Distillate Yield Research Articles

Co-Hydrotreatment of Yellow Greases and the Water-Insoluble Fraction of Pyrolysis Oil. Part I: Experimental Design to Increase Kerosene Yield and Reduce Coke Formation

This paper reports the co-hydrotreatment of Biomass Technology Group commercial pyrolysis oil water-insoluble (WIS) phase (also known as pyrolytic lignin) and yellow greases (waste cooking oil), aiming to produce sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs). We use a sulfided NiMo/Al2O3 blend with 16 wt % WIS and a central composite experimental design to identify processing conditions increasing kerosene yield and reducing coke formation. The input variables were: (1) reaction temperature (320, 350, and 380 °C), (2) initial hydrogen pressure (5, 6, and 7 MPa), and (3) amount of catalyst (0.7, 1.0, and 1.3 g). The hydrotreated oily phases were distilled to obtain gasoline (<150 °C), kerosene (150–250 °C), diesel (250–350 °C), and residual oil (>350 °C). The reaction temperature is the main factor affecting the yield of gaseous, solid, and liquid products. Meanwhile, a higher initial hydrogen pressure and catalyst loading increased the yield of kerosene and other distillates and decreased the coke formation. A high temperature correlated with a lower content of oxygenates in kerosene cuts. Based on our experimental results, we propose to conduct hydrotreatment studies at 380 °C, initial H2 pressure of 7 MPa, and 1.3 g of catalyst. Under the identified conditions, it was possible to improve the kerosene yield to more than 20 wt % and reduce the yield of coke to close to 2.0 wt %. The chemical composition and fuel properties of the gasoline, kerosene, and diesel cuts were thoroughly analyzed. The content of aromatics and phenols in the kerosene fraction produced at the conditions identified in this project exceeded the recommended values for SAFs. New strategies (such as blending and more intense hydrotreatment to remove oxygenated compounds) need to be implemented to reduce the content of these molecules in our final product.

Economic Analysis of Thermal–Catalytic Process of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineesensis, Jacq) and Soap Phase Residue from Neutralization Process of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq)

Palm oil is, from an economic, environmental, and social point of view, a vegetable oil with great potential and the state of Pará-Brazil is Brazil’s great producer. In addition, soap phase residue or palm oil neutralization sludge (PONS), a byproduct of the neutralization step of the chemical refinement of palm oil, is produced, posing a huge problem for waste disposal and management in the production process of refined palm oil (RPO). In this context, this work aims to systematically investigate the economic analysis of the thermal–catalytic process of crude palm oil (CPO) and palm oil neutralization sludge (PONS). The thermocatalytic processes of CPO and PONS carried out at pilot scale and their economic feasibility were analyzed. The yields of biofuels produced by fractional distillation were also presented. The physicochemical properties of CPO and PONS, as well as those of organic liquid products obtained by the thermal–catalytic process of CPO and PONS were taken into account in the economic analysis. In addition, the chemical composition organic liquid products obtained by thermal–catalytic process of CPO and PONS, as well as its distillation fractions (green gasoline, green kerosene, green light diesel and heavy diesel), used as key factors/indicators on the economic analysis. The analysis of the key factors/indicators from the thermocatalytic processes of CPO and PONS showed economic viability for both crude palm oil (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq) and palm oil neutralization sludge. The minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) obtained in this work for the biofuels was 1.59 USD/L using crude palm oil (CPO) and 1.34 USD/L using palm oil neutralization sludge (PONS). The best breakeven point obtained was of 1.24 USD/L considering the PONS. The sensibility analysis demonstrated that the pyrolysis and distillation yields are the most important variables that affect the minimum fuel-selling price (MFSP) in both economic analyses.

Effect of reflector on performance of solar still

This paper goals towards fabrication and performance testing of a single slope solar still at location (13.18°N,74.93°E).The solar still performance is tested without a reflector and with a reflector. The testing has been done at four different levels of water in the basin (0.5 in., 1 in., 1.5 in. and 2 in.). The distillate output has determined at three different positions of reflector (45°, 60°and 75°). The testing has been done for the entire day for two months and the collected distillate is measured daily. From the results it is found that with the increase in water level in the basin, the distillate output reduced. The optimum performance was observed at 60°reflector tilt. It is found that with the use of reflector the performance of the still has increased by24.2% compared to a normal solar still.

Performance analysis of step type solar still and comparison of the performance with evacuated tube collector coupled with single slope step type solar still

This research project aims to address the growing need for freshwater in regions affected by water scarcity, particularly in coastal and desert areas. The focus is on evaluating the effectiveness of a solar-powered desalination system, which utilizes a single slope step type solar still and an Evacuated Tube Collector (ETC) to produce fresh drinkable water. Additionally, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is conducted to gain insights into the natural convection of heat transfer within a glass tube, which creates a buoyant flow of saline water. The design consists of a solar evacuated tube, which heats up due to the exposure to sun rays and this heat is transferred to the impure/saline water (effluent). The water is then discharged to a single slope step type solar still which absorbs energy from sunlight and increases the evaporation rate in the solar still. Thus, the water evaporates and is then condensed by the inner surface of the glass roof hence purified water is collected. The CFD flow analysis of incompressible fluid under the effect of gravity in the transient condition is carried out for ETC in the ANSYS workbench. Also, fluid flow analysis of single slope step type solar still consisting of ten steps with a water depth of 3 cm in multiphase conditions using the VOF model is carried out to obtain the amount of distillate output per day in fair weather conditions in the location 13.2848⁰ N, 74.7486⁰ E in Katapady, Udupi. The amount of distillate collected as a result of CFD analysis was found to be 5.195 kg/day. The contours obtained from the steady state analysis for solar still showed the distribution of temperature, solar heat flux, and mass flow rate. The transient analysis of the ETC assisted well in obtaining the temperature in the ETC collector tank and the variation in solar radiation throughout the day. The contours of ETC showed the buoyant flow of water under natural convection, velocity distribution, density distribution and solar irradiation distribution on glass walls.

Mathematical Modelling of Solar Still and its Comparison Analysis with Experimental Investigation through Parametric Analysis

Solar distillation is very much effective for availing drinkable pot water, especially in desert areas and salt-producing areas. A Solar Still is a device that can be used to convert impure (saline) water into fresh drinking water using the process of Distillation. The energy source used in a Solar Still is sunlight thus it uses renewable energy. This paper describes a set of equations that can be used to find the distillate yield of a solar still by taking input parameters such as Solar Insolation and the basin area. A solar still is used for producing fresh drinking water from impure water and the equations help in estimating the yield. It also determines the efficiency of the solar still.

Bioetanol dari Singkong sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif

Abstract: This study aims to produce bioethanol from cassava and determine the yield of fermentation, a crop of distillation, and analysis of the amount of bioethanol paid per kilogram of cassava. The research method used is descriptive quantitative. The results showed that the distillation process was carried out three times, and the average was taken as a sample of 0.59 liters. In conclusion, based on the results obtained from the fermentation of 66.34%, distillation yield of 2.78%, and bioethanol per kilogram of cassava, as much as 0.098 liters/kg.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Bioethanol, Yield, Cassava

Techno-Economic Analysis of the Production of Liquid Biofuels from Sewage Sludge via Hydrothermal Liquefaction.

This work addresses the process and economic performance of the production of gasoline and diesel range fuels from urban sewage sludge. The overall production route involves direct conversion of the sewage sludge to an intermediate oil phase, so-called biocrude, via hydrothermal liquefaction at near-critical water conditions and further upgrading of the biocrude based on conventional refinery processes. The overall mass and energy yields of combined naphtha and middle distillate from sewage sludge on dry basis are approximately 19 and 60%, where the naphtha fraction represents about 45% of the total, with a minimum fuel selling price ranging between 2.4 and 0.8 €/liter assuming full investment in both the biocrude production and upgrading plant with sewage sludge feed capacities in the range of 3 to 30 dry-ton/day. If existing equipment at refinery can be used for upgrading of the biocrude, the minimum fuel selling price can be reduced by approximately 7%.

Влияние активной кислотности на качественные характеристики дистиллятов

The quality of distillates depends on the biochemical composition of the raw material, the operating parameters of the wort production and fermentation, and the methods and modes of distillation. The active acidity of the medium (pH) can affect wort fermentation and distillation processes. The research objective was to study the effect of the active acidity of bakery waste wort on fermentation and distillation processes. &#x0D; The study featured fermented wort samples from wheat bread, a mix of wheat and rye-wheat bread, and distillate fractions obtained by a single fractionated distillation of fermented wort. The distillation occurred in laboratory conditions in a direct distillation unit (Kothe Destillationstechnik, Germany) with a 10 dm3 cube. The effect of the acidification degree of saccharified wort on the fermentation efficiency was determined by the strength of the fermented wort. The composition of volatile components in the distillates was defined by gas chromatography in a Thermo Trace GC Ultra chromatograph (Thermo, USA). &#x0D; When the pH of saccharified wort fell from 5.5 to 4.5–3.5, the synthesis of higher alcohols and ethers of higher fatty acids decreased during fermentation, while the acetone mass concentration increased. The acidification of fermented wort to pH = 3.5–3.0 at the distillation stage had a positive effect on the distillates from recyclable baking waste. This technique increased the yield of the middle fraction (distillate) by reducing the loss of absolute alcohol with the head and tail fractions. The concentration of acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate in the middle fraction decreased by 1.5 times while the content of enanthic ether components increased by more than 75%. As a result, the sensory profile increased by 0.4–0.5 points. The distillates from the mix of wheat and rye-wheat bread were superior to distillates from wheat bread. The statistical analysis provided the following criteria for a qualitative assessment of the distillates from recyclable baking waste: the mass concentration of acetaldehyde and the ratio of alcohols C5 to the sum of alcohols C3 and C4.&#x0D; Pre-fermentation oxidation of saccharified wort proved impractical for bakery waste recycling, whereas acidification of fermented wort before distillation increased the distillate yield and improved its sensory profile.

Hemispherical Solar Distiller Performance Utilizing Hybrid Storage Media, Paraffin Wax with Nanoparticles: An Experimental Study

The traditional method of obtaining fresh water for drinking is by burning fossil fuels, emitting greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. However, renewable energy is gaining more traction since it is available free of cost for producing fresh water. In this study, Al2O3 nanoparticles were distributed in a phase change material (paraffin wax) that had been fixed at a hemispherical distiller water basin. Three scenarios with three hemispherical distillers were examined. A conventional hemispherical distiller (CHD), a conventional hemispherical distiller with paraffin wax as a phase change material (CHD-PCM), and a conventional hemispherical distiller with PCM partially filled with Al2O3 nanoparticles (CHD-N-PCM) were tested under the same climatic conditions. The experimental results showed that CHD gave a daily yield of 4.85 L/m2/day, while CHD-PCM increased the yield to up to 6.2 L/m2/day with a 27.84% daily yield enhancement. The addition of Al2O3 nanoparticles to paraffin wax CHD-N-PCM improved hemispherical distillate yield up to 8.3 L/m2/day with a 71.13% increase over CHD yield.

Thermodynamic Simulation in Eco-Friendly Aquadest Production Through Compression System Method Combined with Steam Power Plant as Heat Source

Access to clean water and sanitation is one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a global action plan agreed upon by world leaders. Water demand is increasing every year. As much as 97% of the water on earth is seawater, which requires desalination technology to convert seawater into freshwater that will be used to meet daily human needs. It is necessary to continue to develop environmentally friendly clean water treatment technology to overcome the problem of freshwater crisis. Research related to clean water treatment technology needs improvement in order to have a high effectiveness value to be applied and developed in areas with clean water crisis. Therefore, this study aims to produce distilled water by utilizing heat from the condenser of a steam power plant. The cooling water from the condenser must first be throttled to allow the vapor and liquid extraction to occur. Next, the steam is compressed to raise the temperature. After the compression process, the steam must be condensed using a water-cooled condenser to produce the distilled water in order to get maximum distilled water yields and low energy consumption. In this study, the lowest SEC (Specific Energy Consumption) was -1194.02kJ/kg of distilled water with the mass flow rate of 0.996 kg/s. To overcome the environmental problems, the condenser temperature was lowered to 41.5°C, and the PPTD (Pinch Point Temperature Difference) by 10 made the temperature discharge to seawater drop to 31.5°C. The lowest energy consumption can be obtained by setting the temperature in the cyclone separator to 22°C and the mass of water discharged to the sea by 99%, which lowers compressor energy consumption.

Influence of basin water depth in the distillate yield of traditional and developed passive single basin double slope solar still

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the effect of basin water depth towards the cumulative distillate yield of the traditional and developed single basin double slope solar still (DSSS).Design/methodology/approachModified single basin DSSS integrated with solar operated vacuum fan and external water cooled condenser was fabricated using aluminium material. During sunny season, experimental investigations have been performed in both conventional and modified DSSS at a basin water depth of 3, 6, 9 and 12 cm. Production rate and cumulative distillate yield obtained in traditional and developed DSSS at different water depths were compared and best water depth to attain the maximum productivity and cumulative distillate yield was found out.FindingsResults indicated that both traditional and modified double SS produced maximum yield at the minimum water depth of 3 cm. Cumulative distillate yield of the developed SS was 16.39%, 18.86%, 15.22% and 17.07% higher than traditional at water depths of 3, 6, 9 and 12 cm, respectively. Cumulative distillate yield of the developed SS at 3 cm water depth was 73.17% higher than that of the traditional SS at 12 cm depth.Originality/valuePerformance evaluation of DSSS at various water depths by integrating the combined solar operated Vacuum fan and external Condenser.

Performance analysis of solar desalination system with thermal energy storage materials

The primary issue for human community is to meet the growing demands for freshwater resources, which is constantly diminishing as a consequence of high population growth rates. People who live in inaccessible places around the country, particularly in underdeveloped countries, currently face significant barriers to safe drinking water. Desalination of water with hardly any environmental impact is a pressing need. Solar desalination is the least expensive technique for obtaining drinkable water since it runs purely on solar energy, which is abundant and readily available in environment. Thermal energy storage materials (TESMs) are being used to store energy during the day and discharge it at night, and they have therefore been utilized in solar desalination systems to improve the performance of solar stills. The current study focuses on the experimental analysis of solar desalination systems using low-cost, locally available thermal storage materials, such as pebbles. Two solar desalination units with a basin area of 800x600 mm2 were built for this study. All solar desalination units have a 6 mm thick glass cover that is slanted at 250 with the horizontal plane. The utilization of thermal storage materials has been revealed to have a significant impact on the distillate output of a solar desalination unit. Throughout the day and night, the setup has been used to supplement the distillate. When 6 L of water were put into the basin, the modified solar still with stones produced 16.66 % more water than the unmodified still, 27.36 % more when 7 L were used, 20.54 % for 10 L, 14.81 % for 15 L, 11.13 % for 20 L, and 3 % for 25 L. Total dissolved solids (TDS) were used to assess the distillate's quality. This research presents a low-cost distillation technology that can be used to improve the production of drinkable water.

Experimental Performance of Single-Slope Basin Solar Still Coupled with a Humidification–Dehumidification Cycle

Despite their low distillate yield, single-slope basin solar stills incorporate a simple and cheap technique to secure potable water in arid and rural areas away from fresh water resources and the power grid. Nevertheless, recovering a portion of the inevitable thermal losses from the still will significantly contribute to enhancing its daily distillate productivity and thermal performance. In this manuscript, the latent heat of condensation in single-slope basin solar still was partially recovered and utilized as the thermal energy source for an auxiliary humidification–dehumidification (HDH) distillation cycle. The thermal performance of the resultant SS-HDH distiller was experimentally tested side by side with a separate single-slope basin still of the same basin area. The results showed an increase of about 2 L/m2 in the daily distillate production of the SS-HDH distiller over that of the conventional single-slope basin still. In addition, the thermal efficiency of the SS-HDH distiller was 57% greater than that of the conventional single-slope basin still.

Experimental investigation on the performance analysis of blue metal stones and pebble stones as thermal energy storage materials in single slope solar still

Solar stills that use blue metal stones and Pebble stones to store heat are the subject of experimental studies and theoretical studies. Three identical solar stills measure 1 m2 constructs for the analysis mentioned above. To avert water from evaporation and to maintain a consistent water level, each solar still has its glass cover with cooling and dripping mechanisms. Distillate yield from a solar still can be significantly increased by using blue metal stones in a cooling and dripping setup. Its purpose is to increase daily distillate output. It shows that theoretical predictions and experimental findings agree well. The blue metal stone in the solar still produced 1.5 times as much drinkable water as the pebble stone, while the combination of the two stones increased output by 18 % compared to a single still. The temperature was lowered to about 4 °C to 5 °C thanks to the cooling system on the glass cover.

Investigation on performance of square pyramid solar still using nanofluid and thermal energy storage material: An experimental and theoretical study

The rapid growth in population and industrialization are exacerbating the global water crisis, which is pressurizing investigators to quest for an alternative solution. Solar still is an ingenious solar thermal energy-based device facing the issue of less distillate yield. The aim of the current work is to examine the influence of the use of thermal energy storage material and nanoparticles on the distillate yield and to enhance the performance of square pyramid solar still. In the first set of experiments, the comparative performance of the square pyramid solar still was investigated using thermal energy storage material (sodium nitrate (NaNO3)) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanofluid. The total distillate yield and daily average efficiency of the solar still with thermal energy storage material (NaNO3) was higher by 5.50% and 5.58% than the use of Al2O3 nanofluid. Based on the outcomes of the first set of experiments, the comparative performance of square pyramid solar still was investigated with and without thermal energy storage material (NaNO3) in the second set of experiments. The total distillate yield and daily average efficiency of the solar still with thermal energy storage material (NaNO3) was higher by 2.15% and 3.20% than the solar still without NaNO3. The theoretical models were developed for the square pyramid solar still with thermal energy storage material (NaNO3), Al2O3 nanofluid, and without augmentation. The results of the developed theoretical models were compared with the experimental outcomes. The cost of distillate water per liter for the most productive square pyramid solar still with thermal energy storage material (NaNO3) was nearly 3.82 ₹/L.

RESEARCH AND IMPROVEMENT OF OIL FIELD DEWATERING

A steady increase in the water content of the extracted oil, an increase in the volume of heavy grades of oil with stable emulsions, an increase in the proportion of thick oil in the total volume of refined oil due to the imperfection of the oil dewatering process is far from a complete list of factors determining the importance and relevance of the issue of optimal automatic control of the oil dewatering process in the fields today. Although this problem is not new to the oil industry, its solution is not yet completed. This circumstance is due to insufficient knowledge of the processes of oil preparation due to the emerging objective difficulties and the lack of adequate models that could be used to solve the problems of stabilization and optimization of the oil dewatering process. The paper presents the research on the process of breaking highly-stable heavy oil emulsions by water evaporation. An equation has been derived and relevant curves have been plotted to calculate the required heating temperature. This study shows the dependence of hydrocarbon distillate yield on heating temperature, boiling point oil composition and the initial water cut of the emulsion. The technology of oil dehydration from the field has been tested.

Economic Feasibility Assessment of the Thermal Catalytic Process of Wastes: Açaí Seeds (Euterpe oleracea) and Scum from Grease Traps

In this work, a techno-economic assessment of the production of bio-oil, coke and gas, via thermo-catalytic pyrolysis followed by distillation, is accomplished. The raw materials were two solid wastes: lipid-based material (residual fat/scum from a fat retention box from the University Restaurant at the Federal University of Pará—UFPA) and a lignin-cellulosic material of açaí seed (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). From the literature, a review is made of the physicochemical analysis of the raw materials, of the bio-oil, and of the chemical composition of the biofuels produced (kerosene, light diesel, and heavy diesel). The bio-oil yields for each experiment of pyrolysis and distillation are also presented and compared with the literature. The economic indicators for the evaluation of the most viable cracking (pyrolysis) and distillation process of bio-oils were: (a) the simple payback criterion, (b) discounted payback, (c) net present value (NPV), (d) internal rate of return (IRR), and (e) index of profitability (IP). The analysis of the indicators showed the economic viability of the lipid-based material and unfeasibility for the açai seed (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). The breakeven point obtained was 1.28 USD/L and the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) obtained in this work for the biofuels was 1.34 USD/L). The sensibility analysis demonstrated that the pyrolysis and distillation yields are the most important variables to affect the minimum fuel selling price (MFSP).

Solar energy desalination distillate yield and cost evolution, and statistical relationship between meteorological variables and distillate yield

In this paper, a hybrid solar desalination system was fabricated and incorporated with a water heater powered by a photovoltaic (PV) system. It was experimentally evaluated at Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Malaysia. Daytime operating conditions without the use of a PV system were considered for the conventional operation, while the use of PV alone or combined with direct solar radiation was considered as the modified system. This study was carried out to determine the freshwater yield, weather variabilities impact on yield, economic analysis, and system efficiency of hybrid solar desalination systems. An encyclopaedic review of five years of different researchers from different countries was critically analysed and compared with this study to see their trends and relationship. Within the study period, solar still distillate cost ranges from 0.0051 to 0.8857$/L, and 0.006 to 0.789$/L for the modified and conventional systems respectively. Similarly, the distillate cost for this study is 0.0374$/L and 0.0892$/L for the conventional and modified systems respectively. Also, the distillate yield ranges from 0.93 to 24.3 L/m2.day with an average of 12.1 L/m2.day, for the modified system, and 0.55 to 6.63 L/m2.day with an average of 3.35 L/m2.day for the conventional systems. The hourly system efficiency is 30.07 %, and 8.29 % for the modified and conventional systems respectively. Solar still is economically reasonable with good efficiency as obtained from the result. The findings also suggested that researchers should target a distillate yield of at least 6 L/m2.day and a distillate cost of 0.2$/L or lower for innovation, for a good and economical system.

Investigation and performance analysis of active solar still in colder Indian Himalayan region

Traditional basin-type solar stills are not as popular due to their lower productivity, but a number of ways have been developed globally to increase their production capacity. This article demonstrates an overview of the recent studies aimed at improving the productivities and the effective functioning of conventional solar stills. In order to have a better insight of the thermal performance, the studies focused on evaluating the thermodynamic efficiencies of solar stills have also been reviewed and found that active solar distillation has strong potential in enhancing the performance characteristics of basin type systems. It was observed that, enormous efforts made by various researchers in understanding and improving the thermal characteristics of solar stills for better output have been majorly examined in hotter and arid regions, and solar stills for colder regions need an attention too. In this context, the proposed work attempts to carry out an experimental study to assess the effect of lower ambient conditions on performance characteristics of an active solar in an Indian cold hilly location. The observations from the study showed that the effective daily output of the active solar still was as high as twice the daily distillate output produced by the conventional passive still. The thermodynamic efficiencies of the active system were also evaluated. Further, during different sunny days, the variation in average exergy and energy efficiencies of the active system ranged from 14.86 to 16.18% and 1.95–2.41%, respectively. Due to the prevailing storing effect, the nocturnal productivity of solar still was increased at deeper water levels. The study also helped to conclude that the exergy destruction in solar still is highly influenced by low ambient temperatures and in future, effective design optimization studies can be carried out to gain the benefits through minimized energy/exergy losses.

Techno-enviro-economic assessment of novel hybrid inclined-multi-effect vertical diffusion solar still for sustainable water distillation.

A novel hybrid inclined-multi effect vertical diffusion (Hybrid I-MEVD) solar still has been proposed and its viability for sustainable water distillation has been assessed based on detailed techno-enviro-economic aspects. The optimum number of diffusion chambers and recommended diffusion gap of integrated MEVD still was estimated to be 4 and 0.01m, respectively. Incorporation of the bottom reflector at yearly average optimum tilt angle enhanced yield by about 34.0 to 90.0%. Yearly average distillate yield, coefficient of performance, and exergy efficiency were about 21.35kg/day, 1.05, and 10.44%, respectively. Net carbon-di-oxide, sulphur-di-oxide, and nitrogen oxide emission mitigation potential ranged between 37.02 to 65.05 tons, 266.20 to 467.71kg and 108.73 to 191.04kg, respectively. Global warming potential, acidification potential, photochemical oxidants creation potential, eutrophication potential, and human toxicity potential were about 67.25kg of CO2/kL of distillate, 591.04g of SO2/kL of distillate, 178.63g of C2H4/kL of distillate, 23.22g of PO4/kL of distillate, and 698.53g of DCB/kL of distillate, respectively. The minimum distillate production cost was estimated to be about 13.3 USD/kL. High distillate production rate, minimal environmental footprint, and distillate production cost justify Hybrid I-MEVD still to be a sustainable option for potable water production in fresh water-starved regions.