Distant Travel Research Articles

The Impact on Families of Children With Congenital Upper Extremity Differences

To investigate the impact on caregivers of caring for a child with congenital upper extremity differences. In this cross-sectional study, caregivers of patients enrolled in the multi-institutional Congenital Upper Limb Difference (CoULD) registry were contacted. Demographic information and the Impact on Family Scale (IOFS), a validated measure of perceived caregiver strain, were collected. Patient-reported outcome measures from the CoULD registry, the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI), and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) were also analyzed for correlation with IOFS. Two hundred ninety-nine caregivers participated. Factors with significantly stronger impact on family included public insurance; bilateral upper extremity involvement; household income of $20,000-40,000; additional musculoskeletal diagnosis; and a single adult caregiver household. There was a significantly increased subcategory of IOFS-Finance score for distant travel to see the surgeon. Additionally, all categories of the PODCI (upper extremity, mobility, sports, pain, happiness, and global) demonstrated a negative correlation with IOFS. PROMIS upper extremity and peer relations also demonstrated an inverse relationship with IOFS, whereas PROMIS pain interference had a positive correlation with IOFS. The overall IOFS for children with CoULDs was greater than previously reported for children with brachial plexus birth injury, and less than cerebral palsy and congenital heart disease. Caregivers of children with congenital upper extremity differences report a significant impact on family life. Socioeconomic factors, such as economically disadvantaged or single-caregiver households, and clinical factors, such as bilateral upper extremity involvement, correlate with greater family impact. These findings represent opportunities to identify at-risk families and underscore the importance of caring for the whole family through a multidisciplinary approach. Prognostic II.

The Impact of High Foreign Flight Slot Time Requests on National Flights

Flights are one of the most effective and efficient modes of transportation to reach distant travel destinations. Slot time is the time specified for a flight to land or take off from an airport. The purpose of this study is to find out how changes in the number of foreign flight slots available in a country can affect the national aviation industry. This research was conducted by the method of literature study or literature review. The results suggest that an increase in foreign flight time slots will probably have a negative impact on national flights at the same airport, especially if there is not enough planning to manage congestion at those airports. If the time slot of foreign flights increases, then there may be more foreign flights that will land or take off from that airport, which can cause overcrowding at the airport and reduce the time slot available for national flights.

The role of halal requirements, health-environmental factors, and domestic interest in food miles of apple fruit

Abstract This study examines the indirect and direct factors affecting the preference for distant travel of apple fruit (food miles or FMs) in Indonesia, a Muslim-majority country. This research employs a quantitative consumer survey of 522 respondents in Indonesia from January to February 2023. Data were collected online (i.e. via social media), and the respondents were chosen randomly. Data were then analysed using a partial least square-structural equation model to prove the proposed hypotheses using Rstudio. This investigation has some principal findings. First, domestic interest and health-environment benefits directly affect the preference for short food miles (SFMs). Second, the halal requirements do not directly affect the choice of SFMs but indirectly affect the preference for SFMs through health-environmental benefits. In sum, the choice for SFMs is affected by domestic interest (direct), health-environmental benefits (direct), and halal requirements (indirect). This study finally has a theoretical contribution to the interplay among green supply chain, halal food supply chain, and food security.

0364 GOOD Sleep Care: Geospatial Optimization of Distant Sleep Care in the VA

Abstract Introduction Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is very prevalent in the Veterans Administrations (VA) clinical population, affecting about 24% of Veterans. Sleep medicine services in VA suffers from uneven distribution, which especially affects Veterans in rural populations, where care is often not available except by long distance travel. Travel burden is increasingly recognized as a burden on Veteran care that can be ameliorated by telemedicine. Little is known about travel burden and few attempts have been made to quantify it. We have attempted to quantify travel burden for rural Veterans using data from VA's Office of Rural Health supported Enterprise Wide Initiative for Telesleep Medicine. In this project we focus on travel from a Veteran's home to a facility-based sleep clinic visit (traditional face-face visit) vs. how much travel would be avoided if visits were performed using video-based telemedicine with the Veteran at his/her residence. Methods Purpose built geocoding software (validated in prior studies) was used to quantify the driving distance from the Veterans home zipcode to the zipcode of the facility where the visits would were performed. The data were taken from the VA's national corporate data warehouse (CDW). Over 4 million sleep encounters were coded. CPT4 codes were used to define the clinic visit encounters from 2016 through 2020. We set the travel range where telemedicine is reasonable based on distance at greater than 40 miles from the VA medical center which is how VA currently defines "distant travel". Results No. of Encounters (thous) 2016, 557; 2017, 623; 2018, 678; 2019, 667; 2020, 420Miles ObsTravel (mil) 2016, 38; 2017, 42; 2018, 45; 2019, 43; 2020, 27 Miles Travel if telemed used (mil) 2016, 25; 2017, 27; 2018, 29; 2019, 27: 2020, 17Difference (mil miles) 2016, 13; 2017, 15; 2018, 16; 2019, 16 2020, 10Between 10 and 16 million miles could be saved each year for sleep medicine visits if all travel > 40 miles was converted to video home visits. Conclusion Travel burden in this analysis, defined by miles driven to and from a sleep medicine encounter, could be dramatically reduced if telemedicine visits were used for sleep apnea evaluation and management. This reduction in travel equates to a reduction in automobile related use-costs, lower carbon footprint, fewer automobile crashes with injury and death. Assuming that clinical effectiveness of home telemedicine is comparable to traditional visits, these data support the vigorous adoption of telemedicine for sleep medicine services. Support (If Any) VA Office of Rural Health; Measurement QUERI, San Francisco VA Medical

Three Phase Coil based Optimized Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles

With modernization and technology enhancements on a global scale, environmental consciousness has also been increasing in recent days. Various technologies and automobile industries are vandalized with sustainable solutions and green technologies. Transportation via roadways is mostly preferred for distant travel as well, despite the advancements in airways and railways, due to less capital outlay, door to door service possibility in rural areas etc. The conventional fuel vehicles are a huge contributor to environmental pollution. Electric vehicles are an optimal solution to this issue. The lives of the common masses are not impacted largely by the electric vehicles despite their market commercialization since a few decades. It is due to certain challenges associated with the electrical vehicles. A 100% efficient perpetual machine does not exist yet. Predominantly, challenges related to charging, hinders the success of e-vehicles. Frequent charging is required in case of long-distance travel and other scenarios in the existing vehicles. Based on the respective governments, extensive changes are made in the infrastructure to overcome the issues at the charging stations. In this paper, an enhanced wireless charging module for electric vehicles is presented. The use of multiple coils is emphasized for building up energy and transmitting it. The inductive power transfer mechanism and efficiency of the system are improved with the design of a three-phase coil. The mechanism for assessment of the energy consumed in e-vehicles is also discussed.

Energy Harvesting on Airport Pavements: State-of-the-Art

Society is dependent on transport systems, not only to meet its daily needs with short journeys but also to meet their arising needs with longer distances. The ability to connect remote regions and the trip duration makes the aircraft a mode of transport for distant travel. However, it impacts greenhouse gas production. The survey for new ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions emerges from the contribution of energy harvesting systems. Energy harvesting technology has been presenting prosperous solutions and applications in road pavements. Due to the similarity between road pavements, this paper addresses state-of-the-art technologies for airport pavements and road pavements, aiming to analyze which ones can be developed for application in airport pavements. An analysis is presented not only for the density, efficiency, and energy generation, but also for each energy harvesting technology’s implementation and technology readiness level. The photovoltaic technology, to be incorporated into airport pavements, will allow sustainable energy generation dependent on the airport location. The hydraulic/pneumatic technology, to be incorporated into the airport pavements, will generate electrical energy based on aircraft movement.

Mózg jako nowy wszechświat – wokół Incepcji Christophera Nolana


 
 
 The article shows the growing interest of science fiction cinema in the human brain and related concepts, such as mind or consciousness. Nowadays, when distant space travel seems unreachable, artists find the exploration potential of the brain very promising. Thus, the main thesis of this analysis says that the brain has become for science fiction cinema the new universe. An excellent example of this paradigm shift is Inception (dir. Christopher Nolan, 2010). In the movie, the mind is depicted as a physical and accessible place, where we can find a lot of mysteries to solve. The characters travel to the deepest parts of subconsciousness because the processes inside the brain are the key to understanding and changing the real world. The article also shows how the director uses the achievements of science fiction cinema and, at the same time, that he postulates a new way of considering the issues relevant to modern neuroscience.
 
 

Co-mobility in the digital age: Changing technologies, and the affects of presence in journeying ‘with’ others

ABSTRACT Co-presence, proximity, and moving with other people, have long been recognised as important factors in our decision-making and performances of everyday wayfinding. Such arguments have roots in the work of sociologist Erving Goffman, whose concept of the “mobile with” has been widely used to articulate the fluid conglomerations of bodies who come to move together. This paper pushes Goffman’s idea of the “mobile with” into the digital age, opening our field of view to an expanded understanding of “co-mobility”. Drawing on the autoethnographic accounts of one of our authors, we illustrate that with the advent of new technologies, bodies are constantly and simultaneously connected to near and distant others, and known and unknown travel companions. These complex techno-communities take form in two key ways: via the sensory and haptic forms of communication required in using technological devices, and the virtual presence afforded by the ability to enact these communications across time and space. Using affect as a lens of analysis, this paper illustrates that sharing co-mobile experiences with near and distant others evokes a particular style of presencing. Importantly, the various affects of presence are called into focus in intense moments, with implications for how people perform their mobilities in the moment, and the lingering emotions they carry in contemplating future mobilities.

An off-the-(nar)whal stress response

![Graphic][1] The thing about unicorns is, they're hard to find. Legend has it that merely glimpsing the elusive equine requires distant travel to faraway lands, and even then you need luck on your side. Slightly easier would be to locate a narwhal, the toothed whale whose left canine has

Does Travel Distance Affect Readmission Rates after Cardiac Surgery?

With emphasis on value-based health care, empiric models are used to estimate expected readmission rates for individual institutions. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between distance traveled to seek surgical care and likelihood of readmission in adult patients undergoing cardiac operations at a single medical center. All adults undergoing major cardiac surgeries from 2008 to 2015 were included. Patients were stratified by travel distance into regional and distant travel groups. Multivariable logistic regression models were developed to assess the impact of distance traveled on odds of readmission. Of the 4232 patients analyzed, 29 per cent were in the regional group and 71 per cent in the distant. Baseline characteristics between the two groups were comparable except mean age (62 vs 61 years, P < 0.01) and Caucasian race (59 vs 73%, P < 0.01). Distant travel was associated with a significantly longer hospital length of stay (11.8 vs 10.5 days, P < 0.01) and lower risk of readmission (9.5 vs 13.4%, P < 0.01). Odds of readmission was inversely associated with logarithm of distance traveled (odds ratio 0.75). Travel distance in patients undergoing major cardiac surgeries was inversely associated with odds of readmission.

The Trouble with Tourism

The hegemonic view of tourism is as a global panacea for struggling peoples, environments and economies (Smith and Brent 2001). This article begins by arguing that increasing worldwide risks from human-induced climate change fundamentally alter the veracity of this prediction claim. As one of the world's largest industries, tourism is also one of the largest emitters of carbon, primarily from air transport. Far from standing apart from our carbon-dependent economy, tourism is quite profoundly a creation of that economy and cannot be an antidote to the very stuff of which it is made. Further, to the extent that tourism functions as escape from the ills of petroleum-driven life, it detracts critical attention and investment from home places and communities. The article concludes with a proposition for an alternative futures forecast based on bioregional tourism, or locavism. Characteristics of a locavist approach include the de-growth of the high-carbon, distant travel model of tourism and replacement with a low-carbon model that emphasizes local destinations, short distances, lower-carbon transport modes, and capital investment (both financial and social) in local communities.

Alteration of Travel Patterns With Vision Loss From Glaucoma and Macular Degeneration

The distance patients can travel outside the home influences how much of the world they can sample and to what extent they can live independently. Recent technological advances have allowed travel outside the home to be directly measured in patients' real-world routines. To determine whether decreased visual acuity (VA) from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and visual field (VF) loss from glaucoma are associated with restricted travel patterns in older adults. Cross-sectional study. Patients were recruited from an eye clinic, while travel patterns were recorded during their real-world routines using a cellular tracking device. Sixty-one control subjects with normal vision, 84 subjects with glaucoma with bilateral VF loss, and 65 subjects with AMD with bilateral or severe unilateral loss of VA had their location tracked every 15 minutes between 7 am and 11 pm for 7 days using a tracking device. Average daily excursion size (defined as maximum distance away from home) and average daily excursion span (defined as maximum span of travel) were defined for each individual. The effects of vision loss on travel patterns were evaluated after controlling for individual and geographic factors. In multivariable models comparing subjects with AMD and control subjects, average excursion size and span decreased by approximately one-quarter mile for each line of better-eye VA loss (P ≤ .03 for both). Similar but not statistically significant associations were observed between average daily excursion size and span for severity of better-eye VF loss in subjects with glaucoma and control subjects. Being married or living with someone and younger age were associated with more distant travel, while less-distant travel was noted for older individuals, African Americans, and those living in more densely populated regions. Age-related macular degeneration-related loss of VA, but not glaucoma-related loss of VF, is associated with restriction of travel to more nearby locations. This constriction of life space may impact quality of life and restrict access to services.

Analysis of Elderly Travel Patterns in Seoul Metropolitan Area, South Korea, through Sequence Alignment and Motif Search

This paper analyzes travel behavior of the elderly in Seoul, South Korea, and focuses on pedestrian travel. A sequence alignment method is used, together with an analysis of the mean travel characteristics. The analysis results illustrate several important findings. First, as an overall characteristic, elderly people's mode of travel is primarily pedestrian for every category of trip purpose. Most activities are conducted locally; more distant travel is generally reserved for medical purposes and family visits. Second, factors that discourage the elderly from traveling include older age, living alone, a high level of physical disability, a low level of education, long distances from home to the nearest public transit, having paid work, and an inability to drive. Finally, regarding the sequential characteristics of travel, the motifs (the multidimensional subsequences common to travel patterns) can be distinguished between elderly subpopulations in terms of the variables of disability, occupation, living expenses, day of travel, distance to the nearest bus stop, who the individual lives with, ability to drive, neighborhood, and age. On average, most trips are chained to a trip for leisure at home and are made on foot within a limited spatial range; the motifs appear with different frequencies in different elderly subpopulations.

Abstract 1320: Molecular imaging of EMT reveals crosstalk of multiple pathways and provides novel sites for therapeutic intervention of EMT

Abstract Ionizing radiation therapy have been also suggested to result in increased incidence of local or distant metastasis which is, at least in part, mediated by TGFß signaling. TGFß is a known potentiator of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a complex process by which a tumor cell bolsters its metastatic potential by transmogrifying into a highly motile and invasive cell that is ready to take on the challenge of distant travel and resettlement in a new milieu. Therefore it is important, in order to increase efficacy of ionizing radiation, a combination therapy along with inhibitors of EMT pathway, be utilized in the treatment of cancers. To date there is no clinically relevant EMT inhibitor and therefore to assist in the process of identifying a small molecular weight inhibitor, we developed three distinct non-invasive and quantitative molecular imaging reporters for monitoring EMT. These were based on changes in expression profile of E-cadherin and N-cadherin and complementation of luciferase based TGFβR kinase (BTR) activity. In the lung cancer EMT model studies using TGFβ treated A549 cells we demonstrated a time and dose dependent increase in activity of luciferase reporter driven by N-cadherin promoter and a decrease in the activity of a luciferase reporter driven by E-cadherin promoter. These changes were validated by phenotypic alteration of A549 cells and by western blotting for signaling intermediates of EMT pathway. BTR (bioluminescent TGFβR reporter), was a gain of function sensor of SMAD2/3 phosphorylation wherein inhibition of TGFβR signaling leads to increased reporter activity. Such reporters are extremely useful in high throughput screening (HTS) as cytotoxic agents are eliminated early in the screening process. Treatment of A549 cells stably expressing BTR with SB431542 (TGFβR specific inhibitor) lead to a more than 20 fold increase in BTR activity. All three reporters were adapted for HTS assay and were used to screen a library of known kinase inhibitors. Analyses and validation of hits suggested that the loss of epithelial or gain of mesenchymal phenotypes are independent processes. Further it also highlighted complex cross talks between EMT and different pathways involving mTor, Src, p38 MAPK, Akt, JNK, PI3-K, PKA, PKC, GSK-3β, PDGFRK and EGFR. Efficacy of several lead compounds (Erlotinib, SP600125, SB203580, and SB431542) in combination with radiotherapy is being accessed to increase radiation sensitivity in epithelial cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1320.

The Clandon Barrow Finery: a Synopsis of Success in an Early Bronze Age World

The famous assemblage of finery excavated by Edward Cunnington from Clandon Barrow, Dorset, in 1882 is usually held to be archetypal of the ‘Wessex culture’ and rich graves. Meticulous examination of the six artefacts and re-appraisal of comparative material casts a new light on the significance of the group. It does not represent a definable cultural package and instead points to a complex set of inter-relationships with ‘foreign’ lands achieved, above all, by plying varied maritime networks. Connections are shown to have run up the east coast of Britain, west towards the Irish Sea, and across the Channel to both Armorica and the Frisian coast. By contrast, links with inland Wessex were rather insubstantial. Questions are raised about the utility of the ‘Wessex’ label.Although uncertain whether it was a grave group or some other ritual deposit, the assemblage can be seen in a positive light as a record of great exploits in distant travel. The material assembled came to stand for the success of the south Dorset community and its key personages as judged against the prime concerns of Early Bronze Age society. Its paramount importance is emphasised by the choice of site – a focally positioned, yet relatively isolated barrow within a dense monumental landscape and, moreover, a barrow that saw recurrent rejuvenation as part of a cycle of remembrance.

A re‐examination of distance as a proxy for severity of illness and the implications for differences in utilization by race/ethnicity

The study analyzes the hospitalization patterns of elderly residents to examine whether the relation between distant travel and severity of illness is uniform across racial/ethnic subgroups. A hypothesis is made that severity thresholds could be higher for minorities than whites. Hospital discharge data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP-SID) of the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality for New York residents is used, with a link to the Area Resource File and American Hospital Association's survey files. Logistic models compare the association of distant admission with severity corresponding to each local threshold level, race, and type of hospital admission. The study uses four discrete distance thresholds in contrast to recent work. Also, an examination of severity thresholds for distant travel for different types of admission may clarify different sources of disparities in health care utilization. The findings indicate that minorities are likely to have higher severity thresholds than whites in seeking distant hospital care, although these conclusions depend on the type of condition. The study results imply that if costly elective services were regionalized to get the advantages of high volume for both cost and quality of care, some extra effort at outreach may be desirable to reduce disparities in appropriate care. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A 53-year-old female with haemoptysis following breast cancer resection

A 53-yr-old female presented with a 1-month history of cough productive of blood-flecked white sputum and right-sided chest pain. She had undergone a mastectomy 11 months previously for breast cancer. At surgery, the resection margins were free of tumour, lymph node sampling was negative, and no additional therapy was given. A chest radiograph at that time was normal. The patient’s medical history was otherwise remarkable for a remote seizure disorder, migraine headaches, and a 15 pack-yr smoking history without known lung disease. There was no history of fever or chills, weight loss, dyspnoea, sinus complaints, voice change, renal disease, distant travel or other provocative exposures. Examination disclosed a thin female in no distress. She was afebrile with a blood pressure of 130/70 mmHg, pulse of 104 beats·min-1, and respirations of 20 breaths·min-1. Apart from a left mastectomy scar, the examination was unremarkable with normal heart and lungs. There were no skin lesions, enlarged lymph nodes or abnormal neurological findings. Laboratory studies were remarkable for a leukocyte count of 10.2×109 cells·L-1, and normal haematocrit, renal function and serum calcium. Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody testing was negative. An abnormal chest radiograph was obtained (fig. 1⇓). Fig. 1— Chest radiograph showing a) posterior–anterior view and b) lateral view. The …

Waiting to Inhale: The Moral Economy of African Trade

Money Has No Smell: The Africanization of New York City. Paul Stoller. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. 215 pp.. "Africa, whatever it is, is everywhere." So begins a recent review in The New York Times of an exhibition of African art at P.S. 1 Contemporary Arts Center in Queens. "It's far more than just a continent," the review continues. "It's a global diaspora, an international culture, and a metaphor with fantastical associations for the West" (Cotter 2002). This enthusiastic review offers evidence—if any evidence was needed—of the expanding presence and high visibility of Africa in New York City. It also bears witness to a swelling interest among New Yorkers in the arts, fashion, film, music, and cuisine that trace their roots (or is it routes?) to the African continent. Yet, while the products of African cultures have been celebrated and consumed across the city, there has been remarkably little interest in coming to know African people themselves, whose numbers continue to grow rapidly among the ranks of New York's multi-ethnic population. In fact, one could argue, it was not until the widely publicized case in 1999 of Amadou Diallo—an innocent Guinean man gunned down by NYPD officers who incorrectly thought he was armed—that many New Yorkers even took notice of African immigrants living in their midst. Interest in that too has passed. It is curious to note that what has captured the imagination of many New Yorkers is the material culture of Africa which is kept generally behind closed [End Page 381] doors or locked in secure museum cases; while African people, whom New Yorkers see daily walking their streets, driving their cabs, or pressed up against them on a crowded subway car, hold little or no interest. Although it would be possible to never see African art nor sample African food in New York City, it would be nearly impossible to avoid encountering African traders engaged in the bustling mercantile economy of city life: a well-dressed Senegalese hawking "Rolex" watches out of an open briefcase on the corner of 41st and Lexington; a Hausa in flowing damask robes transporting a bag of kente-cloth caps on the Lexington Avenue Line heading uptown; a Guinean art dealer selling replica masks and statues outside the Museum of Modern Art; or a Songhay trader peddling music tapes and videos along Canal Street. But while New Yorkers may see these men (and sometimes women) carrying out their daily activities, and might even on occasion purchase goods from them, African immigrants remain anonymous and unknown. As Paul Stoller writes about one such African trader: "Most people who talked to him at the market knew little about his family, his past, his culture, his values, aspirations, or dreams. Although he worked daily on the streets of New York City, he remained, like Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man, an unseen person" (p.6). Making the invisible visible is certainly one of the goals of Paul Stoller's engaging and insightful new book, Money Has No Smell: The Africanization of New York City. At the very least this book brings to light a community of men and women who blanket New York City, yet somehow remain hidden in its shadows and creases. Of course this is nothing new to anthropology. After all, much of the history of the discipline has been concerned with rescuing from the margins those societies whose cultures and existence were either unfamiliar or misunderstood. In the 1900s, for example, Franz Boas brought back his knowledge of the Kwakiutl to New York City where he wrote and published his massive ethnographies. In the 1920s, Margaret Mead introduced Americans to Samoans through her publications and, later, museum exhibitions. Yet unlike the Kwakiutl and Samoans of these early anthropological endeavors, studying the African traders who are the subject of Stoller's new book does not require distant travel outside of New York...

Movements and foraging areas of grey seals in the North Sea

Summary 1. Grey seals Halichoerus grypus Fab. are large, numerous marine top predators. Fears concerning competition with fisheries have prompted calls for control measures. However, little is known about the areas where grey seals forage or the distances they may travel. 2. The movements of 14 grey seals caught at the Farnes in north‐east England (12) and Abertay in eastern Scotland (2) between August 1991 and July 1993 were investigated using Argos Satellite Relay Data Loggers (SRDLs). A total of 1461 seal days of location and behavioural data (mean 104·3 days per seal) covered all months of the year except February and March. 3. The seal movements were on two geographical scales: long and distant travel (up to 2100 km away); and local, repeated trips from the Farnes, Abertay and other haul‐out sites to discrete offshore areas. 4. Long distance travel included visits to Orkney, Shetland, the Faroes, and far offshore into the Eastern Atlantic and the North Sea. During travel the seals moved at speeds of between 75 and 100 km day–1 (0·87 and 1·16 m s–1). Most of the time, long distance travel was directed to known haul‐out sites. The large distances travelled indicate that grey seals that haul out at the Farnes are not ecologically isolated from those at Orkney, Shetland and the Faroes. 5. In 88% of trips to sea, individual seals returned to the same haul‐out site from which they departed. The durations of these trips were short (mean 2·33 days) and their destinations at sea were often localized areas characterized by a gravel/sand seabed sediment. This is the preferred burrowing habitat of sandeels, an important part of grey seal diet. This, and the fact that dives in these areas were primarily to the seabed, leads us to conclude that these were foraging areas. The limited extents of return‐trips from a haul‐out site (mean 39·8 km) suggest that the direct impact of seal predation may be greater on fisheries within this coastal zone, especially those near seal haul‐out sites, rather than on fisheries further offshore. 6. An average of 43% of all the seals’ time was spent within 10 km of a haul‐out site, although localized foraging areas were identified considerably further offshore. Proximity to a haul‐out may provide safety from predation. Alternatively, these periods may be used for rest or social interaction, or we may be underestimating foraging activity near haul‐out sites. 7. We suggest that the movement patterns observed in this study may persist through time and across the grey seals which haul‐out at the Farnes. We also suggest that a study such as this could be combined with diet studies and haul‐out censuses to map foraging intensity. Such information is an essential component of seal–fishery interaction models, upon which management decisions should be based.

Effects of mood and knowledge on evaluations: An experimental study

An experimental study was conducted to estimate the impact of subjects' mood states on their responses to evaluative ratings. Four experimental groups were induced by either a very negative, mildly negative, neutral or positive mood‐inducing film. As hypothesized, systematic differences were found between the groups in their evaluations. Factual knowledge about the evaluation object was, contrary to expected, not found to modify mood effects. This negative finding could, however, be explained by a strong stereotypical impression of the object (a distant travel destination) held by the respondents.