Oil Distillation Research Articles

Experimental study of the distillation mechanism during coinjection of flue gas and steam for heavy oil development

As an industrial waste gas, flue gas achieves a favorable performance in assisting steam to develop heavy oil, where steam distillation plays a crucial role. However, there are few studies of the physical changes in heavy oil and the distillation mechanism during flue gas-steam coinjection, which seriously inhibits flue gas applications in oil fields. Herein, the comparative steam and flue gas + steam distillation experiments (superheat of 120 °C) and flue gas + steam distillation experiments at three superheat levels (0 °C, 48 °C and 100 °C) were conducted using a high-temperature and high-pressure distillation kettle. The carbon number distribution of distillates during distillation and heavy oil properties before and after distillation were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the effect of flue gas on steam distillation was significant, and the flue gas + steam distillation yield reached 20.24%, which was 3.88% higher than that of pure steam. With increasing steam superheat during flue gas–steam coinjection, the carbon number distribution range of the distillates gradually expanded, the distillation yield gradually increased, and the flue gas + steam distillation yields under the three superheat levels were 13.5%, 15.49% and 16.59%, respectively. Compared to pure steam distillation levels, resin hydrocracking and allosterism in the flue gas + steam distillation process were intensified, the resin content decreased, and the saturate, aromatic and asphaltene contents increased. Moreover, the heat exchange and heat utilization rates between steam and crude oil were improved under the flue gas effect, and the upper limit of the distillate carbon number significantly increased. The research results are significant for further refining the mechanism of flue gas enhanced steam development of heavy oil.

TEKNOLOGI PANEL SURYA UNTUK PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH SISA PENYULINGAN MINYAK KAYU PUTIH

Ujungmanik Village, Kawunganten District, Cilacap Regency, which is in the Segara Anakan Cilacap area, has natural resources, especially eucalyptus plants, which have the potential to develop the economy of the village community. The biggest problem faced by LMDH Dadi Makmur as a unit that manages the eucalyptus oil business is that after the production of eucalyptus oil distillation, it will produce residual waste from cajuput oil twigs and leaves with quite a large volume and only be left piled up around the yard where the distillery is, causing area storage of essential oil raw materials is narrow and also takes a long time to become organic fertilizer. The innovation offered through this community service activity is implementing a briquette printing machine from eucalyptus oil refining waste which is energy efficient and based on solar panels. The results of the dedication show that the eucalyptus oil waste processing activity in addition to reducing environmental pollution also produces biomass briquettes that can be utilized by the residents of Ujungmanik Village as a leading economic product of Ujungmanik Village. Keyword: Cajuput oil, briquette, solar panels

Role of Clove in Human Medical History

The clove is usually known as "lavang". Due to the increase in nutrition and medicinal properties, Plants' importance in human life has increased every day. Clove is the topical evergreen Myrtaceae family tree native to the islands of Maluka in east Indonesia. It is commonly used for tooth care. Clove is used extensively in dental care for relieving toothache, sore gums and oral ulcers. Gargling with clove oil can also aid in sore throat conditions and bad breathe. This is commonly used as an expectorant for the treatment of dental discomfort, the digestive problem, oral ulceration, mosquito repellent. Clove is a pharmacologically active medicinal plant that includes Anti-oxidant, anti-pyretic, anti-viral, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-platelet, anti-stress, anti-disease, and anti-carcinogenic in cervical cancer. Clove is amongst the most essential sources of Phenolic compounds, including eugenol (80% -90%), eugenyl acetate (15% -17%), and beta-caryophyllene (5% -12%), alpha-humulene (0.55%), alpha-terpenyl acetate (0.1%), and methyl eugenol (0.2%). The clove oil extracted from the dried floral buds of the clove provide as a topical treating pain and as a healing factor. The flowers, stalks and clove tree leaves are obtained from the distillation of clove oil. Eugenol is the clove’s principal bioactive ingredient. For oral diseases, it is used as an antiseptic. Cloves are used in the cuisine of Asian, African, Middle East countries and used to give aromatic and flavor qualities to hot beverages. A mine component of clove plant parts is eugenol, that it has not been classified for its potential toxicity. Other important essential oil of clove is acetyl eugenol, beta-caryophyllene and vanillin, crategolic acid, tannins such as bicornin, gallotannic acid, methyl salicylate, the flavonoids eugenin, kaempferol, rhamnetin, and eugenitin, triterpenoids such as oleanolic acid, stigmasterol, and campesterol and several sesquiterpenes. Thus, foods should be preserved against the microbial spoilage throughout the storage periods. In addition to clove extracts could affects as anti-oxidative, fungicidal, and antibacterial effects on foods. It has been reported that clove essential oil is one of the natural fungicides and antibacterial phytomaterial. The active essential oil in clove, eugenol, has been shown to act as an effective platelet inhibitor, preventing blood clots. The major constituents in bud and leaf oils were reported to be eugenol and caryophyllene. Main constituent’s flower buds of clove essential oil are phenylpropanoids such as carvacrol, thymol, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde. Clove bud oil contained primarily eugenol, eugenyl acetate and caryophyllene. The high concentration of eugenol in leaf and buds oil makes it potentially useful in the medicines because they exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory activity, insecticidal and antioxidant properties, and are used traditionally as flavouring agent and antimicrobial material in food. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) buds and flowers are utilized for its essential oil. Eugenol is the main component of clove oil, which has strong antioxidant activity. Eugenol is the chief bioactive constituent of clove, which is present in concentrations ranging from 9 381.70 to 14 650.00 mg/100 g of fresh plant weight. With regard to the phenolic acids, gallic acid is found in higher concentration (783.50 mg/100 g fresh weight). Cloves contain appreciable amounts of volatile oil (used for flavouring foods and pharmaceuticals), which is mainly confined in aerial parts of plant. Other phenolic acids found in clove are caffeic, ferulic, elagic and salicylic acids. Flavonoids including kaempferol, quercetin and its derivates (glycosilated) are also found in trace amounts. Appreciable amounts of essential oil are present in aerial parts of clove. Good quality clove bud contains volatile oil (15 to 20%), which mainly comprises of eugenol (70 to 85%), eugenyl acetate (10 to 15%), and beta-caryophyllene (5 to 12%). Approximately, 15-20% volatile oil can be produced from dried buds. Clove improves memory by relieving mental fog, drowsiness, and depression. Clove oil is mosquito repellent. Clover oil exhibited significant inhibition against tested strains, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.312-1.25% (v/v) for clove oil, and 0.312- 5% (v/v) for rosemary oil.

Quality Properties and Torrefaction Characteristics of Pellets: Rose Oil Distillation Solid Waste and Red Pine Sawdust

Two different biomass types, rose oil (Rosa damascena Mill.) distillation solid wastes (RDWs) and red pine sawdust (RPS), were pelletized in this study at different moisture and additives. The prepared pellets were also torrefied. This study revealed that the strength of the RPS and RDW pellets decreased as their moisture content increased in both their raw and torrefied forms. However, the tensile strength of the torrefied pellets increased with the increased binder ratio, which is similar to raw pellets. Compared to their raw form, the torrefied pellets generally had higher ash contents, fixed carbon contents, and higher heating values. As a result of torrefaction, the higher heating value of the RPS pellets increased from 17.51–18.80 MJ/kg to 20.20–21.73 MJ/kg, while the higher heating value of the RDW pellets increased from 17.42–18.54 MJ/kg to 19.13–20.92 MJ/kg. For the torrefied RPS and RDW pellets in this study, there was no statistically significant difference between initial moisture content and energy efficiency, energy density, or mass yield. On the other hand, energy density ratios in both the torrefied RPS and torrefied RDW pellets generally increased with increasing binder content. Furthermore, the torrefied pellets were found to be more stable in moisture absorption than the raw pellets.

Decision Analysis to Improve Company’s Time Utilization during Clove Harvest-Interval Using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Situation Appraisal

Indonesia is a country that has very diverse natural resources, one of which is spices. Various kinds of spices such as cloves, nutmeg, ginger, turmeric, candlenut, pepper, cinnamon, and vanilla are what make Indonesian spices known worldwide and contribute to the country’s economy. Clove is a typical Indonesian spice originating from the Maluku islands (Ternate and Tidore). Currently, cloves have been cultivated in various regions in Indonesia, namely Java, Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and others. Clove season in Indonesia occurs once or twice a year, namely from April to May and October to November. The farmers will harvest ripe clove flowers, then the clove flowers are dried in the sun and processed as raw materials for the production of cigarettes, cosmetics, and others. CV. Rempah Jaya is one of the leading and best clove suppliers in Indonesia. Especially variations of cloves such as whole cloves, clove oil, dried clove leaves, dried clove stems, and clove ash. Usually, the supply of cloves to the cigarette factory is held every few months in large quantities, so a lot of spare time is available before sending it to the factory. Therefore CV. Rempah Jaya needs the right work to be done when there is a time vacuum. The purpose of this study is to increase the time utilization of CV companies. Rempah Jaya during the clove harvest interval. In this study, a situation analysis was carried out using the Kepner-Tregoe method, then external and internal analysis was carried out using Mendelow’s Matrix and SWOT Analysis methods. After that, root cause analysis was carried out using Ishikawa Diagram. Then the decision-making process is carried out using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. From the results of the AHP method, alternative values were obtained for the three available criteria, namely oil distillation, spice mixtures, and collaboration with the food and beverage industry with values of 0.64, 0.19, and 0.17.

Will the carbon neutrality target impact China's energy security? A dynamic Bayesian network model

Efforts to reach the target of carbon neutrality create uncertainty about future energy security in China. This paper predicts the future state of energy security on the path to achieving carbon neutrality. A dynamic Bayesian network model is proposed to describe the dynamic causal relationship between China's energy security and its influencing indicators, including a carbon neutrality factor. The results reveal that, under the carbon neutrality scenario, energy security is expected to be in a Poor state in 2030, with improvement to a Poor+ state in 2040, 2050, and 2060. The energy security state is expected to remain in a Poor state in 2030, 2040, 2050, and 2060 under the existing policy scenario. Carbon neutrality has a small negative impact on energy security in the short term, and a positive impact in the long term. The energy security state is not expected to be fundamentally improved under carbon neutrality scenario because the four dimensions of energy security may not achieve balanced development. These dimensions include availability, applicability, acceptability, and affordability. Crude oil distillation capacity, crude oil price, and coal price are expected to have the greatest impact on energy security.

Maintenance Strategy of a Preheat Train of a Crude Oil Distillation Unit Based on Exergy and Exergoeconomic Analysis

Abstract Established or create new ones to plan the cleaning tasks of the heat exchangers. In this work, a maintenance strategy is developed for a preheating train under the Maintenance Centered on Energy Efficiency (MCEE) methodology, where it is sought to integrate the information of the principles of the second law of thermodynamics with economic variables to use parameters. The modification of the maintenance justification parameter (J) is proposed, adding two new maintenance indicators (W and X). Each one seeks to evaluate an essential criterion for the maintenance area: economic viability, technical feasibility, and benefits, toward the other exchangers in the network after cleaning a specific component. A criticality diagram and a criticality matrix are used. The heat exchangers are grouped into subassemblies, with the leading group consisting of the key heat exchangers (KHEX), the elements of which have a significant impact on the efficiency of the preheat train. For their part, the regions are composed of components whose performance is less considerable than that of the KHEX. In total, 34 maintenance activities will be carried out, distributed among the 25 interchanges of the network. The planning of a program of cleaning activities according to the maintenance strategy based on the methodology of the MCEE establishes a substantial scientific contribution due to the almost null existence of exergetic studies applied to the management of maintenance tasks and focused mainly on the preheating of trains.

Variability in the volatile constituents and biological activities of Achillea millefolium L. essential oils obtained from different plant parts and by different solvents

Achillea millefolium Linn. is an aromatic edible plant used traditionally for the remediation of wounds, liver disorders, and as an herbal tea for the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders. The plant's volatile oils have economical value in cosmetic preparation and as an insect repellant. The essential oils obtained from different plant parts, i.e., leaves, stems, and aerial portions, by hydrodistillation and by non-polar solvents, i.e., n-hexane and diethyl ether, were phytochemically analyzed and biologically investigated from the plant species cultivated in Saudi Arabia for their potential antioxidant and anticancer activities. The GC-analysis revealed substantial variations among the major constituents and classes of volatile oils in all batches of the plant, characterized by the significant high percentages of monoterpenes, e.g., myrcene, 1,8 cineole, camphor, α-thujone, and β-thujone, in the distilled oils and sesquiterpenes in the non-polar extracts of the plant. Furthermore, the ketonic monoterpenes α-thujone and β-thujone were found to be the most representative compounds in the distilled and extracted batches of the plant. Variable antioxidant activity of different batches of the plant was recognized; however, distilled batches of leaves, stems, and aerial parts exhibited better total antioxidant activity (TAA) compared to the plant’s non-polar extracts. With the little cytotoxic activity of distilled batches, the non-polar extracts exhibited remarkable cytotoxic effects against Panc-1 and MCF-7-Adr (35 and 43.3 μg/mL and 41.3 and 57.1, respectively, in the n-hexane and diethyl ether extracts), which were attributed to their comparatively higher contents of germacrene D, viridiflorol, and caryophyllene oxide. The n-hexane extract induced a concentration- and time-dependent apoptotic effect in Panc-1 and MCF-7 Adr cells, as observed by staining with FITC/PI and flow cytometry analysis. The docking simulation of the major n-hexane extract constituents indicated the prospective mechanism behind the ability of the extract to inhibit MCF-7-Adr cells by inhibiting P-glycoprotein/multidrug resistance 1/adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette.

Polyethylene terephthalate conversion into liquid fuel by its co-pyrolysis with low- and high-density polyethylene employing scrape aluminium as catalyst

ABSTRACT The co-pyrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was carried out in a batch steel pyrolyzer in order to convert the PET into pyrolysis oil as its pyrolysis alone resulted in wax and gases. The study also aimed to increase the aromatic content of pyrolysis oil by the interaction of degradation fragments of linear chains of LDPE and HDPE with the benzene ring of PET during the pyrolysis. The reaction conditions were optimized for a higher yield of pyrolysis oil which were found to be 500 °C pyrolysis temperature with a heating rate of 0.5 °Cs−1, 1 h reaction time and 20 g of the initial mass of polymer mixture having 20% PET, 40% LDPE and 40% HDPE. Waste aluminium particles were applied as an economical catalyst in the process. The thermal co-pyrolysis yielded 8% pyrolysis oil, 32.3 wax, 39.7 wt% gases and 20% coke while the catalytic co-pyrolysis produced 30.2% pyrolysis oil, 4.2% wax, 53.6 wt% gases and 12% coke. The fractional distillation of catalytic oil resulted in 46% gasoline range oil, 31% kerosene range oil and 23% diesel range oil. These fractions resembled the standard fuels in terms of their fuel properties as well as FT-IR spectra. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the catalytic co-pyrolysis favoured the formation of relatively short-chain hydrocarbons with olefins and isoparaffins as major components while the thermal co-pyrolysis formed long-chain paraffins. The naphthenes and aromatics were also found in higher amounts in the catalytic oil compared with the thermal oil.

Purification and characterisation of post-consumer plastic pyrolysis oil fractionated by vacuum distillation

Valorisation of post-consumer plastic pyrolysis oil in steam crackers and their application as precursors to chemicals is currently hindered by the complexity of these oils in terms of their boiling range, the risk of fouling by unsaturated compounds, and the presence of contaminations (heteroatoms, metals, and halogens). To gain insights into which of these challenges is actually a potential showstopper, we have studied the vacuum distillation of pyrolysis oil derived from two sorted post-consumer waste plastics, i.e. polypropylene (PP) rigids and mixed polyolefins (MPO) rigids, in a batch fractionating column. The crude pyrolysis oil samples were distilled in three fractions i.e., the light fraction (final boiling point <175 °C), middle fraction (175–360 °C), and heavy fraction (initial boiling point >360 °C). Subsequently, comprehensive characterisation, such as physicochemical properties, the level of contaminations, and chemical composition, was performed. The suitability of the light and middle fractions for steam cracking and precursors to chemical feedstock was assessed. It was found that the density and viscosity values of light and middle fractions from the two pyrolysis oil samples were comparable to fossil naphtha and diesel, whereas total acid number (TAN) values were notably higher compared to petroleum-based oil fractions (>0.5 mgKOH/g). Analyses via GC-MS and ATR-FTIR revealed predominant concentrations of olefins. ICP-OES analysis showed that distillation removes more than 97.5% of metals in all fractions. The chlorine content (>3 ppm), nitrogen (≥0.1%), and oxygen (≥0.1%) exceed thresholds. Hence, this study shows that vacuum distillation effectively improved most, but not all, of the properties of the distilled fractions and can thus be an essential downstream process step for the application of post-consumer plastic pyrolysis oils as feedstock in steam crackers and precursors to chemicals.

Valorization of red ginger hydrodistillation wastes as foot sanitizers

Red ginger is known as one of the medicinnal and aromatic plants that have high value in the form of essential oils. The distillation of red ginger essential oils required large amounts of water, and then most of the water was disposed of as wastewater. This wastewater is known as hydrosol, which still contains a small amount of essential oils and secondary metabolites such as zingiberene and geraniol. These compounds were considered to have the potential to be utilized in cosmetic products such as foot sanitizers. The aim of this study was to evaluate a foot sanitizer product based on red ginger hydrosol that combined with coffee extracts based on its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and the physical characteristics of the product. Foot sanitizer was produced in three formulations with different concentration (in percentage) of red ginger hydrosols and coffee extracts consist of F1 (45:25), F2 (35:35), and F3 (25:45). The results showed the F3 formulation provided the largest antibacterial inhibition (2.89±0.60 mm) compared to other formulations. The F3 formulation has a physical characteristics such as coffee scent aroma, a dark brown color, a pH of 5.5, a density of 960.73 kg/m3 and has a weak antibacterial activity. Based on the comparison results with previous studies, the utilization of coffee extracts in red ginger hydrosols-based foot sanitizer needs to be substitued with other natural extracts, especially having a strong antibacterial activity. It should be carried out to increase the potential value of valorizing red ginger hydrosols as foot sanitizer.

Identification of Trimyristine from Oil, Crystals, and Residue of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) in South Aceh (Indonesia) Using GC-MS

South Aceh Regency is the largest nutmeg-producing area in Aceh Province, Indonesia, but its potential for oil production has not been fully optimized. Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) oil is one of the essential oil groups obtained from the distillation of the nutmeg plant, including its peel, mace, and seeds. One of the essential compounds found in nutmeg oil is trimyristin. Therefore, this research aimed to identify and determine the content of trimyristin in the oil, crystals, and residue of nutmeg seeds from South Aceh. It was carried out in stages wherein nutmeg oil distillation was performed by a simple distillation method. Trimyristin was separated from the oil using the reflux method and from the residue by the maceration method. The compound was obtained from the isolation of nutmeg oil using chloroform as a solvent. The oil was characterized based on SNI No. 06-2388 of 2006, then trimyristin was isolated and identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the characterization of nutmeg oil did not fulfill the SNI . The color and smell tests were not in accordance with those of nutmeg oil, the specific gravity was 0.909, the refractive index was 1.63, and the solubility in alcohol was cloudy. Trimyristin of 11.23% was only found in the residue, but it was not detected in the oil and crystals.

Incorporation of fuel cell in oil refinery a step to achieve net zero-carbon emission goal

The usage of fuel cells is growing rapidly in various industries, and employing it as an alternative power source in oil refineries which will assist many large oil firms in achieving the global energy transition. The present paper focusses on significant utilization of fuel cell in downstream refinery to reach sustainable energy pathway towards net zero emission. The combination of gas turbine technology with high temperature fuel cells provides a power generating platform with ultra-high efficiency, ultra-low emissions, and fuel flexibility. Advances in R & D helps in reducing the cost of fuel cell and are now being used to power fuel cell producing energy ranging from 1 Watt to 10 Megawatt. The auxiliary power supplies and heat energy needed in refineries can be replaced by the use of these fuel cell. Fuel cell can be used in conjunction with the gas turbine for power supply with greater efficiency and lesser use of hydrocarbon-based fuel especially in equipments such as hydrotreater, desalting unit, pump and compressor unit etc. The heat generation in the fuel cell is associated with voltage losses and this generated heat can be used in reformer for hydrogen production, for space heating and preheating the steam required for heating of crude in crude oil distillation unit, vacuum jet, power turbines etc. With virtually zero harmful emission, minimal amount of space and higher efficiency reaching up to 60 %, the fuel cell can be utilized for optimum energy distribution in auxiliary units used in refinery.

Experimental study on pre-hydrogenation of catalytic slurry oil and co-carbonization of middle distillate and high boiling point distillate

A catalytic slurry oil (SO) was treated by moderate pre-hydrotreating, and the structural compositions, the thermal stability, the distillate oil yield, and the coking behavior of SO before and after hydrotreating were analyzed. The carbonization performance as well as the co-carbonization performance of the middle distillate (350–500 °C) and the high boiling point distillate (500–550 °C) derived from the hydrogenated SO (HSO) were investigated. The results show that the content of naphthenes and hydrogenated aromatics of HSO increases, while the olefin content decreases, and the olefinic hydrogen content of HSO decreases from 2.71% to 0.97%. Thus, the thermal stability of HSO is fundamentally improved. Additionally, compared with SO, the yields of the middle distillate and the high boiling point distillate of HSO increased by 25.8% and 23.1%, respectively. More importantly, there is no significant coke formation during distillation of HSO. The carbonization experimental results show that the anisotropic textural structure of the coke obtained from the middle distillate derived from HSO is the large flow domain structure, and the coke has the lowest coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) value of 2.25×10−6 °C−1. The carbonization performance of the high boiling point distillate derived from HSO is poor, while the co-carbonization with the middle distillate significantly improves the carbonization performance of the high boiling point distillate. The anisotropic textural structure of the coke derived from carbonization of combined fraction is the large flow domain structure and the CTE value is less than 2.30×10−6 °C−1, when the mass ratio of aromatic fraction to middle fraction is not higher than 2:1.

Experimental investigation of methyl ester derived from distillate of coconut oil as eco‐friendly fuel in diesel engine

AbstractFor a thorough investigation of the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of coconut oil distillate biodiesel under various engine loads and a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm, a Kirloskar 4‐stroke, single‐cylinder, the air‐cooled diesel engine is used. A total of three fuel samples, such as 100% biodiesel, B20, and B30 biofuel are used respectively. There is a 5% increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for biodiesel and its blends as compared to diesel. The HC, CO, and Smoke are reduced except NOx. Reduction of harmful gases is possible in biodiesel usage and its blends. It is concluded that emission reductions and alternative diesel fuel is the output of this investigation.

MENINGKATKAN EFEKTIVITAS KONDENSOR VERTIKAL PIPA HELIKAL KOIL UNTUK DESTILASI MINYAK ATSIRI SEREH

The main focus of this research is to modify the straight pipe of the Citronella essential oil distillation condenser using a helical coil pipe to shorten the distillation time. This study aims to obtain an effective shell-side fluid volumetric rate to shorten the distillation time. The volumetric rate of the shell side fluid varies from 0.72 to 3.66 LPM at a constant pitch ratio of 2.10. Recording of data in the form of temperature, volumetric rate of shell side water, and tube side steam after steady state is reached. The experimental results show that the effectiveness increases with the increase in the volumetric flow rate of the shell side fluid, where the maximum effectiveness at the volumetric flow rate of 3.66 LPM is 69.99%, while the minimum effectiveness at the volumetric flow rate of 0.72 LPM is 44.39%. The results of the validation of the effectiveness of the condenser show a trend curve that is identical to the previous research, with an average deviation of 5.67%. The maximum volumetric flow rate with a minimum distillation time of 120 minutes with a condensate volume of 8 ml or 240 minutes is smaller than the result of straight-pipe condenser distillation by UKM. The maximum effectiveness is due to an increase in the Reynolds number on the shell side, which results in an increase in the actual heat transfer. It can be concluded that the maximum condenser effectiveness at a maximum volumetric rate of 3.66 LPM could be used for refining Citronella essential oil by SMEs.

Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil from Erinacea anthyllis Link (Fabaceae)

Erinacea species is used in traditional medicine to treat rheumatic diseases. The purpose of this&nbsp;study was to determine for the first time, the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil from the fresh aerial parts of Erinacia anthyllis belonging to the Fabaceae family. The steam distilled oil was analyzed using gas chromatography techniques (GC-FID and GCMS) using two different stationary phase columns (polar and non polar). Furthermore, antibacterial activity against various gram-positive and negative bacteria was determined by disk diffusion and microdilution. Altogether 44 volatile substances, representing around 98.22% of the essential oil was identified. The major constituentswere phytol (9.26%), tricosane (8.62%). Moreover, essential oil exhibit effect on all bacterial strains. The obtained inhibition zone ranged from 7 mm to 21mm with a highest inhibition zone recorded for Bacillus Sp 21mm).Erinacea anthyllis essential oil has good antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogenic bacteria and may be used as a natural antimicrobial agent in the treatment of many infectious diseases.&nbsp

Fe ion extraction in patchouli oil with ion exchange using resin

Patchouli is the largest non-oil export commodity among essential oil exports in Indonesia. However, the quality of patchouli oil in Indonesia is considered to be very low. Traditional patchouli oil distillation is carried out in a small capacity and uses a simple distillation method based on a large difference in boiling points or one of the volatile components. This process produces poor quality patchouli oil such as acid number more than 8, dark oil, patchouli alcohol less than 30%, and high water content. This is evidenced by the large amount of Fe metal contained in patchouli oil. Patchouli oil produced contains a lot of iron in its yield, so it needs further processing to reduce the Fe content in patchouli oil. The use of resin as an adsorbent for Fe metal is one way to reduce the Fe metal content. Resin weighing 50, 150 and 250 grams was added to 200 ml of patchouli oil. Then the stirring process was carried out with a stirring speed of 200 rpm with time variations of 30, 60 and 90 minutes. The results obtained showed the best adsorption process with Fe content in patchouli oil of 1.42 mg/Kg, contact time of 90 minutes and amount of resin of 250 grams with the largest percentage of removal of 87.5%.

Process design Optimisation, heat integration, and techno-economic analysis of oil refinery: A case study

ABSTRACT This paper outlines a comprehensive analysis of the optimal design and simulation of a crude oil distillation system within a refinery process, including pre-treatment and blending of two crude oils to increase the refinery’s annual profit. This distillation process is currently in operation, and the desired amount of feedstock is obtained from Iraqi Basra light-2015 and Kirkuk-2011 crude oil. To improve the energy efficiency of the utilization rate of crude oil, an atmospheric distillation process unit in this refinery with a capacity of 150,000 barrels per day (bpd) is considered. Aspen HYSYS simulation is used to optimize the distillation unit configuration and its operating performance. This paper also deals with three scenarios by comparing the feedstock compositions to the distillation process and the produced product compositions to minimize utility consumption. A heat integration approach was applied to the 3rd scenario by recycling hot outlet streams to the heat exchangers to increase the temperature of the inlet stream of the distillation column. Results indicated that about £2.29 million per year (Mpy) could be saved from the heat integration systems. Economic analysis and cut yields were carried out for each scenario to investigate the cost-effective and economically viable. Based on the economic analysis, scenario three showed better performance with a comparatively high cumulative cash flow of £31,886 M.

INOVASI PEMANFAATAN TUMBUHAN SERAI WANGI (CYMBOPOGON NARDUS) MENJADI MINYAK ATSIRI GUNA MEWUJUDKAN EKONOMI KREATIF MASYARAKAT DESA SEDAU

Sedau Village is one of the villages in the Narmada sub-district, West Lombok district, West Nusa Tenggara province. Most of the people in Sedau Village are more interested in growing fruits, some other residents are planting medicinal plants. Citronella plants are cultivated by some residents of Sedau Village in small quantities, so they have not been able to provide economic benefits for the local community. In addition, there is also no community in Sedau Village who can process citronella plants into essential oil which can increase the selling price of the citronella. The purpose of this series of socialization and training activities by the Unram Thematic KKN team is to increase people's understanding and creativity about medicinal plant demonstration plots, how to cultivate several medicinal plants in the demonstration plot, especially citronella and post-harvest processing methods of citronella into essential oils , so as to increase the selling price of the fragrant citronella. The method used in this activity is the socialization method, participative through training and learning. While the technique used in distillation is the steam distillation process to obtain essential oils. Citronella oil is usually light yellow to dark yellow in color, and is volatile. Essential oil itself is an oil produced by plants. The resulting aroma is fragrant according to the producing plant, generally insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. The citronella oil distillation process consumes around 15-20 kilograms of raw materials with a distillation time of approximately 3 hours. From the distillation of citronella, 125 ml of essential oil was obtained.