Distinct Occupation Research Articles

Gigantic-oxidative atomic-layer-by-layer epitaxy for artificially designed complex oxides

Abstract In designing material functionalities for transition metal oxides, lattice structure and d-orbital occupancy are key determinants. However, the modulation of these two factors is inherently limited by the need to balance thermodynamic stability, growth kinetics, and stoichiometry precision, particularly for metastable phases. We introduce a methodology, namely the gigantic-oxidative atomic-layer-by-layer epitaxy (GOALL-Epitaxy), enhancing oxidation power 3-4 orders of magnitude beyond conventional pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and oxide molecular beam epitaxy (OMBE), while ensuring atomic-layer-by-layer growth of designed complex structures. Thermodynamic stability is markedly augmented with stronger oxidation at elevated temperatures, whereas growth kinetics is sustained by laser ablation at lower temperatures. We demonstrate the accurate growth of complex nickelates and cuprates, especially an artificially designed structure with alternating single and double NiO2 layers possessing distinct nominal d-orbital occupancy, as a parent of high-temperature superconductor. The GOALL-Epitaxy enables material discovery within the vastly broadened growth parameter space.

Origin of the distinct site occupations of H atom in hcp Ti and Zr/Hf

The location of the H atoms in Ti, Zr, and Hf is crucial to the formation of the hydrides in these metals as it influences the crystal lattice transformation and the hydrogen diffusion involved in the hydride formation process. Although Ti, Zr, and Hf are all of hexagonal close-packed structure with similar lattice parameters, the solute H atom occupies the octahedral interstice in Ti but the tetragonal interstice in Zr and Hf, of which the origin is still mysterious. In the present work, the origin of the distinct site occupation behavior of H atom in Ti and Zr/Hf is investigated through first principles calculations. The calculated solution energies confirm that H prefers the octahedral interstice in Ti but the tetrahedral interstice in Zr and Hf. We ascribe the distinct site occupations of H in Ti and Zr/Hf to the varying Coulomb repulsion between the H (as a screened proton in the metals) and the matrix atoms against the interstitial size. The competition between the H-induced electron accumulation effect and the matrix atom debonding effect might matter as well. We propose that, as a general rule, a H atom prefers the site with a trade-off between a large space and a high electron density in metals.

Modification Orbital Electronic States in Nickel-Based Hydroxides Via Cobalt/Iron Co-Doping for High-Efficiency Methanol Electrooxidation.

The nickel hydroxide-based (Ni(OH)2) methanol-to-formate electrooxidation reaction (MOR) performance is greatly related to the orbital electronic states. Hence, optimizing the orbital electronic states to achieve enhanced MOR activities are highly desired. Here, cobalt (Co) and iron (Fe) doping are used to modify the orbital electronic states. Although both dopants can broaden the orbital; however, Co doping leads to an elevation in the energy level of highest occupied crystal orbital (HOCO), whereas Fe doping results in its reduction. Such a discrepancy in the regulation of orbital electronic states stems from the disparate partial electron transfer mechanisms amongst these transition metal ions, which possess distinct energy level and occupancy of d orbitals. Motivated by this finding, the NiCoFe hydroxide is prepared and exhibited an excellent MOR performance. The results showed that the Co dopants effectively suppress the partial electron transfer from Ni to Fe, combined with the orbital broadening induced by NiO6 octahedra distortion, endowing NiCoFe hydroxide with high HOCO and broad orbital. It is believed that the work gives an in-depth understanding on orbital electronic states regulation in Ni(OH)2, which is beneficial for designing Ni(OH)2-based catalysts with high MOR performance.

‘Fat-cats’ versus ‘church mice’: unveiling legal aid practice from behind the shadows of private legal practice in England and Wales

AbstractThis paper calls for the lawyering profession – which is often viewed as unabridged – to be reframed into two distinct occupations: legal aid practice and private practice, to better incorporate the divisions in labour. In order to better understand contemporary legal aid work and its workers, the hidden realities must be unveiled from behind their private counterparts, which opposingly signify wealth, professionalism, autonomy and privilege. Set within a context of crumbling professional identities, a shrinking industry and financial constraints, the paper draws on ethnographic and interview data. It finds that those working in legal aid undoubtedly face a more stagnated, under-resourced and precarious working environment, which means that their professional experience is vastly different from their private counterparts. Likewise, those in the field face toxic narratives from the government, the media, the public, and their private counterparts alike, resulting in persistent discourse of vilification. Ultimately, it calls for a refocus of legal aid work as a separate vocation due to its altruistic underpinnings, unique ‘professional’ identity, and values.

Uncovering the Nexus of Identity and Forced Migration: A Collaborative Autoethnographic Study of Afghan Women’s Experiences in Diaspora

This qualitative research investigates the educational mobility of Afghan women in diaspora, particularly those who have experienced forced migration following the Taliban's takeover of Afghanistan in 2021. The study delves into how their intersectional identities, including gender, ethnicity, religion, and socioeconomic status, shape their educational experiences. These Afghan women's educational journeys are further complicated by the challenges posed by political and economic conditions in refugee communities, which limit their access to education and employment opportunities while increasing the risk of discrimination and violence. Using an autoethnographic approach, we leverage our personal experiences as Afghan women who immigrated to Canada during two distinct Taliban occupation eras. Through self-reflection, journaling, and daily life observation, we provide nuanced insights into the multifaceted challenges faced by Afghan women during their forced displacement and migration.

Modeling regional occupancy of fishes using acoustic telemetry: a model comparison framework applied to lake trout

Acoustic telemetry is a common tool used in fisheries management to estimate fish space use (i.e., occupancy) from a local habitat scale to entire systems. Numerous analytical models have been developed to estimate different aspects of fish movement from telemetry datasets, yet evaluations of model performance and comparisons among models are limited. Here, we develop a framework to evaluate model estimates of regional occupancy in large and fragmented systems using an acoustic receiver array in Lake Champlain. We simulated the tracks of 100 acoustically tagged fish using a random walk function and created detection events based on receiver positions and distance-based detection probability. Regional occupancy for the simulated data was estimated by six movement models that ranged in analytical complexity, and results were compared to the true distributions for each simulated track to evaluate model error. The six movement models included: (1) a basic residency index using detections alone; (2) a residency index using last-observation-carried-forward; (3) a centers of activity model; (4) linear and non-linear interpolations (i.e., least-cost paths); and (5 and 6) two dynamic Brownian bridge movement models generated using separate packages in R. We developed a model selection process to compare model performance and select the optimal analysis based on simulation error. This process showed significant differences in model performance among the six movement models based on model error. Overall, the model generating least-cost paths using linear and non-linear interpolations consistently provided the most accurate regional occupancy estimates. Based on these simulation results, we applied this model to a case study that evaluated patterns in the regional distribution of stocked lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in Lake Champlain, which demonstrated distinct regional occupancy of two stocked lake trout groups. These results demonstrate potential for large variability in interpretation of acoustic telemetry data for describing regional fish distribution dependent on the analytical method used.

Predictors for diabetes and hypertension among bus drivers and conductors in South India.

Bus drivers and conductors are facing various health hazards due to stressful working conditions. They are exposed to various occupational hazards which lead to deterioration of their health over a period of time. Therefore, it is of interest to evaluate the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension among bus drivers and conductors and to determine the factors associated with diabetes and hypertension. This cross-sectional study was done among 293 bus drivers and 157 conductors during March 2018 to December 2018 and the data was collected using a semi structured questionnaire after obtaining informed consent. Each individual was investigated for Blood sugar and Blood Pressure. Out of 450 study participants, about 6.9% were diabetic and 50.2% were hypertensive. Transport workers with single marital status, those who belong to rural areas and drivers were significant predictors for diabetes. Overweight was significantly associated with the Diabetes in negative direction. Marital status, years of experience and anxiety were significantly associated with hypertension. Hemoglobin level, total cholesterol level and blood urea level also emerged as predictors for Hypertension. Non-communicable diseases like diabetes and hypertension have surpassed the communicable diseases in affecting the health of people with distinct occupations like bus drivers and conductors.

Insight into Cr Alloying on Face‐Centered Cubic to Body‐Centered Cubic Phase Transition in FeCr Alloy

Effects of Cr alloying on phase stability, magnetism, and electronic structures in both body‐centered cubic (bcc) and face‐centered cubic (fcc) phases and on the transformation from fcc to bcc are studied by first‐principles calculations. Results show that the doped Cr atoms in fcc and bcc phases choose distinct occupation models. This phenomenon can be understood from the amount of electron density of states close to Fermi energy. For magnetism, Cr tends to be antiferromagnetically coupled with the surrounding Fe in the studied phases. The magnetic moment of Fe is greater than that of Cr in bcc, but the order is reversed in fcc. The moment of Fe is dictated by the distance between it and the doped Cr in bcc, whereas it is dominated by spatial orientation with Cr in fcc. For phase stability, it is found that the alloying of Cr prefers destabilizing bcc while tends to stabilize fcc, leading to a strong inhibition of phase transition from fcc to bcc. Notably, the role in the fcc phase is more prominent than that in bcc, which can be associated with the antiferromagnetism between Fe and Cr in fcc.

Comparative techno-economic assessment of electric vehicle charging preferences: A quantitative study for sustainable EV policy in Pakistan

Sustainable induction of Electric vehicles (EV) adoption in developing countries requires a comprehensive policy and planning. Among several challenges, one of the biggest challenges is a sustainable charging station infrastructure integration to the existing weak distribution power network. Based on technological advancements, EV owners enjoy better milage in one charge. This has given a liberty to charge EVs as per the desire of user. There are two kinds of charging preferences, one is home charging and the other is fast charging. Both charging choices have distinct economic and technical aspects that need to be quantified in line with the available power infrastructure so as to develop a policy regulation. This study aims to quantitatively assess home charging, level 3 fast charging and their techno-economic aspects using social demographics of car owners. To analyze the demographics of local vehicle mobility practices in Pakistan, a comprehensive survey comprising online questionnaire was conducted. >100 car owners were surveyed about their daily driving practices to understand the driving distances and their preference of charging vehicles. The driving owners from distinct occupations ranging from cab drivers, job holders and businessmen participated in the survey. The survey facilitated to identify the demographics of the car owners which helped in conducting simulations and quantification analysis. Monte Carlo simulation was used for 1000 cars samples to estimate the level 1 and level 3 charging profiles in Python. In second step, HOMER Grid software was used to economically assess the impact of home charging and fast charging. It was revealed that charging choices have significant impact on the daily load profile of EVs. While having home charging, 59.9 % higher units are purchased from the grid. Whereas 65.5 NPC is increased for the project. On the other hand, the daily profile of preferred home charging is 61.4 % higher compared to the fast charging due to much concentrated charging impact during the limited time of the day. Results highlighted that Solar PV plays an important role for fast and home charging. Without solar PV charging stations will consume 60 % more grid units and 58 % higher Net present cost. The study concludes with a set of policy recommendations that must be taken into account to support the weak grid and lessen the EV charging impact on main utility.

A Critical Analysis and Understanding of Wage Differentials Between Public and Private Sector

The study explores the intricate relationship between wage differentials and the diversity of occupations and industries within a country's economic landscape. The premise is that specific jobs, each requiring distinct skills, are remunerated differently, whether within the same industry or across diverse sectors. Economists acknowledge that individual wages are influenced by a complex interplay of employee and employer characteristics, yet the precise magnitude and dynamics of these effects remain elusive. This knowledge gap arises from the scarcity of microdata linking individuals to their respective workplaces and the inherent challenges in disentangling the contributions of employees and employers to wage differentials. To bridge this gap, the paper leverages microdata obtained from the Occupational Employment Statistics program at the Bureau of Labor Statistics, providing a comprehensive dataset encompassing over half a million establishments across all economic sectors. This dataset includes wage information for more than 34 million individuals engaged in over 800 distinct occupations. The aim of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of existing wage differentials between the public and private sectors.

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Induces Degeneration of mDA Neurons In Vitro.

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) affects 1-2% of the population over the age of 60 and the majority of PD cases are sporadic, without any family history of the disease. Neuroinflammation driven by microglia has been shown to promote the progression of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuron loss through the release of neurotoxic factors. Interestingly, the risk of developing PD is significantly higher in distinct occupations, such as farming and agriculture, and is linked to the use of pesticides and herbicides. Methods: The neurotoxic features of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D) at concentrations of 10 µM and 1 mM were analyzed in two distinct E14 midbrain neuron culture systems and in primary microglia. Results: The application of 1 mM 2,4D resulted in mDA neuron loss in neuron-enriched cultures. Notably, 2,4D-induced neurotoxicity significantly increased in the presence of microglia in neuron-glia cultures, suggesting that microglia-mediated neurotoxicity could be one mechanism for progressive neuron loss in this in vitro setup. However, 2,4D alone was unable to trigger microglia reactivity. Conclusions: Taken together, we demonstrate that 2,4D is neurotoxic for mDA neurons and that the presence of glia cells enhances 2,4D-induced neuron death. These data support the role of 2,4D as a risk factor for the development and progression of PD and further suggest the involvement of microglia during 2,4D-induced mDA neuron loss.

THU625 Med12 Mutation Activates Tryptophan-Kynurenine-ahr Pathway To Promote Growth Of Uterine Leiomyoma

Abstract Disclosure: A. Zuberi: None. Y. Huang: None. A. Dotts: None. H. Wei: None. J. Coon V: None. T. Lizuka: None. O. Wu: None. O. Sotos: None. D. Chakravarti: None. Y. Dai: None. S.E. Bulun: None. P. Yin: None. A.Z. and Y.H. contributed equally to this work.† Y.D., S.E.B., and P.Y. are co-senior authors. ‡To whom correspondence should be addressed: Serdar E. Bulun, M.D.Division of Reproductive Science in MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University 250 E. Superior Street, Suite 03-2306 Chicago, Illinois 60611-2914 Tel: 312-472-3636 Fax: 312-472-3740 Email: s-bulun@northwestern.edu Ping Yin, M.D., Ph.D. Division of Reproductive Science in Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University 303 E. Superior Street, Suite 10-111 Chicago, Illinois 60611 Tel: 312-503-1831 Fax: 312-503-0095 Email: p-yin@northwestern.edu. Conflict of interest: The authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists. Uterine leiomyomas (LM) cause heavy menstrual bleeding, anemia and pregnancy loss in approximately 10 million US women. Driver mutations in the mediator complex subunit 12 (MED12) gene in uterine myometrial cells initiate 70% LM tumors that grow in a progesterone-dependent manner. We showed a distinct chromatin occupancy landscape of MED12 and a shift of binding sites from proximal promoters to intronic/intergenic regions in mutant (mut-MED12) vs wild-type LM tissues. Integration of cistrome and transcriptome data identified tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) as the top mut-MED12 target gene, which was massively upregulated in mut-MED12 LM. TDO2 catalyzes the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine, which is an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligand and significantly elevated in mut-MED12 LM. Incubation of primary mut-MED12 LM cells with tryptophan or kynurenine stimulated AHR nuclear translocation, increased proliferation, inhibited apoptosis and induced AHR-target gene expression, whereas blocking the TDO2-kynurenine-AHR pathway by siRNA or pharmacologically abolished these effects. Progesterone receptor regulated the expression of AHR and its target genes. In vivo, TDO2 expression positively correlated with the expression of genes crucial for LM growth. In summary, activation of the TDO2-kynurenine-AHR pathway selectively in mut-MED12 LM induces tumor growth and may inform the development of targeted treatments and precision medicine. Presentation: Thursday, June 15, 2023

MED12 mutation activates the tryptophan/kynurenine/AHR pathway to promote growth of uterine leiomyomas.

Uterine leiomyomas cause heavy menstrual bleeding, anemia, and pregnancy loss in millions of women worldwide. Driver mutations in the transcriptional mediator complex subunit 12 (MED12) gene in uterine myometrial cells initiate 70% of leiomyomas that grow in a progesterone-dependent manner. We showed a distinct chromatin occupancy landscape of MED12 in mutant MED12 (mut-MED12) versus WT-MED12 leiomyomas. Integration of cistromic and transcriptomics data identified tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) as the top mut-MED12 target gene that was significantly upregulated in mut-MED12 leiomyomas when compared with adjacent myometrium and WT-MED12 leiomyomas. TDO2 catalyzes the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligand that we confirmed to be significantly elevated in mut-MED12 leiomyomas. Treatment of primary mut-MED12 leiomyoma cells with tryptophan or kynurenine stimulated AHR nuclear translocation, increased proliferation, inhibited apoptosis, and induced AHR-target gene expression, whereas blocking the TDO2/kynurenine/AHR pathway by siRNA or pharmacological treatment abolished these effects. Progesterone receptors regulated the expression of AHR and its target genes. In vivo, TDO2 expression positively correlated with the expression of genes crucial for leiomyoma growth. In summary, activation of the TDO2/kynurenine/AHR pathway selectively in mut-MED12 leiomyomas promoted tumor growth and may inform the future development of targeted treatments and precision medicine.

Comparative Analysis on the Hotel Occupancy Rates in Caraga Region, Philippines

This study compared the hotel occupancy rates among five provinces in Caraga Region of the Philippines during the year 2019 and 2020. Data were gathered from the Regional Social and Economic Trends 2022 in Caraga which were analysed using mean and standard deviation, One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Scheffe’s Test. The analysis of hotel occupancy rates in the Caraga Region for 2019 and 2020 highlights significant trends and disparities within the tourism sector. Notable variations are observed in provinces with the highest and lowest occupancy rates, including SurigaodelNorte's consistently high rates and Dinagat Islands' lower rates, suggesting potential for targeted interventions. The comparison between the years underscores dynamic industry shifts, with provinces like Surigaodel Sur experiencing substantial changes, potentially influenced by economic conditions and external factors. The results also emphasize distinct occupancy rate differences, such as among AgusandelNorte, Agusan del Sur, and Surigao del Norte, underscoring the need for customized strategies to optimize tourism opportunities and address challenges in each province.

Manipulating single excess electrons in monolayer transition metal dihalide

Polarons are entities of excess electrons dressed with local response of lattices, whose atomic-scale characterization is essential for understanding the many body physics arising from the electron-lattice entanglement, yet difficult to achieve. Here, using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS), we show the visualization and manipulation of single polarons in monolayer CoCl2, that are grown on HOPG substrate via molecular beam epitaxy. Two types of polarons are identified, both inducing upward local band bending, but exhibiting distinct appearances, lattice occupations and polaronic states. First principles calculations unveil origin of polarons that are stabilized by cooperative electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions. Both types of polarons can be created, moved, erased, and moreover interconverted individually by the STM tip, as driven by tip electric field and inelastic electron tunneling effect. This finding identifies the rich category of polarons in CoCl2 and their feasibility of precise control unprecedently, which can be generalized to other transition metal halides.

Comparative effects of temperature and salinity on growth of four harmful Chattonella spp. (Raphidophyceae) from tropical Asian waters

In Asia, four harmful raphidophyte species, Chattonella malayana, C. marina, C. subsalsa, and C. tenuiplastida, coexist in the tropical waters but only C. marina was detected in temperate waters. This occurrence pattern pointed to a potentially distinct ecophysiological niche occupancy and possible species dispersion. The growth physiology of these species isolated from tropical Southeast Asia was investigated using unialgal cultures in ten temperatures (13.0–35.5°C) and five salinities (15–35) to better understand the factors driving their distribution. The highest maximum specific growth rates were observed in C. subsalsa (0.65 ± 0.01 d-1), followed by C. malayana (0.47 ± 0.03 d-1), C. marina (0.45 ± 0.02 d-1), and C. tenuiplastida (0.39 ± 0.01 d-1). Their optimal temperatures were 28.0, 30.5, 25.5, and 30.5°C, respectively, of which C. marina preferred colder water. C. subsalsa exhibited a wider growth temperature range (20.5–35.5°C), followed by C. marina (20.5–30.5°C), C. tenuiplastida (23.0–33.0°C), and C. malayana (25.5–33.0°C). Optimal salinities were similar between C. subsalsa and C. malayana (30), and between C. marina and C. tenuiplastida (25), but C. subsalsa and C. marina exhibited a similar growth salinity range of 15–35, while C. malayana and C. tenuiplastida was 20–35. High values of Fv/Fm were observed in C. subsalsa and C. marina (> 0.5) in all tested conditions, but Fv/Fm of C. malayana and C. tenuiplastida were significantly lower at 20.5°C. All four species achieved a maximum cell density of > 104 cells mL-1 in their optimal conditions. Optimal temperatures in C. subsalsa and C. marina were identical to previous reports. The high adaptability of C. subsalsa in various temperatures and salinities suggests its high competitiveness and bloom potential. The high adaptability of C. marina in colder waters compared to other species likely contributes to its wide distribution in the temperate Asian waters. The narrow temperature window of C. malayana and C. tenuiplastida suggests their endemicity and limited distribution in the tropical waters. This study provides evidence about the occurrences and bloom potential of Chattonella spp. in Asia, but the endemicity versus dispersion issue remains unresolved.

Asymmetry and Ion Selectivity Properties of Bacterial Channel NaK Mutants Derived from Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors

Ionotropic glutamate receptors are ligand-gated cation channels that play essential roles in the excitatory synaptic transmission throughout the central nervous system. A number of open-pore structures of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic-acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors became available recently by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). These structures provide valuable insights into the conformation of the selectivity filter (SF), the part of the ion channel that determines the ion selectivity. Nonetheless, due to the moderate resolution of the cryo-EM structures, detailed information such as ion occupancy of monovalent and divalent cations as well as positioning of the side-chains in the SF is still missing. Here, in an attempt to obtain high-resolution information about glutamate receptor SFs, we incorporated partial SF sequences of the AMPA and kainate receptors into the bacterial tetrameric cation channel NaK, which served as a structural scaffold. We determined a series of X-ray structures of NaK-CDI, NaK-SDI and NaK-SELM mutants at 1.42–2.10 Å resolution, showing distinct ion occupation of different monovalent cations. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of NaK-CDI indicated the channel to be conductive to monovalent cations, which agrees well with our electrophysiology recordings. Moreover, previously unobserved structural asymmetry of the SF was revealed by the X-ray structures and MD simulations, implying its importance in ion non-selectivity of tetrameric cation channels.

New Itasuchidae (Sebecia, Ziphosuchia) remains and the radiation of an elusive Mesoeucrocodylia clade

ABSTRACT Crocodyliformes have a well-known worldwilde fossil record, revealing a high diversity of morphological traits, habits and being abundant in their paleofaunas. Such abundance in the fossil record is remarkable in the tetrapod fossil record in the continental sequences of Bauru Group (Brazil), in the Cretaceous of the South America. Here we describe and analyse three specimens from Bauru Group, assigned to a poorly understood crocodyliform clade: Itasuchidae. Their morphological similarity assigned them as Pepesuchus (from Turonian / Coniacian of Araçatuba Formation), Itasuchus cf. jesuinoi, and cf. Roxochampsa paulistanus (both last from Campanian to Early Maastrichtian of Presidente Prudente Formation). The phylogenetic and morphometric results corroborated the monophyly of the Itasuchidae with some variation in its content regard to prior and similar analyses (i.e. inclusion of Stolokrosuchus, Barreirosuchus and Antaeusuchus; exclusion of Caririsuchus), also pointing out to the South American itasuchid species as occupying a crocodyliform morphospace, which can imply distinct niche occupations. The Bauru Group undergoes a diversity peak of archosaurs in Upper Cretaceous, with a remarkable Crocodyliformes radiation, such as the Itasuchidae group, which probably have their most early-diverging lineages rising from Lower Cretaceous of Africa.

Things versus People: Gender Differences in Vocational Interests and in Occupational Preferences

Occupational choices remain strongly segregated by gender, for reasons not yet fully understood. In this paper, we use detailed information on the cognitive requirements in 130 distinct learnable occupations in the Swiss apprenticeship system to describe the broad job content in these occupations along the things-versus-people dimension. We first show that our occupational classification along this dimension closely aligns with actual job tasks, taken from an independent data source on employers job advertisements. We then document that female apprentices tend to choose occupations that are oriented towards working with people, while male apprentices tend to favor occupations that involve working with things. In fact, our analysis suggests that this variable is by any statistical measure among the most important proximate predictors of occupational gender segregation. In a further step, we replicate this finding using individual-level data on both occupational aspirations and actual occupational choices for a sample of adolescents at the start of 8th grade and the end of 9th grade, respectively. Using these additional data, we finally show that the gender difference in occupational preferences is largely independent of a large number of individual, parental, and regional controls.

Sun Through Broken Screen: Murakami and Gutai

Sun Through Broken Screen: Murakami and Gutai