genes. Although both differentially alternative splicing genes (DASGs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched into morphogenetic related pathways during the transition from fishhook (P2) to lobed (P7) leaves, there was only a modest degree of overlap between DASGs and DEGs. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensively AS analysis on homologous genes involved in leaf morphogenesis, and most of which are subject to post-transcriptional regulation of AS. Among them, the AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE transcript factor LcAIL5 was characterization in detailed, which experiences skipping exon (SE), and two transcripts displayed disparate expression patterns across multiple stages. Overall, these findings yield a comprehensive understanding of leaf development regulation via AS, offering a novel perspective for further deciphering the mechanism of plant leaf morphogenesis.

Integrative framework of multiple processes to explain plant productivity–richness relationships

Plant diversity and productivity, two crucial properties that sustain ecosystem structures, functions, and services, are intrinsically linked to numerous ecological fields, making productivity–richness relationships (PRR) a central ecological concern. Despite extensive research from the Darwinian era to the 21st century, the various shapes of PRR and their underlying theories have sparked ongoing debates. While several processes, theories, and integrative models have been proposed to explain PRR, a comprehensive understanding of the types of PRR, the effects of these processes on plant productivity and richness, and the relationships between PRR shapes remains elusive. This paper proposes a new integrative framework that focuses on these aspects, aiming to elucidate the diverse shapes of PRR and their interconnections. We review recent integrative methods that explain the roles of processes and the varying shapes in PRR to support this new framework. The paper traces the distinct phases in PRR research, including the discovery of PRR shapes, tests of influencing processes, and integrative research. We discuss the application of the Structural Equation Model (SEM), Statistical Dynamical Model (SDM), and Differential Dynamical Model (DDM) in integrative research. This integrative framework can guide theoretical and applied ecologists in identifying, deriving, explaining, and predicting the interconnected but distinct shapes of PRR. The humped, asymptotic, positive, negative, and irregular shapes of PRR are interconnected, with one shape potentially transforming into another. The balance between the positive and negative effects of different processes determines the different shapes of PRR, ultimately leading to a globally positive effect of plant diversity on plant productivity and other ecosystem functions.

Image dermoscopy skin lesion classification using deep learning method: systematic literature review

Classifying skin lesions poses a significant challenge due to the distinctive characteristics and diverse shapes they can exhibit, particularly in identifying early-stage melanoma. To address the shortcomings of the prior method, a neural network-driven strategy was introduced to differentiate between two types of skin lesions based on dermoscopic images. This new approach comprises four key stages: i) initial image processing, ii) skin lesion segmentation, iii) feature extraction, and iv) classification using deep neural networks (DNNs). Computers can also provide more accurate diagnosis results. In the review process, the articles are analyzed and summarized to contribute to developing methods or application development in skin lesion diagnosis. The stages include defining the relevant theory, input data, methods used (architecture and modules), training process, and model evaluation. This review also explores information based on trends and users, emphasizing the skin lesion segmentation process, skin lesion classification process, and minimal datasets as recommendations for future research.

Quantitative Analysis of Lung Shape in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Insights Into Disease- and Age-Associated Patterns

Rationale and objectivesFibrotic scarring in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) typically develops first in the posterior-basal lung tissue before advancing to involve more of the lung. The complexity of lung shape in the costo-diaphragmatic region has been proposed as a potential factor in this regional development. Intrinsic and disease-related shape could therefore be important for understanding IPF risk and its staging. We hypothesised that lung and lobe shape in IPF would have important differences from controls. Materials and MethodsA principal component (PC) analysis was used to derive a statistical shape model (SSM) of the lung for a control cohort aged > 50 years (N=39), using segmented lung and fissure surface data from CT imaging. Individual patient shape models derived for baseline (N=18) and follow-up (N=16) CT scans in patients with IPF were projected to the SSM to describe shape as the sum of the SSM average and weighted PC modes. Associations between the first four PC shape modes, lung function, percentage of fibrosis (fibrosis%) and pulmonary vessel-related structures (PVRS%), and other tissue metrics were assessed and compared between the two cohorts. ResultsShape was different between IPF and controls (p<0.05 for all shape modes), with IPF shape forming a distinct shape cluster. Shape had a negative relationship with age in controls (p = 0.013), but a positive relationship with age in IPF (p = 0.026). Some features of shape changed on follow-up. Shape in IPF was associated with fibrosis% (p<0.05) and PVRS% (p<0.05). ConclusionQuantitative comparison of lung and lobe shape in IPF with controls of a similar age reveals shape differences that are strongly associated with age and percent fibrosis. The clustering of IPF cohort shape suggests that it could be an important feature to describe disease.

The Effect of Suweg (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) Flour Substitution and Variation of Yeast Concentration on Chemical and Sensory Properties of Donuts

Donuts are a type of bakery product made from high-protein wheat flour and have a distinctive shape, in the center is hollowed out like a ring. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical and organoleptic characteristics of donuts with the addition of suweg flour and variations in yeast concentration that are most favored by consumers. This study used a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 factors, namely the ratio of wheat flour and suweg flour (90:10, 85:15, and 80:20) and variations in yeast concentration (2, 4, and 6%). The best donut formulation favored by panelists was the formulation of 85% wheat flour: 15% suweg flour and the addition of 4% yeast concentration, where the donuts have a liking value for color 3.96 (neutral), taste 3.48 (neutral), aroma 3.00 (neutral), texture 3.88 (neutral), and overall liking 3.80 (neutral), and have a moisture content of 19.75%, ash content 1.01%, fat content 28.00%, total protein content 8.13%, carbohydrate content 43.11%, and crude fiber content 6.32%. Therefore, based on the results of the study, the formulation chosen was the formulation of 85% wheat flour: 15% suweg flour and the addition of 4% yeast concentration.