Distinct Division Research Articles

Pottery evolution pattern discovery based on deep learning: case study of Miaozigou culture in China

Potteries, one of the tools widely used by early humans, encapsulates rich historical information. Deep neural networks have been applied to analyzing pottery digital images, bypassing the need for intricate handcrafted features. However, existing models focus solely on pottery shape comparison, neglecting the analysis of their evolution across different historical periods. In this work, we propose a method based on deep learning to assist experts in identifying the evolutionary patterns of a given pottery type within their specified chronological divisions. First we train a convolutional neural network for pottery classification, extracting low and high level features that represent different ages of pottery samples. Next, we employ clustering algorithms to identify representative potteries for each historical period based on high level features. To facilitate intuitive comparisons across different ages, we use shallow features and compute cosine similarities between potteries, visualizing shape and decoration differences. This approach enhances understanding of pottery evolution patterns directly through visual analysis. The effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed method are evaluated by validating it on three distinct era division cases using data from the Dabagou and Miaozigou archaeological sites, which represent the Miaozigou culture and exhibit clear evolutionary patterns. Our method identifies representative artifacts for each era and uncovers their evolutionary patterns effectively and efficiently, achieving conclusions comparable to those of experts while significantly reducing time compared to traditional manual methods.

A conserved germline-specific Dsn1 alternative splice isoform supports oocyte and embryo development

The chromosome segregation and cell division programs associated with somatic mitosis and germline meiosis display dramatic differences such as kinetochore orientation, cohesin removal, or the presence of a gap phase.1,2,3,4,5,6 These changes in chromosome segregation require alterations to the established cell division machinery.5,6 It remains unclear what aspects of kinetochore function and its regulatory control differ between the mitotic and meiotic cell divisions to rewire these core processes. Alternative RNA splicing can generate distinct protein isoforms to allow for the differential control of cell processes across cell types. However, alternative splice isoforms that differentially modulate distinct cell division programs have remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that mammalian germ cells express an alternative mRNA splice isoform for the kinetochore component, DSN1, a subunit of the MIS12 complex that links the centromeres to spindle microtubules during chromosome segregation. This germline DSN1 isoform bypasses the requirement for Aurora kinase phosphorylation for its centromere localization due to the absence of a key regulatory region allowing DSN1 to display persistent centromere localization. Expression of the germline DSN1 isoform in somatic cells results in constitutive kinetochore localization, chromosome segregation errors, and growth defects, providing an explanation for its tight cell-type-specific expression. Reciprocally, precisely eliminating expression of the germline-specific DSN1 splice isoform in mouse models disrupts oocyte maturation and early embryonic divisions coupled with a reduction in fertility. Together, this work identifies a germline-specific splice isoform for a chromosome segregation component and implicates its role in mammalian fertility.

Modulations in gastrointestinal microbiota during postpartum period fulfill energy requirements and maintain health of lactating Tibetan cattle.

Postpartum period of dairy cattle is an important phase of their life mainly associated with the changes in physiology, rumen function, and energy metabolism. Studies have shown that gut microbial composition undergoes drastic changes during the postpartum period. However, little is known about the temporal variations in digestive tract microbiota in postpartum Tibetan cattle. The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal variations in blood metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and microbial community of oral, rumen, and gut in lactating Tibetan cattle during postpartum. We collected blood, saliva, rumen fluid, and fecal samples from lactating Tibetan cattle during 1st week (1 W), the 2nd week (2 W), the 1st month (1 M), and the 2nd month (2 M) of the postpartum period. The microbiota of saliva, rumen fluid, and fecal samples were assessed using 16S rRNA sequencing. The rumen volatile fatty acid and blood parameters were also quantified. The content of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and blood parameters showed opposite tendency to each other and reached to stability at 2 M. Rumen microbiota showed the highest alpha diversity compared to other two sites. At phylum level, the oral cavity was dominated by Proteobacteria, while most dominant phylum in rumen and feces were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, respectively. The dominant genera in oral cavity were Moraxella and Bibersteinia, while genera Prevotella 1 and Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 were dominant in rumen and fecal samples, respectively. Microbial network analysis revealed that most of the active genera in all networks belonged to phylum Firmicutes, indicating the importance of this phyla during postpartum period of lactating cattle. The functional analysis revealed distinct division of labor among three gastrointestinal sites associated with defense, fatty acid synthesis, and maintaining health of host. All in all, our findings provide insights into the metabolic and microbial changes of lactating Tibetan cattle and help to the improvement of the management strategies.

Rethinking Occupation Intensity during the Levantine Middle Epipalaeolithic: The use of Space and Site Formation Processes at the Geometric Kebaran site of Neve David, Israel

The open-air Epipalaeolithic (Geometric Kebaran) site of Neve David (Mount Carmel, Israel) has played an important role in reconstructing scenarios of sedentarization in the Levant since its initial excavation in the 1980s, and has been seen as heralding later Natufian socioeconomic adaptations. However, little was known about the site’s formation processes and spatial organization, hindering the testing of this view. Employing new field data from Neve David, we present a combined macro- and microscopic analyses of the spatial and temporal distribution of lithics, faunal remains, phytoliths and wood ash, interpreted with the aid of ethnoarchaeological data and comparison to other Palaeolithic sites in the region. Post-depositional disturbance seems to be minimal at Neve David and we therefore suggest that the spatial distribution of the finds mostly represents human use of space. Throughout the thick sequence of occupation episodes, distinct division of space and well-preserved trampled occupation surfaces are generally lacking. We suggest that this pattern represents reduced mobility, as prolonged human activity blurs the primary depositional signal of the activity remains. The density of the finds generally increases in the upper layers of the site. Accordingly, we hypothesize that at the beginning of activity, the duration of occupation was longer and only later in the sequence of events was there an increase in group size. Our findings further highlight the position of the Geometric Kebaran as a pivotal stage in understanding the gap between the preceding highly mobile societies and the succeeding sedentary and demographically-larger Natufian societies.

Leucocytozoon Infection Does Not Influence the Survival of Boreal Owl Aegolius funereus Nestlings.

Leucocytozoon infection has been observed to impact the reproductive ecology and physiology of avian hosts, but its influence on nestling survival remains unclear. We investigated the effect of Leucocytozoon infection intensity, determined through triplicate PCR sample analyses, on the survival of 256 boreal owl (Aegolius funereus) nestlings during an 8-yr study. Contrary to our expectations, the survival probability of boreal owl nestlings was not influenced by their Leucocytozoon infection intensity. Nestling age and Leucocytozoon infection intensity in male and female parents also did not impact nestling survival. Instead, food abundance and hatching order were the key factors influencing nestling survival. Additionally, we observed a significantly higher Leucocytozoon infection intensity in male parents compared to female parents and nestlings. We suggest a distinct division of parental roles may lead females and nestlings staying within the nest boxes (cavities) to experience lower exposure to potential vectors transmitting blood parasites than their male counterparts. Our study shows that Leucocytozoon disease may not be lethal for boreal owl chicks, exhibiting a below-average infection intensity compared to their male parents.

Anatomy of Liver and Radiographic Study on Hepatic Duct in a South African Ostrich Struthio camelus australis

The South African Ostrich Struthio camelus australis, an acarinate flightless ratite bird, native to the African continent has been introduced in many countries including India in the recent past for meat as well as egg purpose. Although this largest extant bird is gaining popularity globally, the functional anatomy of this majestic giant has received relatively less attention. The liver, the largest gland in the body of an Ostrich (weighing approximately 1.5-2 Kg) is also the heaviest among all the birds. The Ostrich lacks gall bladder and thus, the bile needs to be produced continuously as in the case of certain mammals like horses and elephants. The present study aimed to investigate the gross morphological and radiographic characteristics of the liver of the Ostrich. The liver was divisible into two primary lobes: an undivided right lobe and a divided left lobe. The later consisted of dorso-cranial, intermediate, and ventro-caudal lobes. Notably, the ventro-caudal lobe was observed as the largest, while the intermediate lobe was the smallest. The right lobe, larger than the left, was connected to later by a thick isthmus at its cranial extremity. Using barium sulphate injection and positive contrast radiography, the intrahepatic course of the hepatic duct was visualized, revealing two distinct divisions and tributaries thereof for draining bile from the right and left lobes, respectively. A radiographic study of the intrahepatic course of the hepatic duct revealed a single right intralobar duct and two left intralobar ducts. The distinct isthmus was drained by the branch of the left intralobar duct.

Discovery of the choristodere Hyphalosaurus baitaigouensis from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning, China and its paleobiogeographic significance

The water-living reptile genus Hyphalosaurus was previously discovered in the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation bearing the middle Jehol Biota in western Liaoning, China. Two complete skeletons of Hyphalosaurus are reported for the first time from the Jiufotang Formation bearing the late Jehol Biota at two sites in western Liaoning. They show the typical characteristics of Hyphalosaurus baitaigouensis in terms of the contact between some cranial bones and the number of cervical and dorsal vertebrae, and therefore are assigned to H. baitaigouensis. This discovery extends the stratigraphic range of this species from the Yixian Formation to the overlying Jiufotang Formation. This paper further briefly compares the main characteristics of the two skeletons, summarizes the temporal and spatial distribution of Hyphalosaurus, and discusses the palaeogeographic evolution of western Liaoning at the middle and late Jehol Biota stages based on the aquatic habits of Hyphalosaurus and the geological background of western Liaoning. The analytical results show that the volcanic downwarped lakes, with distinct geographical divisions in western Liaoning during the deposition of the Yixian Formation, had not completely disappeared till the deposition of the Jiufotang Formation. The palaeo-lake in the Fuxin-Yixian Basin underwent the process of generation, expansion and shrinkage during the depositional period of the Yixian Formation and finally merged into a large lake. The palaeo-Dalinghe River, which connected the main basins in western Liaoning during the depositional period of the Jiufotang Formation, was formed simultaneously.

Literature Review: the Relationship Between Internal Control System of the Government (SPIP), Good Government Governance (GGG), And Fraud Prevention

The aim of this article is to clarify the connection between the government's internal control system, good government governance, and endeavors to thwart fraud, alongside the influencing factors. The methodology utilized encompasses a review of literature utilizing data drawn from international and national journals, with a total of 23 journals as the sample. From the analysis, it was determined that good government governance serves as an intermediary between the internal control system of government and the action of fraud prevention. In simpler terms, the more robust the internal control, the more adept it is at fostering effective and high-quality good governance, ultimately bolstering efforts to prevent fraud. Elements that must be taken into account for effective fraud prevention encompass: (1) Enhancing internal government supervision involves documenting and reinforcing the organization's dedication to the relevant code of ethics and conduct; (2) Ensuring a distinct division of roles and responsibilities; (3) Interpreting regulations comprehensively and ensuring consistent, unambiguous, and clear meanings; (4) It is essential to have qualified personnel matching their fields and expertise, whether through recruitment or competency development like education and training; (5) Utilizing information technology; (6) Conducting effective risk assessment and monitoring is crucial for overseeing organizational and identifying potential fraud risks.

Exploration of Community Empowerment in a Village as the Entrance to a Lake in East Java

The objective of this study is to investigate community empowerment initiatives aimed at providing support to communities located near a Lake in East Java, with a particular focus on Sidomukti village, which serves as the gateway to the Sarangan Lake (TNK). A case study strategy was employed to gather thorough data, utilising data-gathering approaches such as interviews, observation, and documentation. The employed methodology for data analysis is descriptive qualitative. Data analysis involves the systematic arrangement of data, its categorization into distinct units, its integration, the identification of patterns, the selection of significant elements for further investigation, and the formulation of conclusions. The findings of the study revealed that many empowerment initiatives were implemented in KNP-supporting villages, with a particular focus on villages. Notably, the Mandiri Tourism initiative within the National Community Empowerment Programme (PNPM) garnered a favourable reception from the local community. In addition to this, other local community empowerment programmes have emerged from both local and village government endeavours, as well as from the Sidomukti village community itself. One such initiative involves the establishment of tourism awareness clubs. The Sarangan Lake Tourism Association has led to the establishment of various entities in the accommodation industry, transportation services, restaurants, cafes, and art galleries. Additionally, the village-owned enterprise (BUMDES) STW of Village has empowered the local community in the fields of agriculture and agro-tourism. Furthermore, BUMDES has established strong connections with the wider society. BUMDES is comprised of nine hamlets. The organisation comprises three distinct business divisions, including the Coming Business Unit, the Tourism Unit, and the Savings and Loans Unit.

Crashworthiness of 3D Lattice Topologies under Dynamic Loading: A Comprehensive Study.

Periodic truss-based lattice materials, a particular subset of cellular solids that generally have superior specific properties as compared to monolithic materials, offer regularity and predictability that irregular foams do not. Significant advancements in alternative technologies-such as additive manufacturing-have allowed for the fabrication of these uniquely complex materials, thus boosting their research and development within industries and scientific communities. However, there have been limitations in the comparison of results for these materials between different studies reported in the literature due to differences in analysis approaches, parent materials, and boundary and initial conditions considered. Further hindering the comparison ability was that the literature generally only focused on one or a select few topologies. With a particular focus on the crashworthiness of lattice topologies, this paper presents a comprehensive study of the impact performance of 24 topologies under dynamic impact loading. Using steel alloy parent material (manufactured using Selective Laser Melting), a numerical study of the impact performance was conducted with 16 different impact energy-speed pairs. It was possible to observe the overarching trends in crashworthiness parameters, including plateau stress, densification strain, impact efficiency, and absorbed energy for a wide range of 3D lattice topologies at three relative densities. While there was no observed distinct division between the results of bending and stretching topologies, the presence of struts aligned in the impact direction did have a significant effect on the energy absorption efficiency of the lattice; topologies with struts aligned in that direction had lower efficiencies as compared to topologies without.

Ang Magturo ay Di Biro: A HERMENEUTIC PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE LIVED-EXPERIENCES OF MATH EDUCATORS IN OUT-OF-FIELD TEACHING

Out-of-field teaching is a significant threat to the provision of quality education. In this context, teachers are tasked to teach subjects outside their specialization. Although several studies have been conducted about out-of-field teaching, nothing is known about the lived experiences in the context of math educators that have utilized Gadamers hermeneutic framework in gathering and analyzing data. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative study is to determine the meaning of the lived experiences of math educators in out-of-field teaching experiences. Using a hermeneutic phenomenological design, a sample of 10 math educators was purposively selected following selection criteria from 2 distinct divisions in the Philippines. This approach allowed for a comprehensive exploration and interpretation of the participants experiences and meaning-making processes. After a series of rigorous steps, four major themes emerged from the narrative accounts including (a) out-of-field teaching presents content, pedagogical, and technological issues, (b) out-of-field teaching causes mental and emotional disturbances among teachers, (c) out-of-field teaching requires enough learning resources and proper training/mentoring, and (d) out-of-field teaching entails adaptive behaviors among teachers. These identified themes were important in illustrating the phenomenon and offered new perspectives as a basis for educational reforms and policy-making. KEYWORDS: Gadamers hermeneutic phenomenological framework, out-of-field teaching

Spiritual Memory, Spatial Affects and Churchstateness in a Popular Uprising in Afro Colombia’s Pacific Littoral

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the leadership of the local Catholic Church in a forceful social movement of resistance against long-dated marginalization, inequality, and multi-faceted forms of violence in the main city-port in Colombia’s pacific littoral: Buenaventura’s Civic Strike process. Based on interviews conducted with religious and lay participants, it explores how spiritual memory, social space, and collective affects act as the enabling condition for this leadership, a condition that the interviewees characterize as a relation of trust between people and Church. The paper argues that this affect of trust implies complex intersections between social protest, Church and State that require, in turn, a different conceptualization of the social space. One that challenges secularism as an epistemology of the social by overcoming its distinctive clear-cut divisions between Church and State, and between State and civil society. The notion of “churchstateness,” proposed in recent literature, is hence tested as an alternative analytic.

Topographic barriers drive the pronounced genetic subdivision of a range-limited fossorial rodent.

Due to their limited dispersal ability, fossorial species with predominantly belowground activity usually show increased levels of population subdivision across relatively small spatial scales. This may be exacerbated in harsh mountain ecosystems, where landscape geomorphology limits species' dispersal ability and leads to small effective population sizes, making species relatively vulnerable to environmental change. To better understand the environmental drivers of species' population subdivision in remote mountain ecosystems, particularly in understudied high-elevation systems in Africa, we studied the giant root-rat (Tachyoryctes macrocephalus), a fossorial rodent confined to the afro-alpine ecosystem of the Bale Mountains in Ethiopia. Using mitochondrial and low-coverage nuclear genomes, we investigated 77 giant root-rat individuals sampled from nine localities across its entire ~1000 km2 range. Our data revealed a distinct division into a northern and southern group, with no signs of gene flow, and higher nuclear genetic diversity in the south. Landscape genetic analyses of the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes indicated that population subdivision was driven by slope and elevation differences of up to 500 m across escarpments separating the north and south, potentially reinforced by glaciation of the south during the Late Pleistocene (~42,000-16,000 years ago). Despite this landscape-scale subdivision between the north and south, weak geographic structuring of sampling localities within regions indicated gene flow across distances of at least 16 km at the local scale, suggesting high, aboveground mobility for relatively long distances. Our study highlights that despite the potential for local-scale gene flow in fossorial species, topographic barriers can result in pronounced genetic subdivision. These factors can reduce genetic variability, which should be considered when developing conservation strategies.

Numerical simulation on the enhancement mechanism of the distinctive division baffle on the performance of a Venturi for process intensification

As one of the advanced oxidation processes, hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) has become a promising technology for treating industrial effluents by various cavitation devices due to the advantages of cost-effectiveness in operation, higher energy efficiencies, and large-scale operation. In this study, the effect of a distinctive division baffle on the performance of a circular Venturi is proposed focusing on the enhancement of cavitation intensity and reaction area by utilizing computational fluid dynamics. Three geometrical parameters of the distinctive division baffle, including divergent angle (β2), convergent angle (α2), and throat diameter (d2), were investigated, after a well validation of the numerical method with a previous experiment.It was found that the β2 and d2 provided relatively more significant impact on cavitation intensification. Through the comprehensive evaluation of the selected three parameters, the most appropriate geometrical configuration of the novel Venturi was determined as a divergent angle β2 of 6°, a convergent angle α2 of 16°, and a throat diameter d2 of 2.25 mm. Furthermore, the finally recommended design, significantly intensifying the cavitating process, has been tested at different pressure ratios and cavitating zone of recommended design is always much larger than original model. The recommended design achieved a vapor volume increasing rate of 102.3 %, 41 % and 57.5 % at PR = 2, 4 and 6. In conclusion, the novel strategy of Venturi with distinctive division baffle may provide inspiration and reference to the future research and industrial application of HC technology.

Social evolution: Diverse divisions of labor in trematode parasites

Some animal societies solve problems, like foraging or defense, by cooperatively dividing labor. A new discovery highlights that trematodes are unique in forming different societies at multiple parts of their complex life cycle with distinct divisions of labor to solve different problems.

A Research Paper on Recent Lung Cancer Detection Techniques Using Deep Learning

Lung cellular breakdown is a devastating and elusive malignant development. It’s crucial to concentrate on quickly and accurately evaluating knobs. As a result, several methods have been created to identify lung cellular deterioration at an early stage. These research papers' distinct division calculations are coupled to a range of classifier approaches to perform image recognition to identify cellular breakdown in the lung knobs. The inception V3 model is an image recognition model that has been shown to attain greater accuracy on the Image Net dataset. The results of this analysis demonstrate that CT check images are more reliable for getting better results. , an With the proposed model with marker-controlled watershed division yields, accuracy of 90.38% and data validation of 95%.

Adult children and older people's demand for community care services in urban China.

This paper has two objectives. First, it assesses whether the existing informal care provided by adult children has an impact on older people's propensity to demand community care services. Second, it compares the different statuses of sons and daughters in the formal/informal support trade-off. The paper is based on an analysis of data from the 2018 wave of the China Longitudinal Ageing Social Survey, within the framework of a revised version of Andersen's model, and applies multilevel models to analyse the effects of adult children's gender, numbers and the quality of their support, on older people's willingness to purchase community care services. Older people who had sons as well as daughters demanded fewer services, while the number of sons increased service demand. Regarding sons, community care services compensated for economic support, daily life care and spiritual consolation, but did so only in respect of daily life care from daughters. Many families have only one son or one daughter as a result of the one-child policy and therefore often require support from formal care services. Moreover, there is a distinct gender division and an influential filial culture governing the impact of services on the support provided by adult children. Because ageing in place depends on both informal family support and formal services, this key policy goal is at risk if the latter provides insufficient support to the former.

Walther Flemming: life path and scientific legacy

The main stages of Walther Flemming life and activity are considered in the article. Walther Flemming (21.04.1843–4.08.1905) is German biologist, anatomist, one of the most famous histologists of the 19th century and the founder of cytogenetics. He studied medicine at four famous universities of the German Empire – in Göttingen, Tübingen, Berlin and Rostock. After defending his thesis, in 1868 he started teaching anatomy and histology at Würzburg, Amsterdam and Rostock universities, Germany and Charles Ferdinand University, the Czech Republic. During the last 25 years of his life, he was a professor of anatomy at the Christian Albrecht University in Kiel, Germany and headed one of its departments – the anatomical institute.
 At the beginning of W. Flemming scientific activity, his research mostly concerned histology and anatomy, as well as the development of histological methods and fixation of microscopic specimens. However, the main works of the scientist are devoted to study cell division process and the chromosomes distribution in daughter nuclei. He firstly introduced the concept of “mitosis”, which he studied on stained microscopic preparations, using salamander epithelial cells as a source of biological material. W. Flemming described the processes in the nucleus, distinguished “progressive” and “regressive” phases of cell division. He demonstrated that the cells contain areas that absorb basophilic dyes. These areas were later called chromatin; other structures remained unstained under such conditions and were therefore called achromatin. W. Flemming studied the structure and functions of the spindle during cell division, and he also studied the polar structure, which he called centriole. The scientist found that indirect division usually occurs not only in vertebrates, but also in invertebrates and protists. He established that two successive, morphologically distinct divisions of nuclear occur during spermatogenesis, resulting in the division of chromatin into two daughter cells. Thus, W. Flemming’s research contributed to the development of cell biology and its branches.

Vertical variation in prokaryotic community composition and co-occurrence patterns in sediments of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Archaea and bacteria are distributed throughout the sediment; however, our understanding of their biodiversity patterns, community composition, and interactions is primarily limited to the surface horizons (0–20 cm). In this research, sediment samples were collected from three vertical sediment profiles (depths of 0–295 cm) in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), one of the largest reservoirs in the world. Through 16S rRNA sequencing, it was shown that sediment microbial diversity did not significantly vary across the sediment. Nevertheless, a decline in the similarity of archaeal and bacterial communities over distance along sediment vertical profiles was noted. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis revealed that archaeal and bacterial communities could be clearly separated into two groups, located in the upper sediments (0–135 cm) and deep sediments (155–295 cm). Meanwhile, at the fine-scale of the vertical section, noteworthy variations were observed in the relative abundance of prominent archaea (e.g., Euryarchaeota) and bacteria (e.g., Proteobacteria). The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) demonstrated that twenty-four bacterial and twenty-six archaeal biomarker microbes exist in the upper and deep sediment layers. Each layer exhibited distinctive microbial divisions, suggesting that microbes with diverse biological functions are capable of thriving and propagating along the sediment profile. Co-occurrence network analysis further indicated that the microbial network in the upper sediments was more complex than that in the deep sediments. Additionally, the newly discovered anaerobic methanotrophic archaeon Candidatus Methanoperedens was identified as the most abundant keystone archaeal taxon in both sediment layers, highlighting the significance of methane oxidation in material cycling within the TGR ecosystem. In summary, our study examined the biodiversity and coexistence patterns of benthic microbial communities throughout the vertical sediment profile, providing detailed insights into the vertical geography of archaeal and bacterial communities in typical deep-water reservoir ecosystems.

Evolution of human brain left-right asymmetry - Old genes with new functions.

The human brain is generally anatomically symmetrical, boasting mirror-like brain regions in the left and right hemispheres. Despite this symmetry, fine-scale structural asymmetries are prevalent and are believed to be responsible for distinct functional divisions within the brain. Prior studies propose that these asymmetric structures are predominantly primate-specific or even unique to humans, suggesting that the genes contributing to the structural asymmetry of the human brain might have evolved recently. In our study, we identified approximately 1,500 traits associated with human brain asymmetry by collecting paired brain MRI features from the UK Biobank. Each trait is measured in a specific region of one hemisphere and mirrored in the corresponding region of the other hemisphere. Conducting genome-wide association studies on these traits, we identified over 1,000 quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Around these index single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we found approximately 200 genes that are enriched in brain-related Gene Ontology terms and are predominantly up-regulated in brain tissues. Interestingly, most of these genes are evolutionarily old, originating just prior to the emergence of Bilateria (bilaterally symmetrical animals) and Euteleostomi (bony vertebrates with a brain), at a significantly higher ratio than expected. Further analyses of these genes reveal a brain-specific up-regulation in humans relative to other mammalian species. This suggests that the structural asymmetry of the human brain has been shaped by evolutionarily ancient genes that have assumed new functions over time.