Distinct Flow Patterns Research Articles

Flow transition and vortex evolution of a symmetric airfoil at low Reynolds number and high angle of attack

The flow around airfoil is a significant topic due to the complexities associated with separated structures and fluctuating forces. This study investigates flow transition and vortex evolution for a symmetric airfoil within the range of Reynolds number Re=800–2000 and angle of attack AoA=18∘–26∘. A series of numerical simulations are performed using a well-validated level-set based immersed boundary method. The effects of increasing Re and AoA on the near-profile flow and vortex structures are examined comprehensively through various physical results from the time-averaged, time-history and time-resolved perspectives, including lift and drag coefficients, Strouhal number, pressure and friction distributions, portrait phase map, and spectrum of lift coefficient and instantaneous vorticity. Within the adopted parameter space (Re=800–2000 and AoA=18∘–26∘), three distinct flow patterns, namely, single-period & single-amplitude, double-period & double-amplitude, and multi-period & multi-amplitude, are identified based on the time-history and spectrum of the lift coefficient. Comparative analyses reveal that the flow pattern is strongly influenced by both the Reynolds number and the angle of attack. A detailed analysis of these flow patterns is presented through the period time-evolution of the lift coefficient and vortex structures. The results indicate that the mechanisms of flow patterns are closely related to the formation, merging, splitting, and shedding of various vortices.

A new approach for hemodynamics of varicoceles: blood flow patterns based on contrast-enhanced ultrasound

BackgroundHemodynamic alterations in the spermatic vein are implicated in infertility among patients with varicocele (VC). Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), a powerful tool for hemodynamic analysis, remains unexplored for VC. This study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of using CEUS to evaluate spermatic vein hemodynamics in patients with VC and establish a clear correlation between specific hemodynamic patterns and impaired semen parameters. This study included 165 patients with left-sided VC and 50 healthy volunteers. All participants underwent CEUS of the spermatic veins, along with maximum venous diameter and testicular volume measurements and serum sex hormone levels and routine semen analyses. The sperm DNA fragmentation index was measured in 146 patients with VC and 37 healthy controls.ResultsThe analyses revealed four distinct blood flow patterns of the spermatic vein: steady flow, intermittent stasis, intermittent reflux, and filling defect. In healthy spermatic veins, the predominant blood flow patterns included steady flow and intermittent stasis. Spermatic veins with VC exhibited a significant increase in the intermittent reflux and filling defect patterns, with the proportion rising as the clinical grade increased. The four patterns were further grouped into the “steady flow & intermittent stasis” and “intermittent reflux & filling defect” patterns for logistic regression analyses; the intermittent reflux & filling defect pattern was revealed as an independent risk factor for impaired sperm concentration, total sperm counts, progressive motility, morphology, and DNA fragmentation index.ConclusionsThis study validated the feasibility of CEUS for assessing the hemodynamics of the spermatic vein and established the intermittent reflux & filling defect pattern as an independent predictor of impaired semen parameters.

Choriocapillaris flow in two different patterns of exudative type 1 macular neovascularization.

To compare the characteristics of type 1 macular neovascularization (MNV) and the surrounding choriocapillaris (CC) perfusion in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) versus those with pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV) using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA). This retrospective study included 64 treatment-naïve eyes (37 nAMD, 27 PNV) with type 1 MNV. SS-OCTA images were analysed to measure MNV area and perimeter, and CC flow deficits (FD) in five concentric rings surrounding the lesion. CC FD percentage (FD%), area (FDa), and number (FDn) were quantified. Intervortex anastomoses presence was also assessed. MNV lesions in nAMD were significantly larger in area (2.94 vs 1.56 mm², p = 0.013) and perimeter (8.76 vs 5.85 mm, p = 0.004) compared to PNV. PNV eyes showed higher FD% and larger FDa across all rings (p < 0.05), while FDn did not differ significantly. Intervortex anastomoses were more prevalent in PNV (81.5% vs 35.1%, p = 0.0002). In nAMD, MNV size correlated positively with FD% in inner rings and FDn in all rings. In PNV, MNV size correlated only with FDn. Despite smaller MNV lesions, PNV eyes demonstrated more extensive CC flow deficits compared to nAMD. The distinct CC flow patterns and their correlations with MNV characteristics suggest different pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these conditions. These findings may have implications for differential diagnosis and tailored treatment approaches in nAMD and PNV.

Characteristics of low-temperature oxidative heating and gas production in coal storage under forced convection: Influencing factors and mechanisms.

Slow oxidation of coal during storage and transportation poses significant risks, making it essential to identify hot spots and understand the heat generation and gas production patterns in coal stockpiles. This study leverages the advantages of adiabatic oxidation experiments, which account for time effects, to accurately describe the low-temperature oxidation process of coal through warming and gas production dimensions. Additionally, the warming and gas production patterns of three-dimensional coal stockpiles with varying stacking parameters were investigated. The results indicate that activation energy for heat generation increases linearly with particle size. In anthracite and bituminous coals, the activation energy for gas production was lower than that for heat generation below 70°C, but higher above 70°C. Lignite showed a general trend of lower activation energy for heat generation compared to gas production. Under forced convection, airflow paths within the three-dimension coal stockpile became more complex, resulting in 3 distinct flow patterns. As external wind speed increased, the dominant factor in coal oxidation shifted from oxygen concentration control to heat dissipation control. Maintaining porosity below 0.15, particle size under 5mm, height under 8m, and slope angle below 40° can effectively delay the oxidation process. The factors influencing coal storage efficiency, ranked by importance, are wind speed, porosity, geometry, and particle size. This study offers theoretical insights for optimizing coal storage and transportation processes.

Numerical investigation of gap spacing and Reynolds number effects on unconfined flow around staggered square cylinders

This numerical study presents laminar, two-dimensional analyses of unconfined flow over two staggered square cylinders, oriented at a 45° angle relative to the incoming flow direction. The investigation examines six center-to-center gap spacing: S = 2D, 3D, 4D, 6D, 8D, 10D, and 12D, where D indicates the side length of the cylinders. The study covers a broad range of Reynolds numbers (Re), from 1 to 200, encompassing creeping, steady, and unsteady flow regimes. The primary objective is to assess the effects of both Re and S/D on flow patterns and associated quantities. Furthermore, the impact of computational domain size on the results for varying Re is examined. Another aim is to determine the critical Reynolds numbers (Recr) that trigger the onset of vortex shedding. The findings reveal that as S/D increases, Recr rises, gradually approaching the Recr value associated with a single cylinder. Four distinct time-averaged flow patterns are identified based on streamlines analysis. Generally, the downstream cylinder exerts a controlling influence on the flow dynamics of the upstream cylinder, while the upstream cylinder enhances vortex shedding from the downstream counterpart. The impact of Re and S/D on comprehensive aerodynamic characteristics is attributed to their contributions to determine the flow regime and pattern, the degree of vortex merging occurring behind the cylinders, and the flow intensity in the interstitial space. However, the significance of S becomes less pronounced for inter-cylinder distances exceeding 4D, due to diminished mutual interaction effects between the flows passing around the cylinders.

Experimental investigation on gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns and vibration characteristics of an inducer pump

Inducers typically enhance centrifugal pump performance in two-phase flow regimes by producing more uniform mixtures and increasing pressure before the impeller. Their impact is most pronounced under part-load conditions compared to overload situations. This study experimentally investigates air-water two-phase flow behavior within a pump inducer. Using high-speed photography and grayscale image processing, five distinct gas-liquid flow patterns were identified: bubble flow, strip bubble flow, agglomerated bubble flow, gas pocket flow, and segregated flow. The inducer's head and vibration characteristics were also measured. Results show that flow pattern transitions significantly affect performance degradation and vibration. Specifically, the head decreases as the liquid flow rate increases at a constant gas volume fraction (λ) and generally follows a downward trend as λ increases at a constant liquid flow rate. Bubble flow, representing minimal λ, has a negligible effect on performance. However, with higher λ, a sharp decline in head occurs within the agglomerated bubble flow range, followed by a gradual decrease during gas pocket flow under both optimal and overload conditions. In part-load conditions, the head decreases sharply during strip bubble and segregated flow. While bubble flow mitigates vibration fluctuations, increasing GVF leads to higher vibration amplitude, particularly in the range of 2–8 times the inducer's rotational frequency, due to flow pattern instability.

Wake transitions of the flow around two side-by-side elliptic cylinders

The wake transitions of the flow past two side-by-side elliptical cylinders were numerically investigated using the lattice Boltzmann method at Reynolds numbers (Re) of 40, 100, and 150, with various spacing ratios (L/D, where L represents the distance between the cylinder centers and D is their diameter) and aspect ratios (AR). This study elucidated the effects of Re, AR, and L/D on the flow characteristics, including wake structures, hydrodynamic coefficients, Strouhal number (St), and the spectral energy of the flow exerted on both cylinders. Six distinct flow patterns are observed in the AR−L/D space, such as steady shear layers, anti-phase synchronized streets, in-phase synchronized streets, single bluff body, flip-flopping, and chaotic flow. These patterns were characterized through detailed analyses, including vorticity contour plots, time histories of drag and lift coefficients, power spectral density, and proper orthogonal decomposition of vorticity fluctuations into deterministic spatial structures. Additionally, flow pattern maps and diagrams of the time-averaged pressure coefficients on the surface of the cylinders were provided to assess the influence of Re, AR, and L/D on the flow behavior. The hydrodynamic coefficients of both cylinders showed near-identical trends with significant variations depending on L/D and AR. When AR is small, the time-averaged drag coefficient and the root-mean-squared lift coefficient of both cylinders are found to be substantially higher than those of an isolated elliptical cylinder. Furthermore, a notable increase in the time-averaged lift coefficient was observed when L/D was small, attributed to the repulsive forces between the cylinders. At higher Reynolds numbers (Re=100 &amp; 150), substantial differences in St emerge, particularly for smaller AR values, despite the cylinders being in a side-by-side configuration.

Influence of liquid–vapor phase change on the self-propelled motion of droplets on wettability gradient surfaces

Self-propelled motion of sessile droplets on gradient surfaces is key to the advancement of microfluidic, nanofluidic, and surface fluidic technologies. Precise control over droplet dynamics, which often involves liquid–vapor phase transitions, is crucial for a variety of applications, including thermal management, self-cleaning surfaces, biochemical assays, and microreactors. Understanding how specific phase changes like condensation and evaporation affect droplet motion is essential for enhancing droplet manipulation and improving transport efficiency. We use the thermal Navier–Stokes–Korteweg equations to investigate the effects of condensation and evaporation on the motion and internal dynamics of droplets migrating across a surface with a linear surface energy profile. The study focuses on the early dynamics of self-propelled motion of a phase changing droplet at sub-micron scale before viscous forces are comparable with the gradient forces. Our results demonstrate that phase change significantly affects the self-propelled motion of droplets by reshaping interfacial mass flux distributions and internal flow dynamics. Condensation increases droplet volume and promotes extensive spreading toward regions of higher wettability, while evaporation reduces both volume and spreading. These changes in droplet shape and size directly affect the driving forces of motion, augmenting self-propulsion through condensation and suppressing it during evaporation. Additionally, each phase change type generates distinct internal flow patterns within the droplet, with condensation and evaporation exhibiting unique circulatory movements driven by localized phase changes near the contact lines.

Navigating Capital Budgeting Dilemmas: Theory Versus Practice at Clarence Infra Projects Ltd

The case study explores the capital budgeting challenges faced by Clarence Infra Projects Ltd, a company deeply committed to maximising shareholder value while navigating the complex world of capital investments. Despite their dedication to value maximisation, the company sometimes made decisions that contradicted this principle due to practical considerations. These contradictions highlight the real-world complexities of decision-making and the need to balance theory with pragmatism. The study presents three investment choices: solar power expansion, wind farm development, and hydroelectric power plant, each with distinct cash flow patterns. The managers traditionally used the payback period method, but they also employed the discounted cash flow methods, including net present value and internal rate of return, to evaluate the projects. Sensitivity analysis under various reduction scenarios is conducted to assess the resilience of the projects. Ultimately, the case highlights the importance of aligning financial theory with real-world complexities to make informed investment decisions.

Kindlin-2 Phase Separation in Response to Flow Controls Vascular Stability.

Atheroprotective shear stress preserves endothelial barrier function, while atheroprone shear stress enhances endothelial permeability. Yet, the underlying mechanisms through which distinct flow patterns regulate EC integrity remain to be clarified. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of Kindlin-2, a key component of focal adhesion and endothelial adherens junctions crucial for regulating endothelial cell (EC) integrity and vascular stability. Mouse models of atherosclerosis in EC-specific Kindlin-2 knockout mice (Kindlin-2iΔEC) were used to study the role of Kindlin-2 in atherogenesis. Pulsatile shear (12±4 dynes/cm2) or oscillatory shear (0.5±4 dynes/cm2) were applied to culture ECs. Live-cell imaging, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching assay, and OptoDroplet assay were used to study the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of Kindlin-2. Co-immunoprecipitation, mutagenesis, proximity ligation assay, and transendothelial electrical resistance assay were used to explore the underlying mechanism of flow-regulated Kindlin-2 function. We found that Kindlin-2 localization is altered under different flow patterns. Kindlin-2iΔEC mice showed heightened vascular permeability. Kindlin-2iΔEC were bred onto ApoE-/- mice to generate Kindlin-2iΔEC; ApoE-/- mice, which displayed a significant increase in atherosclerosis lesions. In vitro data showed that in ECs, Kindlin-2 underwent LLPS, a critical process for proper focal adhesion assembly, maturation, and junction formation. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that oscillatory shear increased arginine methylation of Kindlin-2, catalyzed by PRMT5 (protein arginine methyltransferase 5). Functionally, arginine hypermethylation inhibits Kindlin-2 LLPS, impairing focal adhesion assembly and junction maturation. Notably, we identified R290 of Kindlin-2 as a crucial residue for LLPS and a key site for arginine methylation. Finally, pharmacologically inhibiting arginine methylation reduces EC activation and plaque formation. Collectively, our study elucidates that mechanical force induces arginine methylation of Kindlin-2, thereby regulating vascular stability through its impact on Kindlin-2 LLPS. Targeting Kindlin-2 arginine methylation emerges as a promising hemodynamic-based strategy for treating vascular disorders and atherosclerosis.

Effect of gap width on flow structure and reattaching characteristic of two tandem 5:1 rectangular cylinders: Experimental and numerical studies

The flow structure and reattaching characteristic of two tandem rectangular cylinders with aspect ratio being 5:1 have been investigated through wind tunnel experiments and three-dimensional large eddy simulation (LES) methods. The gap width G between the two cylinders varies from 2 times of D to 20 times of D, where D represents the depth of the two cylinders. The surface pressure distribution and aerodynamic forces of each cylinder are obtained via wind tunnel experiments. Two distinct flow patterns are identified with the increasing G through three-dimensional LES methods, and the aerodynamic results are presented in good agreement with the experiments as well. The experimental and numerical results indicate that the flow structure is highly sensitive to the variation in G, leading to alterations in the aerodynamics and vortex-shedding characteristic of two cylinders. Furthermore, the simulation results also capture the shift in the reattaching points as G increases. Additionally, following the simulation findings, a proposed criterion based on the wind tunnel experimental data is presented for predicting the boundary layer reattachment points on two tandem 5:1 rectangular cylinders.

Numerical modeling of two-phase flow considering multiple bubble sizes in an alkaline water electrolyzer

Precise bubble flow description is crucial for predicting water electrolysis performance. This study employs the Euler-Euler model to simulate bubble flow in an alkaline water electrolysis cell, categorizing the dispersed gas bubble phase into three size classes: 30 ▪ (small), 90 ▪ (medium), and 270 ▪ (large). The volume fraction and velocity fields for each size class were simulated across three current densities, revealing distinct flow patterns: large bubbles exited directly through the outlet, while smaller bubbles were carried along by the circulating liquid. The simulated flow fields were compared with experimentally visualized flow fields, validating the model. Finally, the proposed model demonstrated its advantages over existing models, such as the monodispersed model and the population balance model (PBM), particularly in terms of upward flow velocity near the electrode and bubble descending height in the downward flow.

Effects of triflute pin geometry on defect formation and material flow in FSW using CEL approach

Complicated tool pin designs in Friction Stir Welding (FSW) need to be considered in terms of material flow and defect formation. This study investigates the effects of the triflute tool's geometrical parameters on temperature, strain, void formation, and material mixing using a numerical method. The numerical model employs a coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) formulation and successfully predicts void formation and material mixing during friction stir welding (FSW). Four tool pin designs are considered for material flow, including one cylindrical pin and three triflute pins with flute radii of 1 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2 mm. The findings indicate that the stir zone is divided into shoulder-driven and pin-driven zones, each exhibiting distinct material flow patterns. In the shoulder-driven zone, material flow toward the advancing side is dominant, while in the pin-driven zone, it flows toward the retreating side. Flutes on the FSW pin tool increase the sweeping rate, strain, and material movement in the stir zone. However, flutes with a larger radius sweep a greater amount of material and thus require more softened material to facilitate movement. Therefore, for defect-free joint formation, a higher rotational speed of the tool will be required, which may adversely affect tool lifespan and joint mechanical properties. The effectiveness of flutes with a smaller radius of 1 mm is significantly greater than that of those with a larger radius (1.5 or 2 mm) in enhancing material flow and achieving defect-free welding.

Magnetic field effects on double-diffusive mixed convection and entropy generation in a cam-shaped enclosure

This study investigates double-diffusive mixed convection and entropy generation under magnetic influence within a novel cam-shaped enclosure, with applications in automotive engineering. The unique geometry creates distinct flow patterns that enhance heat and mass transport. Using the Galerkin finite element method, we analyzed the effects of key parameters, including buoyancy ratio, Reynolds number, Hartmann number, magnetic field inclination angle on average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, and total entropy generation. Results show that increasing the buoyancy ratio and Reynolds number enhances heat transfer, while the Hartmann number significantly impacts flow characteristics and entropy generation. The magnetic field inclination angle exhibits a non-linear effect on heat transfer and entropy production. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing heat transfer systems in complex automotive geometries.

Carina: A major determinant in the pathophysiology and treatment of coronary bifurcation lesions.

Over the last decade, several in vivo and computational investigations have significantly advanced our understanding of the pathophysiology of coronary bifurcations, contributing to the enhancement of their percutaneous revascularization. The carina of the coronary bifurcations plays a substantial role in generating their main hemodynamic features, including distinctive flow patterns with secondary flows and specific shear stress patterns. These factors play a pivotal role in determining the susceptibility, development, and progression of atherosclerosis. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of atherosclerosis in coronary bifurcations are complex and multifactorial. Understanding these mechanisms is fundamental to comprehending lesions at the bifurcation level and informing future treatment strategies. This review aims to present the currently available data regarding the pathophysiological and prognostic role of the carina in coronary bifurcations, offering an interpretation of these findings from the perspective of interventional cardiologists, providing valuable insights for their clinical practice.

Swirl-induced hysteresis in a sudden expansion flow

Swirling sudden expansion flows are complex flow fields containing several coherent structures that depend on the swirl number and can exhibit hysteresis behavior between increasing and subsequently decreasing swirl levels. While these flows have extensively been studied in simple geometries, results involving special designed nozzles are scarce. Therefore, this paper aims to provide insights into a more complex geometry, specifically a two-step conical expansion with a converging outlet. Experimental data is acquired for changing swirl numbers at a Reynolds number in the range of 35, 000. Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry is employed to characterize downstream flow structures, while Laser Doppler Velocimetry is used to characterize upstream structures and to determine the inlet swirl number. Several distinct flow patterns are found as a function of the swirl number and the identified flow patterns include, in order of increasing swirl, a Closed Jet Flow, an Open Jet Flow (OJF), and a Coandã Jet Flow (CoJF). A central positive axial velocity is noted for both OJF and CoJF downstream of the expansion due to the converging outlet geometry. At higher swirl numbers, Vortex Breakdown moves upstream into the nozzle until a negative axial velocity is noted in the inlet tube. For these higher swirl numbers, no hysteresis is observed in the inlet tube between increasing and subsequently decreasing swirl. However, downstream of the nozzle, it is observed that the CoJF detaches at a lower swirl number than the swirl number required for attachment, indicating a hysteresis effect between in- and decreasing swirl.

Influence of gap ratios on wake dynamics of two rectangular 5:1 cylinders placed inline

The present study explores the impact of gap ratio (G) on the wake dynamics of two rectangular 5:1 cylinders placed inline at a fixed Reynolds number (Re) = 250. The lattice Boltzmann method is used for numerical simulations, and the gap ratio is varied in the range of 0.25–10. After validating the code for flow around a single square cylinder, the simulations are further carried out to explore the impact of gap ratio on the fluid flow past two inline cylinders with a similar aspect ratio = 5:1. Both the cylinders are found to face the reattachment of detached shear layers from front edges on to the side surfaces before the final separation. These reattached shear layers generate vortices on the upper and lower surface of cylinders exhibiting the reverse flow. For G &amp;lt; 4.5, the surface vortices appear on the first cylinder only, while for G ≥ 4.5, the surface vortices appear at both cylinders upper and lower sides. The reattachment point on the surface of the first cylinder is found to move downstream till G = 3, but after that, reverse phenomena occur with an increase in the gap ratio. The enhancement of flow induced lift results due to such separating and reattaching flow. Four distinct flow patterns appear at different gap ratios range: (a) single slender body, (b) non-fully developed duplex shedding, (c) fully developed duplex shedding, and (d) unpredictable vortex shedding. The root mean square value of drag coefficient for the first cylinder is mostly found less as compared to the second cylinder for all G. Negative pressure is observed at the upper, lower, and wake region of both bodies. However, the pressure appears to be positive at the foremost surface of second body when the flow pattern changed from fully developed duplex shedding to unpredictable vortex shedding. Strouhal of both cylinders shows distinct values corresponding to dual frequency at small gap ratios but becomes consistent at higher ones.

Immiscible non-Newtonian displacement flows in stationary and axially rotating pipes

We examine immiscible displacement flows in stationary and rotating pipes, at a fixed inclination angle in a density-unstable configuration, using a viscoplastic fluid to displace a less viscous Newtonian fluid. We employ non-intrusive experimental methods, such as camera imaging, planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF), and ultrasound Doppler velocimetry (UDV). We analyze the impact of key dimensionless numbers, including the imposed Reynolds numbers (Re, Re*), rotational Reynolds number (Rer), capillary number (Ca), and viscosity ratio (M), on flow patterns, regime classifications, regime transition boundaries, interfacial instabilities, and displacement efficiency. Our experiments demonstrate distinct immiscible displacement flow patterns in stationary and rotating pipes. In stationary pipes, heavier fluids slump underneath lighter ones, resulting in lift-head and wavy interface stratified flows, driven by gravity. Decreasing M slows the interface evolution and reduces its front velocity, while increasing Re* shortens the thin layer of the interface tail. In rotating pipes, the interplay between viscous, rotational, and capillary forces generates swirling slug flows with stable, elongated, and chaotic sub-regimes. Progressively, decreasing M leads to swirling dispersed droplet flow, swirling fragmented flow, and, eventually, swirling bulk flow. The interface dynamics, such as wave formations and velocity profiles, is influenced by rotational forces and inertial effects, with Fourier analysis showing the dependence of the interfacial front velocity's dominant frequency on Re and Rer. Finally, UDV measurements reveal the existence/absence of countercurrent flows in stationary/rotating pipes, while PLIF results provide further insight into droplet formation and concentration field behavior at the pipe center plane.

From Darcy to turbulent flow: Investigating flow characteristics and regime transitions in porous media

This research addresses the flow characteristics within a porous medium composed of a monolayer of closely packed spheres, spanning from viscous-dominated to turbulent flow regimes. In the first part of this paper, the turbulent flow characteristics at a 30 MPa pressure drop within the domain are presented. The results are averaged across different cross sections between the inlet and outlet. In the second part of the study, simulations are conducted with pressure drops, ranging from nearly 0 to 100 MPa. The analysis finds distinct flow patterns within the domain and provides estimations for the permeability and the inertial term coefficient. Moreover, the transition from Darcy to non-Darcy and turbulent flow is achieved through the use of different criteria. The specified geometry is suitable for validating and calibrating simplified discrete element method models coupled with computational fluid dynamics. The main goal of this research is to produce a reliable benchmark to figure out the challenge of limited experimental data concerning fluid flow characteristics in densely packed granules specially subjected to high pressure conditions. To do this, representative specimens are designed, accurate simulations are conducted, and precise assessments of the results are carried out.

High-throughput generation of monodisperse double emulsions via controllable symmetric splitting in Y-shaped microchannels

To achieve high-throughput generation of monodisperse double emulsions via controllable symmetric splitting, the splitting dynamics of double emulsions in Y-shaped microchannels are systematically investigated by the combination of experimental study and numerical simulation. Four distinct breakup flow patterns of double emulsions splitting are initially identified, namely non-breakup, once uneven breakup, twice uneven breakup and twice even breakup, and the underlying hydrodynamic mechanisms of each flow pattern are further elucidated through the flow field structures and pressure distributions. The results show that the upstream pressure created by the flow obstruction of continuous phase governs the stable and symmetric splitting of double emulsions in Y-shaped microchannels. Effects of the flowrates of continuous phase, the outer and inner diameters of double emulsions, the physical properties of all the inner, middle and outer fluids as well as the angle of Y-shaped microchannel on the flow pattern transition laws are systematically clarified, and the corresponding universal flow pattern diagrams for predicting the critical boundary for the transition of flow patterns are established. Based on controllable symmetric splitting of double emulsions, three-level splitting microfluidic networks are rationally designed to achieve high-throughput generation of monodisperse double emulsions as well as monodisperse microcapsules via template synthesis. The results in this study not only advance the deep understanding of the breakup dynamics of double emulsions in Y-shaped microchannels, but also offer valuable guidance for the rational design of microfluidic devices for mass production of monodisperse double emulsions, thus providing a significant contribution to the fields of micro-chemical engineering and droplet microfluidics.