Distinct Color Research Articles

UTILIZATION RED DRAGON FRUIT PEEL (HYLOCEREUS POLYRHIZUS) ETHANOL EXTRACT IN ORAL THIN FILM STRIP AS A MOUTH FRESHENER

Objective: The aim of this study was to formulate an oral thin film strip (OTFS) contained the red dragon fruit peel (RDFP) ethanol extract (Hylocereus polyrhizus) and evaluate the characteristic, stability and antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Methods: The film was made using the solvent casting method by adding a variety of concentration ethanol extract of red dragon fruit peel (5%, 10%, and 15%). The films were evaluated in organoleptic test, weight, thickness, pH, disintegration time, folding endurance, stability test and antibacterial activity. Results: The results showed that the film provided a distinctive color, aroma, and taste of the extract. The result of film evaluation had weight between 0.07-0.21 g, thickness between 0.10-0.20 mm, pH between 5.70-5.99, disintegration time between 34.99-49.13 s, and folding endurance between 321.00-812.83 times. The films were stable for 2 mo at a variety storage temperature (4±2 ℃, 28±2 ℃, and 40±2 ℃). The films showed antibacterial activity for 5%, 10% and 15% with the diameter of inhibition 8.5 mm, 10.8 mm, and 12.9 mm, respectively. Conclusion: Ethanol extract of RDFP can be utilized as a mouth freshener film that is stable for 2 mo and has antibacterial activity against S. mutans.

Turn-on fluorescent probe for ultrafast detection of phosgene in the environment and household bleach; its applications in live cell imaging

Phosgene is a vital industrial gas that might substantially imperil public safety in the case of an accident or terrorist attack due to its extreme toxicity and history of use as a chemical warfare agent. Herein we built a simple photoinduced electron transfer-intramolecular charge transfer based turn-on fluorescent probe for ultrafast detection of phosgene within ≤ 3 s. The probe provides low detection limit (0.01 ppm) with distinct colour and fluorescence changes only in the presence of phosgene. With the help of a readily available colour smartphone app, the probe-loaded paper strips allowed for the direct visualization and quantitative measurement of phosgene vapour. Using the probe-coated strips to detect phosgene that evolved from common household bleach. Finally, the probe was utilized to detect phosgene in living cells.

Consumer Profiles and Drink Menus Made from Medicinal Plants at the Jamu Cafe in Depok Sleman District, Yogyakarta

The use of medicinal plants as ingredients in making drinks in cafes is increasing along with the number of cafes. Herbal café makes a unique menu using medicinal plants in drink recipes to produce a distinctive taste, color, and aroma. This research aims to identify visitor profiles and drink menus made from medicinal plants and explore the understanding of visitors and cafe owners regarding the benefits of medicinal plants added to drinks. The research data collection technique uses a questionnaire equipped with an interview sheet. The questionnaires and interview sheets used have been tested for language comprehension and validity. The research was conducted at 272 cafes in Depok District, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta. The sample was determined using purposive sampling, data was collected after obtaining ethical clearance approval from the Health Research Ethics Committee Team. Data was obtained through filling out surveys by visitors and cafe owners, complemented by interviews with cafe owners. Data was collected three times: August, September, and October 2023. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and qualitatively. Most herbal cafe visitors (70%) are aged between 21–30 years with the majority of professions (44%) being students. The source of information about herbal cafe menus was mostly obtained (56%) from friends or family, and the frequency of visits to cafes was mostly (82%) between 1–5 times per month. More than 98% of visitors stated the benefits of medicinal plants in the drink menu, namely as a refresher or body warmer. There are 14 types of medicinal plants used as ingredients in the herbal cafe's drink menu, with a total monthly requirement for all medicinal plants of 545.1 kilograms; ginger ranks among the highest requirements. Recipe information for the menu was obtained from the family, the Ministry of Health Republic Indonesia website, and the herbal cafe owner made the recipe independently.

A Review of Protective and Decorative Coatings on Polyester Fabrics

Fabrics are widely used in non-clothing applications such as construction, transportation, healthcare,electronics, sports, etc. Due to its remarkable mechanical qualities, including high tensile strength, abrasionresistance, and dimensional stability, polyester textiles are frequently employed in a variety of applications.Unfortunately, they are prone to poor breathability, water resistance, and other functional issues. In orderto address these issues and improve the functional performance of polyester textiles, coating technologieshave been developed. By adding new functional groups, nanostructures, or chemical treatments, coatingshave the power to change the attributes of surfaces, enhancing things like water repellency, breathability,antibacterial activity, UV resistance, and other desirable qualities. The aesthetic appeal of polyestermaterials may also be enhanced by coatings by adding distinctive colour, texture, and print patterns.Protective coatings can help to increase the resilience of polyester textiles to various environmentalconditions. Decorative coatings can be used to give polyester fabrics an aesthetically appealing surfacefinish. The purpose of thisreview isto offer a comprehensive overview of modern protective and decorativecoatings for polyester fabrics. This review explores the benefits and downsides of each coating and assessestheir impact on the physical and mechanical attributes of polyester textiles, such as colourfastness, tensilestrength, and wear resistance. Overall, it has been determined that additional study is required toinvestigate the different uses that polyester textiles may serve.

Profuse color-evolution based aptasensor for mucin 1 detection utilizing urease-mediated color mixing of the mixed pH indicator

Mucin 1 is a significant tumor marker, and developing portable and cost-effective methods for its detection is crucial, especially in resource-limited areas. Herein, we developed an innovative approach for mucin 1 detection using a visible multicolor aptasensor. Urease-encapsulated DNA microspheres were used to mediate multicolor change facilitated by the color mixing of the mixed pH indicator, a mixed methyl red and bromocresol green solution. Distinct color changes were exhibited in response to varying mucin 1 concentrations. Notably, the color mixing of the mixed pH indicator was used to display various hues of colors, broadening the range of color variation. And color tonality is much easier to differentiate than color intensity, improving the resolution with naked-eyes. Besides, the variation of color from red to green (a pair of complementary colors) enhanced the color contrast, heightening sensitivity for visual detection. Importantly, the proposed method was successfully applied to detect mucin 1 in real samples, demonstrating a clear differentiation of colors between the samples of healthy individuals and breast cancer patients. The use of a mixed pH indicator as a multichromatic substrate offers the merits of low cost, fast response to pH variation, and plentiful color-evolution. And the incorporation of calcium carbonate microspheres to encapsulate urease ensures stable urease activity and avoids the need for extra urease decoration. The color-mixing dependent strategy opens a new way for multicolor detection of MUC1, characterized by vivid color changes.

Preparation, characterization, and application of pH-responsive biodegradable intelligent indicator film based on rose anthocyanins

An intelligent pH-responsive indicator film (CA/CMC/RA) was fabricated by blending carrageenan (CA), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and rose anthocyanin (RA). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the formation of hydrogen bonds between CA/CMC and RA. X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that the addition of RA enhanced the crystallinity of CA/CMC films. The incorporation of RA altered the microstructure of CA/CMC composite films, resulting in a roughened surface. RA improved the a*, b*, thickness, opacity, and water vapor permeability of CA/CMC/RA films. Moreover, the addition of RA increased the elongation at break, while decreasing the tensile strength. RA significantly increased the antioxidant capacity of CA/CMC films. Furthermore, CA/CMC/RA films exhibited pH-responsiveness, showcasing distinct color changes in different buffer solutions. In the application test, the CA/CMC/RA indicator film was used as a label to monitor the freshness of the ribbon fish stored at 4 °C. The results indicated that the film's color changed from pink to yellow upon spoilage. The observations were consistent with the TVB-N value, which exceeded the set limit (30 mg/100g). Hence, the novel indicator film can serve as a food freshness indicator material.

Microfiber prevalence and removal efficiency of textile effluent treatment plants in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is one of the hubs of the textile industry in the world; consequently, microfibers are an emerging threat to the aquatic ecosystem. Traditional effluent treatment plants (ETPs) might not be capable of removing most emerging pollutants like surfactants, dyes, and additives, including microfibers, and the textile industry may be a major source of microfiber pollution through products and ETPs. This study investigated the eleven woven, knit, and denim industries' ETP microfiber abundance and removal efficiency. The average (range) of microfibers found in influent, effluent, and sludge samples was 615.45 ± 377.52 particles/L (170−1460), 212.72 ± 80.14 particles/L (130−380), and 10545.45 ± 7989.54 particles/kg (4400−31000), respectively. The abundant shape was fiber, and most microfibres had sizes between 0 and 100 μm. Eight distinct colors of microfibers were found in the samples; black was the most abundant color among all the samples, followed by brown and blue. The studied ETPs showed a 23.52 % to 82.19 % microfiber removal rate, which is not satisfactory for minimizing pollution. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis revealed that the main polymers in the samples were nylon, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), polyethylene terephthalate (PETE), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), cellulose acetate (CA), low-density polyethylene (LDPE or linear LDPE), and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The contamination factor (CF) and pollution load index (PLI), which assess ecological risks, showed that samples were moderately to very highly contaminated by microfiber and could pose a threat to the aquatic ecosystem. The findings would help identify transformative challenges required for minimizing microfiber pollution from industrial sectors and improving ETP systems.

Exploring bioactive compounds and antioxidant potentials in cake, biscuits, and papad innovations with wheatgrass powder (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheatgrass has been attracting a lot of attention recently because of its potent nutritional profile and health benefits. This study's objective was to estimate the amount of phenolic and antioxidant activity in baked items prepared with wheatgrass. To prepare cakes and biscuits, wheatgrass powder (WGP) was substituted for wheat flour at 0, 5, 7, and 9 %. For papad, green gram flour was replaced by added WGP at 0, 3, 6, and 9 %. Total phenol, DPPH activity, and β-carotene levels were significantly greater in Cake C3 (9 %). Again, compared to other samples, papad P3 (9 %) had higher levels of flavonoids. The nutritional qualities of baked items were impacted by all levels of wheat flour substitution with wheatgrass powder; however, a 3–6 % substitution level is advised to improve the sensory qualities of these products. The papad and biscuits were microbiologically safe to store for up to 30 days and 60 days, respectively, due to their low microbial load. But after just six days of preparation, the cake was ruined. However, Wheatgrass can be used in baked products, pasta, and snacks, as well as juices and smoothies, to boost their nutritious content. Wheatgrass extracts can also be utilized as a natural food flavoring or coloring, giving it a distinctive green color.

Dampak Marketplace Layout Design, Sales Promotion dan Customer Review Terhadap Impulse Buying

The Shopee marketplace continues to show its existence as the marketplace with the most visitors. The distinctive color combination and well-arranged navigation menu can provide a different feel when visiting the maketplace. Information about various products can be seen very clearly on the main homepage, and shopping promo offers are also clearly visible on the slider screen on the main marketplace screen. The marketplace layout is also supported by the existence of a customer review navigation feature as a window for customer reviews of products and services that have been received. Shopee seems to understand how urgent the role of product information and customer reviews is in minimizing risks and supporting unplanned purchasing decisions. Therefore, this research aims to determine the impact of marketplace layout design, sales promotions and customer reviews to increase impulse buying. Research was conducted among Y generation in Kendari City who shopped at the Shopee marketplace. The total sample is 160 respondents. A questionnaire with a Likert scale was used as a data collection tool. Data were analyzed by multiple linear regression using SPSS software. The results of data analysis show that marketplace layout design does not have a significant influence on impulse buying. Meanwhile, sales promotion and customer reviews have a significant positive influence on impulse buying. These findings provide information to marketplace managers and sellers about the urgency of the role of sales promotion as a short-term strategy in accelerating impulse buying. Apart from that, the existence of a customer review feature on the marketplace website can contribute to impulse buying. So it becomes urgent to provide stimulus, such as giving rewards or incentives to customers who have purchased to be able to provide reviews of the products and services they receive.

Investigation of the fastness properties and color strength of dry and wet reeled Tasar silk yarns

Tasar silk is extremely sought-after due to its natural beauty, toughness, sustainability, and cultural significance. Despite the historical need for Tasar textiles in their natural hue, weavers have created a limited number of unique designs and variants of Tasar silk. Since the younger generation requires 100% Tasar fabric in a range of items with diverse patterns and color combinations, it has become more vital to dye the Tasar yarn a distinct color. The fastness characteristics and color strength of Acid, Reactive, and Lanaset dye on dry reeled and wet reeled Tasar silk yarns were compared in this paper. In order to assess the yarn samples' color intensity and resistance to rubbing, sweat, washing, and light, they were treated appropriately. The findings of the fastness test showed that, in comparison to other yarns, acid and reactively colored yarns had lower washing and sweat fastness, respectively. Better light fastness was seen in fibers colored with Lanaset. Comparing reactive dyeing to acid and Lanaset dyeing, the former demonstrated a stronger color.

An Overview of Red Blood Cell Properties and Functions

Haematopoiesis, the process of forming blood cells, changes dynamically throughout life. It starts in the yolk sac and moves to the liver around the sixth week, where it produces small erythrocytes. After three months of foetal development, haemoglobin converts into foetal myoglobin, and the spleen becomes a new site for haematopoiesis. Blood-forming cells begin to colonise the medullary chambers of all bones in the fourth month, and this process continues until the child is four years old. Except for the axial skeleton, peripheral bone cavities become hematopoietically dormant when they fill with adipose tissue during adulthood. In some pathological situations, the liver and spleen may re-establish hematopoietic sites. The article discusses RBCs' unique structure, including their biconcave form, lack of a nucleus, and excess haemoglobin, which gives them their distinctive red colour. The article provides a detailed explanation of RBCs' role in oxygen transport, emphasising the importance of haemoglobin in binding and releasing oxygen. The article also discusses the role of RBCs in overall health, such as preventing anaemia and other blood disorders. The article also discusses several medical diseases that can impact red blood cells, such as sickle cell anaemia and thalassemia. Overall, this article gives a thorough summary of RBC structure, function, and importance.

A paper-based colorimetric sensor using Au/Ag nanocages for sensitive detection of hydrazine in water samples by smartphone

In this work, Au/Ag nanocages have been used as an effective platform for sensitive colorimetric detection of hydrazine. By adding hydrazine together with silver ions to the hollow Au/Ag nanocages, they undergo a morphological transformation to closed nanoboxes. This leads to a noticeable blue shift in the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak position and a distinct color change from blue to purple in the solution. The extent of shift in the LSPR peak of the Au/Ag nanocages exhibited a direct correlation with the concentration of hydrazine within the range of 0.1 to 10.0 µM. The limit of detection (LOD) achieved was 0.03 µM, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.7% at a concentration of 0.5 µM. Furthermore, we developed a paper-based sensor with smartphone readout for hydrazine detection within the range of 0.5 to 10.0 µM, with an LOD of 0.3 µM and an RSD of 3.3% at a concentration of 2.0 µM. The effectiveness of the sensor was successfully demonstrated in the analysis of hydrazine in environmental samples. This is the first time that Au/Ag nanocages are used for simple paper-based assay. With its high sensitivity, low cost, and rapid analysis time, this method offers a promising solution for the quantitative measurement of hydrazine in environmental samples by portable paper-based test strips.

Facile physical entrapment of halochromic dye via UV-photografting for the fabrication of colorimetric cotton sensors to detect toxic ammonia gas

Textile-based halochromic gas sensors are useful for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as ammonia, because they undergo changes that are distinguishable to the naked eye. Herein, we report the UV photografting system we developed for the fabrication of halochromic cotton sensors with reduced amounts of salt, resources, and effluents. First, 4-hydroxycoumarin-based dye (HD) was synthesized as a halochromic indicator, where after the synthesized dye, monomer, and photoinitiators were introduced to a dye bath to fabricate the UV photografting system. This system was produced by grafting monomers on a fiber surface under UV light irradiation to formulate a polymer network that entraps dye molecules. A series of different monomer concentrations and photoinitiators were introduced to the dye bath. Subsequently, the dyeability and gas detection performance of the fabricated cotton sensors were evaluated. In addition, fastness and reusability tests were performed to ensure the fabricated cotton sensors were durable and sustainable. The dyeability of the fabricated cotton sensors increased as the monomer concentration increased and the color change upon exposure to ammonia gas followed the same tendency. The fabricated cotton sensor prepared with the highest monomer concentration underwent a distinctive color change upon exposure to ammonia gas for 300 s (ΔE > 15). Furthermore, the cotton sensor exhibited remarkable durability to washing (wash fastness level: 5, ΔE maintenance rate after washing: ∼85 %) and rubbing (rubbing fastness level: 4/5, ΔE maintenance rate after rubbing: ∼95 %). Reusability testing of the fabricated cotton sensors showed that the halochromic property was retained after repeated washing (10 cycles). The results confirmed that the UV-induced photografting performance had been optimized and suggested that UV-induced photografting offered an eco-friendly alternative to conventional dyeing for the fabrication of halochromic textile sensors.

Nephrite from Xinjiang Qiemo Margou Deposit: Gemological and Geochemical Insights

The nephrite belt in the Altun Mountain–Western Kunlun Mountain region, which extends about 1300 km in Xinjiang, NW China, is the largest nephrite deposit in the world. The Qiemo region in the Altun Mountains is a crucial nephrite-producing area in China, with demonstrated substantial prospects for future exploration. While existing research has extensively investigated secondary nephrite deposits in the Karakash River and native black nephrite deposits in Guangxi Dahua, a comprehensive investigation of black nephrite from original deposits in Xinjiang is lacking. Margou black-toned nephrite was recently found in primary deposits in Qiemo County, Xinjiang; this makes in-depth research on the characteristics of this mine necessary. A number of technical analytical methods such as polarizing microscopy, Ultra-Deep Three-Dimensional Microscope, electron microprobe, back-scattered electron image analysis, X-ray fluorescence, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were employed for this research. An experimental test was conducted to elucidate the chemical and mineralogical composition, further clarifying the genetic types of the black and black cyan nephrite from the Margou deposit in Qiemo, Xinjiang. The results reveal that the nephrite is mainly composed of tremolite–actinolite, characterized by Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) ratios ranging from 0.86 to 1.0. Minor minerals include diopside, epidote, pargasite, apatite, zircon, pyrite, and magnetite. Bulk-rock rare earth element (REE) patterns exhibit distinctive features, such as negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.00–0.17), decreasing light REEs, a relatively flat distribution of heavy REEs, and low total REE concentrations (1.6–38.9 μg/g); furthermore, the Cr (6–21 μg/g) and Ni (2.5–4.5 μg/g) contents are remarkably low. The magmatic influence of granite appears to be a fundamental factor in the genesis of the magnesian skarn hosting Margou nephrite. The distinctive black and black cyan colors are attributed to heightened iron content, mainly associated with FeO (0.08~6.29 wt.%). Analyses of the chemical composition allow Margou nephrite to be classified as typical of magnesian skarn deposits.

Complete genome characterization of chilli veinal mottle virus associated with mosaic and mottling disease of tomato and development of LAMP assay for quick detection.

Chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) is a potyvirus known to cause havoc in many solanaceous crops. Samples from tomato plants exhibiting typical mosaic and mottling symptoms in two locations from farmers' fields were collected and tested using DAC ELISA for the presence of ChiVMV and other viruses known to infect tomato. ChiVMV Gauribidanur isolate from infected tomato was mechanically inoculated to Datura metel, Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana glutinosa, chilli, and tomato plants which exhibited systemic mosaic and mottling symptoms 10days post-inoculation. This results were further confirmed by RT-PCR and DAC ELISA using CP gene-specific primers and ChiVMV antisera, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of long filamentous particles (800×11nm) resembling viruses in the Potyviridae family. The complete genome of ChiVMV comprised 9716 nucleotides except for poly A tail, with a predicted open reading frame spanning 9270 nucleotides encoding polyproteins of 3089 amino acids. Comparative analysis revealed that ChiVMV-tomato isolates reported across the world shared maximum nucleotide identity (93-96.7%) with chilli isolates from India and Pakistan. These results were well supported by sequence demarcation analysis. Further, the Neibhor-Net network analysis of the complete genome of ChiVMV-tomato, along with other host isolates, formed a reticular network phylogenetic tree suggesting recombination events. Subsequently, RDP5 detected intra-specific recombination breakpoints at the positions 1656-5666 nucleotides with major parent ChiVMV (MN508960) Uravakonda and minor parent ChiVMV (MN508956) with a significant average p value of 1.905×10-22. The LAMP assay using ChiVMV-specific primers resulted in ladder-like amplified products on electrophoresed gel and a distinct red colour pattern with hydroxy naphthalene blue, indicating a positive reaction for the presence of ChiVMV in infected tomato samples. To validate LAMP-designed primers, RNA extracted from ChiVMV-infected tomato, chilli, datura, and tobacco samples were subjected to LAMP assay and it accurately detected the presence of ChiVMV in infected plant samples. Overall, this study provides holistic information of ChiVMV infecting tomato, spanning diagnosis, transmission, genetic characterization, and detection of recombination events, which collectively contribute to effective disease management, crop protection, and informed decision-making in agricultural practices.

Evaluation of color Stability of Different Restorative Materials Used in Pediatric Dentistry

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the color changes of restorative materials (Filtek z550, EverX Posterior, Dyract XP, EQUIA Forte Fill), which are frequently used in pediatric dentistry, after aging with beverages (cola, cherry juice) that children and adolescents frequently consume in their daily life. Methods: Four different restorative materials; nanohybrid composite (Filtek Z550), glass fiber reinforced bulk fill composite (EverX Posterior), polyacid modified composite resin (Dyract XP) and glass hybrid glass ionomer cement (EQUIA Forte Fill) were used. A total of 120 samples were prepared for each material using plexiglass molds with a thickness of 2 mm and a diameter of 10 mm. A total of 30 samples from each group were divided into 3 group (n=10) to be immersed in cola, cherry juice and distilled water. After the initial color measurements, the samples were stored in beverages for 7th and 14th days. Color change values (ΔE) were calculated after 7th and 14th days. Results: When the ΔE values of materials were examined, it was observed that EQUIA Forte Fill group had the highest color change and Filtek z550 group had the lowest color change. Conclusion: The glass hybrid GIC showed the most distinct color change in all time periods and beverages. ΔE values in cola and cherry juice of all resin-based restorative materials tested were less than or equal to 3.3. Therefore, color changes were clinically acceptable as they were not visually perceptible Key words: Bulk-Fill Composite Resin, Color Stability, Glass Hybrid Glass Ionomer Cement

AcMYB266, a key regulator of the red coloration in pineapple peel: a case of subfunctionalization in tandem duplicated genes.

Red fruit peel is an attractive target for pineapple breeding. Various pineapple accessions with distinct red coloration patterns exist; however, the precise molecular mechanism accounting for these differences remains unknown, which hinders the pineapple breeding process from combining high fruit quality with red peel. In this study, we characterized a transcription factor, AcMYB266, which is preferentially expressed in pineapple peel and positively regulates anthocyanin accumulation. Transgenic pineapple, Arabidopsis, and tobacco plants overexpressing AcMYB266 exhibited significant anthocyanin accumulation. Conversely, transient silencing of this gene led to decreased anthocyanin accumulation in pineapple red bracts. In-depth analysis indicated that variations of AcMYB266 sequences in the promoter instead of the protein-coding region seem to contribute to different red coloration patterns in peels of three representative pineapple varieties. In addition, we found that AcMYB266 was located in a cluster of four MYB genes exclusive to and conserved in Ananas species. Of this cluster, each was proved to regulate anthocyanin synthesis in different pineapple tissues, illustrating an interesting case of gene subfunctionalization after tandem duplication. In summary, we have characterized AcMYB266 as a key regulator of pineapple red fruit peel and identified an MYB cluster whose members were subfunctionalized to specifically regulate the red coloration of different pineapple tissues. The present study will assist in establishing a theoretical mechanism for pineapple breeding for red fruit peel and provide an interesting case for the investigation of gene subfunctionalization in plants.

Optimization and miniaturization of SE-ECL for potential-resolved, multi-color, multi-analyte detection

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a bioanalytical technique with numerous advantages, including the potential for high temporal and spatial resolution, a high signal-to-noise ratio, a broad dynamic range, and rapid measurement capabilities. To reduce the complexity of a multi-electrode approach, we use a single-electrode electrochemiluminescence (SE-ECL) configuration to achieve the simultaneous emission and detection of multiple colors for applications that require multiplexed detection of several analytes. This method exploits intrinsic differences in the electric potential applied along single electrodes built into electrochemical cells, enabling the achievement of distinct colors through selective excitation of ECL luminophores. We present results on the optimization of SE-ECL intensity for different channel lengths and widths, with sum intensities being 5 times larger for 6 cm vs. 2 cm channels and linearly increasing with the width of the channels. Furthermore, we demonstrated for the first time that applying Alternating Current (AC) voltage within the single electrode setup for driving the ECL reactions has a dramatic effect on the emitted light intensity, with square waveforms resulting in higher intensities vs sine waveforms. Additionally, multiplexed multicolor SE-ECL on a 6.5 mm × 3.6 mm CMOS semiconductor image sensor was demonstrated for the first time, with the ability to simultaneously distinguish four different colors, leading to the ability to measure multiple analytes.

Enhancing Crop Mapping through Automated Sample Generation Based on Segment Anything Model with Medium-Resolution Satellite Imagery

Crop mapping using satellite imagery is crucial for agriculture applications. However, a fundamental challenge that hinders crop mapping progress is the scarcity of samples. The latest foundation model, Segment Anything Model (SAM), provides an opportunity to address this issue, yet few studies have been conducted in this area. This study investigated the parcel segmentation performance of SAM on commonly used medium-resolution satellite imagery (i.e., Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8) and proposed a novel automated sample generation framework based on SAM. The framework comprises three steps. First, an image optimization automatically selects high-quality images as the inputs for SAM. Then, potential samples are generated based on the masks produced by SAM. Finally, the potential samples are subsequently subjected to a sample cleaning procedure to acquire the most reliable samples. Experiments were conducted in Henan Province, China, and southern Ontario, Canada, using six proven effective classifiers. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated through the combination of field-survey-collected samples and differently proportioned generated samples. Our results indicated that directly using SAM for parcel segmentation remains challenging, unless the parcels are large, regular in shape, and have distinct color differences from surroundings. Additionally, the proposed approach significantly improved the performance of classifiers and alleviated the sample scarcity problem. Compared to classifiers trained only by field-survey-collected samples, our method resulted in an average improvement of 16% and 78.5% in Henan and Ontario, respectively. The random forest achieved relatively good performance, with weighted-average F1 of 0.97 and 0.996 obtained using Sentinel-2 imagery in the two study areas, respectively. Our study contributes insights into solutions for sample scarcity in crop mapping and highlights the promising application of foundation models like SAM.

Mechanochromic Palettes of Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Elastomers for Visual Signaling

AbstractMechanochromic photonic materials present promising prospects for enhancing diverse facets of human life. Cholesteric liquid crystal elastomers (CLCEs) present immediate mechanochromic properties, allowing their utility in various fields, including camouflages, textiles, and anticounterfeiting. Nonetheless, it is essential to provide differentiated color information corresponding to diverse types and degrees of deformation for practical use in real life. Herein, the mechanochromic responses of CLCEs are investigated using their optical rotation under compression and uniaxial stretching. The CLCEs exhibit the same reflection colors indistinguishable for compression and uniaxial stretching due to their contracted pitches. In contrast, the linearly polarized light passing through deformed CLCEs can be modulated by optical rotation, resulting in distinct transmission colors that can be discerned through mechanical deformations. A visual signaling system with color information derived from optical rotation is demonstrated. By comprehending and manipulating the mechanoresponsive behavior of CLCEs, these materials can be advanced into innovative solutions with enhanced functionality and performance, thereby broadening their applications for human life enhancement.