Distinct States Research Articles

Rethinking students' psychological need states: The unique role of need unfulfilment to understanding ill-being in academic settings.

Prior research has shown that students face various stressors which can affect their psychological health. The present study examines the role of students' psychological need states in explaining their burnout and dropout intentions. More precisely, relying on recent findings from Self-Determination Theory research, we examined whether students' psychological need unfulfilment could contribute to explain their ill-being over and above need satisfaction and frustration. To this end, we also tested the validity of a tripartite instrument allowing to assess these need states in academic settings (Psychological Need States in Education-Scale [PNSE-S]). A study was conducted among two samples of high school (N=473; Sample 1) and college (N=1143; Sample 2) students. Results supported the construct validity of the 35-item PNSE-S in both samples by showing that students' relatedness, autonomy, and competence unfulfilment can be modelled as distinct need states alongside the frustration and satisfaction of those three needs. Moreover, these different need states displayed a well-differentiated pattern of associations with various facets of student burnout and with dropout intentions. Results also showed the critical role of psychological need unfulfilment in explaining students' ill-being.

Systems level analysis of time and stimuli specific signaling through PKA.

It is well known that eukaryotic cells create gradients of cAMP across space and time to regulate the cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) and, in turn, growth and metabolism. However, it is unclear how PKA responds to different concentrations of cAMP. Here, to address this question, we examine PKA signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae in different conditions, timepoints, and concentrations of the chemical inhibitor 1-NM-PP1, using phosphoproteomics. These experiments show that there are numerous proteins that are only phosphorylated when cAMP and PKA activity are at/near their maximum level, while other proteins are phosphorylated even when cAMP levels and PKA activity are low. The data also show that PKA drives cells into distinct growth states by acting on proteins with different thresholds for phosphorylation in different conditions. Analysis of the sequences surrounding the 118 PKA-dependent phosphosites suggests that the phosphorylation thresholds are set, at least in part, by the affinity of PKA for each site.

Abstract 1587: Multimodal spatial transcriptomics uncover distinct tumor microenvironment states and cell-cell communication networks in molecular pancreatic cancer subtypes

Abstract The tumor microenvironment (TME) presents a complex ecosystem comprising a diversity of immune and stromal cell populations that influence tumor progression, drug delivery and therapy outcome. High levels of inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity in TME state are driven by molecular tumor phenotypes. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), one of the most lethal cancer types, displays a high genetic heterogeneity along with an immunosuppressive TME. However, it remains largely elusive how distinct TME states are mechanistically influenced, and which molecular processes dictate the emergence of different modes of immunosuppression within the TME of molecular PDAC subtypes.Here, we performed a systematic analysis of functional associations between the major molecular PDAC subtypes, the classical and mesenchymal subtype, and their TME states. We describe the TME composition and complex cell-cell communication networks within PDAC subtypes using a multimodal integration of spatial transcriptomics (ST) with complementary approaches, such as scRNA-seq, MS-based Secretomics and multiplexed histocytometry. We generated ST data sets (Visium) of a tumor cohort derived from a Kras-driven PDAC mouse model. To analyze TME composition as well as spatial niches and cell type communities, we computationally enhanced the spot-resolution of ST datasets, followed by cell type deconvolution and cell-cell communication analysis to identify subtype-specific TME communities and communication networks.To this end, we generated a large resource of PDAC mouse models which represent molecular subtypes of the disease and mimic the heterogeneity of TME states found in human PDAC cohorts. This analysis revealed that a set of subtype-specific secreted factors shape the immunosuppressive PDAC TME via direct and indirect communication networks with immunosuppressive myeloid and T cells in molecular PDAC subtypes. Multimodal ST analysis delineated spatial subtype-specific TME communities as well as spatial communication patterns. We functionally investigate the tumor cell intrinsic regulation of the identified subtype-specific secreted factors, providing potential therapeutic vulnerabilities for more effective combinatorial subtype-specific therapies including immunotherapeutic approaches. Citation Format: Stefanie Baerthel, Chiara Falcomatà, Vanessa Goelling, Daniele Lucarelli, Rushin Gindra, Constantin Schmitt, Jonathan Swietlik, Felix Meissner, Marc Schmidt-Supprian, Dieter Saur. Multimodal spatial transcriptomics uncover distinct tumor microenvironment states and cell-cell communication networks in molecular pancreatic cancer subtypes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1587.

Abstract 5656: Longitudinal spatial profiling reveals chemoresistance mechanisms and characteristics of minimal residual disease in high-grade serous ovarian cancer

Abstract High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy globally. Despite an initial response to upfront surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy in most cases, over 70% will relapse. A critical source of recurrence is minimal residual disease (MRD), which persists after upfront treatment yet is clinically undetectable. In this study, we performed second look laparoscopy (SLL) on advanced stage HGSOC patients who had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) followed by interval debulking surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy and were in complete clinical remission by imaging and CA-125 tumor marker. Surgical MRD status was determined by pathological review of SLL biopsies. Matched samples from pre-treatment biopsy, interval debulking surgery and SLL in 4 MRD+ and 3 MRD- cases were analyzed using GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiling. Among them, samples from 1 MRD+ and 1 MRD- case were also profiled with Visium. The tumor cells of MRD+ cases exhibited stronger signaling related to hypoxia, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition at baseline as well as diminished apoptosis signaling after NACT. In addition, progressively upregulated expressions of ATP binding cassette transporters were also observed over time in the tumor compartment of MRD+ cases, potentially contributing to chemoresistance. In the tumor microenvironment, MRD- cases displayed increased abundance of plasma cells, conventional dendritic cells and lymphocytes in both pre-treatment and interval debulking samples compared to MRD+ cases. Notably, Visium data of the MRD- case revealed tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in the pre-treatment sample, which became better organized following NACT, with plasma cells disseminating into adjacent tumor areas. Conversely, TLS were fewer and poorly organized in the MRD+ case. Longitudinal comparison of the 3 timepoints in MRD+ cases revealed more regulatory T cells in the stromal compartments of the MRD lesions. Furthermore, from Visium data, exclusion of CD8 T and plasma cells from the tumor core was evident in the MRD lesion. In line with this, strong TGF-β, IL-1β, IL6 and FGF2 signaling surrounding the tumor were noted, likely contributing to immune exclusion. The spatial distribution of multiple immune checkpoint molecules highly overlapped with that of CD8 T cells, indicating T cell exhaustion in the MRD lesion. In summary, these data suggested distinct cancer phenotypic states and immune features in surgically detected MRD+ HGSOC, shedding light on potential chemoresistance and immune evasion mechanisms that contribute to the MRD phase of disease. This study represents the first systemic characterization of ovarian cancer MRD by leveraging SLL, providing insights for designing personalized therapies aimed at eradicating these chemoresistant lesions and ultimately preventing disease recurrence. Citation Format: Yibo Dai, Anne Knisely, Barrett Craig Lawson, Sanghoon Lee, Khalida M. Wani, Rossana N. Lazcano Segura, Brenda Melendez, Jianfeng Chen, Yunhe Liu, Manoj Chelvanambi, Laura A. Gibson, Sarah B. Johnson, Chih-Chen Yeh, Davis R. Ingram, Courtney W. Hudgens, Kyung Serk Cho, Guangsheng Pei, Jiahui Jiang, Yanshuo Chu, Alexander J. Lazar, Jianjun Gao, Jennifer Wargo, Linghua Wang, Amir A. Jazaeri. Longitudinal spatial profiling reveals chemoresistance mechanisms and characteristics of minimal residual disease in high-grade serous ovarian cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5656.

Abstract 2684: Pan-cancer neutrophil profiling illuminates anti-tumor antigen-presenting potency

Abstract Neutrophils, the most abundant and efficient defenders against pathogens, exert opposing functions across cancer types. However, given their short half-life and fragile proliferation, it remains challenging to explore how neutrophils adapt to specific fates in cancer. Here we generated and integrated single-cell neutrophil transcriptomes from 17 cancer types (225 samples, 143 patients). Neutrophils exhibited extraordinary complexity, with 10 distinct cell states along differentiation paths including inflammation, angiogenesis, and antigen presentation. Notably, the antigen-presenting program was associated with favorable survival in most cancers and could be evoked by leucine metabolism and subsequent histone H3K27ac modification. These neutrophils could further invoke both (neo)antigen-specific and antigen-independent T-cell responses. Neutrophil delivery or leucine diet fine-tuned the immune balance to boost anti-PD-1 therapy in various murine cancers. In summary, these data not only unravel the neutrophil divergence across cancers, but also offer therapeutic opportunities such as antigen-presenting neutrophil delivery. Citation Format: Ying Cheng Wu, Jiaqiang Ma, Qiang Gao. Pan-cancer neutrophil profiling illuminates anti-tumor antigen-presenting potency [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2684.

Unraveling Electron Dynamics in p-type Indium Phosphide (100): A Time-Resolved Two-Photon Photoemission Study.

Renewable ("green") hydrogen production through direct photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a potential key contributor to the sustainable energy mix of the future. We investigate the potential of indium phosphide (InP) as a reference material among III-V semiconductors for PEC and photovoltaic (PV) applications. The p(2 × 2)/c(4 × 2)-reconstructed phosphorus-terminated p-doped InP(100) (P-rich p-InP) surface is the focus of our investigation. We employ time-resolved two-photon photoemission (tr-2PPE) spectroscopy to study electronic states near the band gap with an emphasis on normally unoccupied conduction band states that are inaccessible through conventional single-photon emission methods. The study shows the complexity of the p-InP electronic band structure and reveals the presence of at least nine distinct states between the valence band edge and vacuum energy, including a valence band state, a surface defect state pinning the Fermi level, six unoccupied surface resonances within the conduction band, as well as a cluster of states about 1.6 eV above the CBM, identified as a bulk-to-surface transition. Furthermore, we determined the decay constants of five of the conduction band states, enabling us to track electron relaxation through the bulk and surface conduction bands. This comprehensive understanding of the electron dynamics in p-InP(100) lays the foundation for further exploration and surface engineering to enhance the properties and applications of p-InP-based III-V-compounds for, e.g., efficient and cost-effective PEC hydrogen production and highly efficient PV cells.

Previous motor task performance impacts phase-based EEG resting-state connectivity states

Abstract The resting human brain cycles through distinct states that can be analyzed using microstate analysis and electroencephalography (EEG) data. This approach classifies multichannel EEG data into spontaneously interchanging microstates based on topographic features. These microstates may be valuable biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases since they reflect the resting brain’s state. However, microstates do not provide information about the active neural networks during the resting state. This article presents an alternative and complementary method for analyzing resting-state EEG data and demonstrates its reproducibility and reliability. This method considers cerebral connectivity states defined by phase synchronization and measured using the corrected imaginary phase-locking value (ciPLV) based on source-reconstructed EEG recordings. We analyzed resting-state EEG data from young, healthy participants acquired on five consecutive days before and after a motor task. We show that our data reproduce microstates previously reported. Further, we reveal four stable topographic patterns over the multiple recording sessions in the source connectivity space. While the classical microstates were unaffected by a preceding motor task, the connectivity states were altered, reflecting the suppression of frontal activity in the post-movement resting state.

Oxide Semiconductor Memristor‐Based Optoelectronic Synaptic Devices With Quaternary Memory Storage

AbstractA pioneering integration of oxide semiconductor memristors with optoelectronic features is presented, surpassing binary limitations to realize multi‐valued synaptic operations. Through Pt/Ga2O3/Pt memristors, their structural and electronic attributes via atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy are explored. Demonstrating unipolar resistance switching with remarkable endurance and retention, the devices exhibit intricate light‐resistance correlations, yielding substantial photoelectric effects in distinct resistance states. Investigating synaptic behaviors, potentiation, and depression akin to biological synapses are unveiled, facilitating learning and memory processes. The standout achievement lies in attaining quaternary memory storage within a single device. Empirical data and simulations validate this concept, showcasing the potential for encoding and sustaining multiple memory states. This innovation heralds transformative possibilities, emphasizing oxide semiconductor memristors as a gateway to quaternary memory storage and enhanced synaptic functions. In essence, this work pioneers optoelectronic synaptic devices with expanded memory capabilities.

Inherent D-A Architecture in Indoloquinoxalines with an Array of Substituents for Non-Volatile Memory Device Applications.

Donor-acceptor (D-A)-based architecture has been the key to increase storage capability efficiency through the enhanced charge transportation in the fabricated device. We have designed and synthesized a series of functionalized indoloquinoxalines (IQ) for non-volatile organic memory devices. The investigation on UV-visible spectra reveals the absorption maxima of the compounds around 420 nm, attributed to the intramolecular charge transfer between indole and quinoxaline moiety. The irreversible anodic peak in the 1.0 to 1.5 V range indicates the indole moiety's oxidation ability. Besides, the cathodic peak in the range of -0.5 to -1.0 V, contributed to the stability of the reduced quinoxaline unit. All the compounds exhibited uniformly covered thin film in SEM analysis, potentially facilitating the seamless charge carrier migration between adjacent molecules. The methoxyphenyl substituted compound exhibited the binary write-once read-many (WORM) memory behavior with the lowest threshold voltage of -0.81 V. The molecular simulations displayed the efficient intramolecular charge transfer, providing the fabricated device's distinctive conductive states. Except for the tert-butylphenyl compound, which showed volatile dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) behavior, all the other compounds exhibited non-volatile WORM memory behavior, suggesting IQs potential as an intrinsic D-A molecule in organic memory devices on further structural refinement.

Transformable Superisostatic Crystals Self-Assembled from Segment Colloidal Rods.

Transformable mechanical structures can switch between distinct mechanical states. Whether this kind of structure can be self-assembled from simple building blocks at microscale is a question to be answered. In this work, we propose a self-assembly strategy for these structures based on a nematic monolayer of segmented colloidal rods with lateral cutting. By using Monte Carlo simulation, we find that rods with different cutting degrees can self-assemble into different crystals characterized by bond coordination z that varies from 3 to 6. Among these, we identify a transformable superisostatic structure with pgg symmetry and redundant bonds (z = 5). We show that this structure can support either soft bulk modes or soft edge modes depending on its Poisson's ratio, which can be tuned from positive to negative through a uniform soft deformation. We also prove that the bulk soft modes are associated with states of self-stress along the direction of zero strain during uniform soft deformation. The self-assembled transformable structures may act as mechanical metamaterials with potential applications in micromechanical engineering.

On the existence of multiple states of low flows in catchments in southeast Australia

This study investigates whether low flow events in a catchment exhibit a possibility of switching regimes. If this happens, it can result in a catchment experiencing a flow anomaly that is even more extreme than what was historically considered a conventional low flow event. A Hidden Markov Modeling approach was used to identify shifts in the intensity of low flow events in catchments in southeast Australia. We found very strong evidence of low flow intensity exhibiting two distinct states (viz., a normal and an intensified state) for several catchments, providing convincing reasons to believe that low flows can and have undergone regime changes. The periods when the catchments exist in an intensified low flow state were associated with higher maximum and average monthly temperature (Δ≈+2.1,+1°C, respectively) and lower precipitation (Δ≈−25mm, a decline of 30%) compared to periods when these exist in their normal state.

Knowledge by omission: the significance of omissions in the 5-choice serial reaction time task.

The 5-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) is commonly used to assess attention in rodents. Manipulation of this task by decreasing the light stimulus duration is often used to probe attentional capacity and causes a decrease in accuracy and an increase in omissions. However, although a decrease in response accuracy is commonly interpreted as a decrease in attention, it is more difficult to interpret an increase in omissions in terms of attentional performance. Here we present a series of experiments in rats that seeks to investigate the origins of these key behavioral measures of attention in the 5-CSRTT. After an initial training in the 5-CSRTT, rats were tested in a variable stimulus duration procedure to increase task difficulty and probe visual attentional capacity under several specific controlled conditions. We found that response accuracy reflects visuospatial sustained attentional processing, as commonly interpreted, while response omission reflects rats' ignorance about the stimulus location, presumably due to failure to pay attention to the curved wall during its presentation. Moreover, when rats lack of relevant information, they choose not to respond instead of responding randomly. Finally, pretreatment with nicotine selectively decreased response omissions, without affecting response accuracy, particularly when the attentional demand was high. Overall, our results indicate that response accuracy and response omission thus correspond to two distinct attentional states.

Reduction-Induced Magnetic Behavior in LaFeO3-δ Thin Films.

The effect of oxygen reduction on the magnetic properties of LaFeO3-δ (LFO) thin films was studied to better understand the viability of LFO as a candidate for magnetoionic memory. Differences in the amount of oxygen lost by LFO and its magnetic behavior were observed in nominally identical LFO films grown on substrates prepared using different common methods. In an LFO film grown on as-received SrTiO3 (STO) substrate, the original perovskite film structure was preserved following reduction, and remnant magnetization was only seen at low temperatures. In a LFO film grown on annealed STO, the LFO lost significantly more oxygen and the microstructure decomposed into La- and Fe-rich regions with remnant magnetization that persisted up to room temperature. These results demonstrate an ability to access multiple, distinct magnetic states via oxygen reduction in the same starting material and suggest LFO may be a suitable materials platform for nonvolatile multistate memory.

Control of cell state transitions by post-transcriptional regulation.

Cell state transitions are prevalent in biology, playing a fundamental role in development, homeostasis and repair. Dysregulation of cell state transitions can lead to or occur in a wide range of diseases. In this letter, I explore and highlight the role of post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in determining the dynamics of cell state transitions. I propose that regulation of protein levels after transcription provides an under-appreciated regulatory route to obtain fast and sharp transitions between distinct cell states. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes and consequences of stochastic processes in development and disease'.

Design and Analysis of a New Fault-Tolerant QCA-based Nano-Scale Circuit for Morphological Operations in Image Processing

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is based on traditional cellular automata models in which each cell has one of the finite distinct states at any given time. Cellular automata refer to the use of Coulombic contact rather than wires to connect cells. The discrete character of cellular automata and quantum mechanics have been exploited to develop nano-scale devices that can conduct computations with high switching frequency and low power dissipation. QCA has been utilized in many categories for fault-tolerant and reversible logic computing. On the other hand, the morphology algorithm is an area of image processing that provides a unified methodology and strong tools for image/video processing applications. This work proposes a unique fault-tolerant approach based on QCA to execute the morphological operations in image processing. Two fault-tolerant 5-input majority gates are employed in the implemented QCA architecture, and a control line is used to accomplish dilation and erosion. To assess the capabilities of the proposed fault-tolerant circuit for morphological procedures, its performance is analyzed and confirmed. The proposed design is compared to earlier results, which significantly improve fault-tolerant ability.

The steady behavior of the supercritical carbon dioxide natural circulation loop

The steady state behavior of thermodynamically supercritical natural circulation loops (NCLs) is investigated in this work. Experimental steady state results with carbon dioxide are presented for supercritical pressures in the range of 80–120 bar, and temperatures in the range of 20–65 °C. Distinct thermodynamic states are reached by traversing a set of isochors. An equation for the prediction of the steady state of NCLs at supercritical pressures is presented, and its performance is assessed using empirical data. Changes of mass flow rate as a result of independent changes of thermodynamic state, heating rate, driving height and viscous losses are shown to be accurately captured by the proposed equation. Furthermore, close agreement between the predicted and measured mass flow rate is found when the measured equipment losses are taken into account for the comparison. Subsequently, the findings are put forward in aid of the development of safe, novel supercritical natural circulation facilities.

Neutrophil profiling illuminates anti-tumor antigen-presenting potency

Neutrophils, the most abundant and efficient defenders against pathogens, exert opposing functions across cancer types. However, given their short half-life, it remains challenging to explore how neutrophils adoptspecific fates in cancer. Here, we generated and integrated single-cell neutrophil transcriptomes from 17 cancer types (225 samples from 143 patients). Neutrophils exhibited extraordinary complexity, with 10 distinct states including inflammation, angiogenesis, and antigen presentation. Notably, the antigen-presenting program was associated with favorable survival in most cancers and could be evoked by leucine metabolism and subsequent histone H3K27ac modification. These neutrophils could further invoke both (neo)antigen-specific and antigen-independent Tcell responses. Neutrophil delivery or a leucine diet fine-tuned the immune balance to enhance anti-PD-1 therapy in various murine cancer models. In summary, these data not only indicate the neutrophil divergence across cancers but also suggest therapeutic opportunities such as antigen-presenting neutrophil delivery.

Metal Complexes of Redox Non-Innocent Ligand N,N'-Bis(3,5-di-tertbutyl-2-hydroxy-phenyl)-1,2-phenylenediamine.

Redox non-innocent ligands react with metal precursors to form complexes where the oxidation states of the ligand and thus the metal atom cannot be easily defined. A well-known example of such ligands is bis(o-aminophenol) N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tertbutyl-2-hydroxy-phenyl)-1,2-phenylenediamine, previously developed by the Wieghardt group, which has a potentially tetradentate coordination mode and four distinct protonation states, whereas its electrochemical behavior allows for five distinct oxidation states. This rich redox chemistry, as well as the ability to coordinate to various transition metals, has been utilized in the syntheses of metal complexes with M2L, ML and ML2 stoichiometries, sometimes supported with other ligands. Different oxidation states of the ligand can adopt different coordination modes. For example, in the fully oxidized form, two N donors are sp2-hybridized, which makes the ligand planar, whereas in the fully reduced form, the sp3-hybridized N donors allow the formation of more flexible chelate structures. In general, the metal can be reduced during complexation, but redox processes of the isolated complexes typically occur on the ligand. Combination of this non-innocent ligand with redox-active transition metals may lead to complexes with interesting magnetic, electrochemical, photonic and catalytic properties.

Growth and surface magnetism of ultrathin Cr(001) films

We investigate the growth of ultrathin Cr films on a Au(001) surface and observe that the growth of 1.5 nm thick Cr layers at 290 K, followed by post-annealing at 520 K, results in high-quality epitaxial Cr(001) films with atomically flat large terraces and distinct surface states. Subsequently, these optimized growth conditions are successfully applied to the growth of 1 nm and 3 nm thick Cr films. Magnetic imaging of 1 and 1.5 nm thick Cr(001) films prepared under the optimized growth conditions is performed using spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy. Distinct magnetic contrasts featuring a topological antiferromagnetic (TAF) order are observed in both films; however, spin frustration originating from the density of screw dislocations for both films shows a significant difference. The 1.0 nm thick Cr film, which exhibits a clear TAF order with the suppression of a large spin-frustrated area, is suitable for application to spin-electronic devices.

Transient disome complex formation in native polysomes during ongoing protein synthesis captured by cryo-EM

Structural studies of translating ribosomes traditionally rely on in vitro assembly and stalling of ribosomes in defined states. To comprehensively visualize bacterial translation, we reactivated ex vivo-derived E. coli polysomes in the PURE in vitro translation system and analyzed the actively elongating polysomes by cryo-EM. We find that 31% of 70S ribosomes assemble into disome complexes that represent eight distinct functional states including decoding and termination intermediates, and a pre-nucleophilic attack state. The functional diversity of disome complexes together with RNase digest experiments suggests that paused disome complexes transiently form during ongoing elongation. Structural analysis revealed five disome interfaces between leading and queueing ribosomes that undergo rearrangements as the leading ribosome traverses through the elongation cycle. Our findings reveal at the molecular level how bL9’s CTD obstructs the factor binding site of queueing ribosomes to thwart harmful collisions and illustrate how translation dynamics reshape inter-ribosomal contacts.