Distant Periphery Research Articles

Асоціативно-смислове поле слова-стимулу росія під час російсько-української війни

The article traces the peculiarities of the images of the linguistic picture of the world and the value orientations of Ukrainian society. The purpose of the study is to analyze the associative field of the word-stimulus russia in the conditions of the current Russian-Ukrainian war, based on the directed associative experiment method. Achieving the specified goal involves the following tasks: to identify associations for the designation of the stimulus word russia that were used by the survey participants; determine the structure of the associative-semantic field of the russia stimulus word; outline the main thematic groups of the stimulus word russia; to determine quantitative indicators of reactions within the associative field. As a result of the survey conducted among the students of the Lviv Polytechnic National University, 685 word-reactions to the russia stimulus word were found and the frequency of the associates use in the core (49%), near (30%) and distant periphery (21%) was determined. The core of the associative field contains the most relevant and stereotyped concepts of the mental lexicon: enemy 78, aggressor 54, swamp 51, bottom 32, rasha (rashka) 18, murderer 16, occupier 14, parasha (parashka) 13, invader 12, moskoviia 12, evil 11, mordor 11, hatred 11. Most of the detected associates have negative meaning, which is the evidence of the disdainful attitude of the informants towards the aggressor country. We can consider only the reactions country, brothers, neighbor, silence to be neutral in meaning. Among the associates, a significant number of expressively marked names was recorded, which indicates the dominance of the emotional level of images of consciousness over the mental one, as well as the maintenance of a certain balance between the objective (logical-conceptual) and subjective (value-motivational) images of consciousness of the speakers. The presence of a significant amount of invective vocabulary among the associates is caused, in our opinion, firstly, by the opportunity to freely express themselves because the questionnaire was anonymous, and, secondly, by negative feelings caused by the word-stimulus. The experimental material confirmed that the generalized perception of Russia after the full-scale invasion of Ukraine shifted from neutral to threatening, and the specific perception made it possible to perceive russia as a real enemy participating in hostilities against our country.

Concept of NORTH in Artistic Worldview of Chukotka Poet Victor Keulkut

This research aims to model the concept of the North in Victor Keulkut’s artistic worldview as part of the conceptual sphere of Arctic discourse. The authors of the article analyzed the poems of this Chukotka author. The study of artistic concepts enables the identification of the influence of cultural context on the perception of creative individuals. The relevance of this study lies in its inclusion in the paradigm of cognitive-linguistic research. The concept under investigation belongs to the category of discourse-forming concepts. The continuous sampling method was used to select 540 lexical markers, which were then distributed into nine lexical-semantic thematic groups (LSTG): ‘Industry’ (187 markers), ‘Cold’ (103), ‘Fauna’ (77), ‘Landscape’ (42), ‘Climate’ (42), ‘Sea’ (32), ‘House’ (27), ‘Tundra’ (18), and ‘Flora’ (12). The distribution of markers in LSTG was based on criteria of semantic and thematic similarity. Based on the study, a model of the artistic concept of the North in Victor Keulkut’s poetry was constructed, with the core formed by the LSTG ‘Industry’ (187 markers), the near-nuclear zone containing LSTG ‘Cold’ (103 markers), and the close periphery containing LSTG ‘Fauna’, ‘Landscape’, and ‘Climate’, while the distant periphery was represented by LSTG ‘Sea’, ‘House’, and ‘Tundra’. In analyzing the structure of the concept of the North, a specific component unique to northern linguistic culture was identified, called ‘nordicity’, expressing the idea of northern identity.

Factors Associated with Using Telemedicine in the Primary Care Clinics during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Israel.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic generated an extraordinary need for telemedicine. Objective: To identify the factors and multi-way interactions associated with telemedicine use in primary healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This population-based study included all members (2,722,773) aged ≥18 years of the largest healthcare organization in Israel who used primary care clinic services between 1 March 2020 and 31 December 2021. Individuals were classified as telemedicine users (≥1 phone/video visits or asynchronous encounters) or non-telemedicine users (only in-person encounter/s). Results: Ethnicity was the most discriminative variable associated with telemedicine use, with 85% and 52% users among Jews and Arabs, respectively. Higher odds for telemedicine utilization were observed among women, residents of urban areas, those confined to home, individuals with high level of technology literacy, residents of the central area (in Jews only), young Jews, and older Arabs. Based on decision tree analysis, the segments of the population with the lowest telemedicine use were characterized by lower primary care needs and comorbidities, as well as low technology literacy. The proportion of telemedicine use in these groups was 56% and 27% in Jews and in Arabs, respectively. Conclusion: A proactive intervention program should be applied among populations who are less likely to use telemedicine in the primary care clinics, including Arabs, Jews who live in the distant periphery, and individuals with low technology literacy.

Access to high-speed rail and land prices in China's peripheral regions

This paper examines how transport access affects the land values in peripheral regions, by exploiting the recent expansion of China's high-speed rail (HSR) network. Based on a nation-wide land transaction dataset and applying a DID-hedonic approach, we find that industrial parcels in distant peripheries benefit from the HSR-induced growth spillover, while residential parcels in the immediate vicinity of a high-tier core experience larger price appreciation after HSR connection. Based on comprehensive firm-level datasets, additional tests of the HSR impact on the location choice and performance of firms in peripheral regions show much similar patterns. These findings add to the understanding of the impact of HSR on the spatial distribution of economic activity. By accelerating the growth spillovers from the highly agglomerated urban core to remote peripheries, transport access can play an essential role in reducing spatial inequality. By contrast, peripheries neighboring highly agglomerated urban cores may benefit more from the relocation of residents from urban core, at the expense of a shrinking manufacturing sector due to agglomeration shadow effect.

Demogaphic changes and migration in LAU 2 regions of Lithuania in 2001-2018

Depopulation processes started to intensify in Lithuanian peripheral areas in 2004, when Lithuania joined the EU, and increasing emigration was the main factor behind these processes. This paper analyses the main differences between migration processes at LAU 2 level in 2001 and 2018 in relation to the changing demographic structure of the population inside the country. Analysis of data revealed that migration processes played little role in the redistribution of the population at the beginning of the century; however, the intensification of migration at the end of the 2010s resulted in redistribution of Lithuanian residents towards major metropolitan regions. A rapid increase in the share of residents in three metropolitan regions was followed by a decrease in the population in distant peripheries. A decrease in the size of the population was also followed by ageing processes in those areas.

Light intensity distribution in images from rigid endoscopes used in minimal access sinus surgery.

Objectives/HypothesisTo investigate the pattern of intensity levels in images generated by the two most commonly used rigid endoscopes angulations in sinus surgery: 0° and 30°.MethodsAn enclosed light box containing an optical square grid, under endoscope illumination set just below saturation level, was used for measuring light distribution levels across test images. Endoscopes with 0° and 30° angulations were tested at 10 mm from the grid, typical for sinus surgery. The grid was set perpendicular to the axis of the shaft of the endoscope. The grayscale light intensity (GLI) levels (0 = black, 255 = white) in each of the grid squares were quantified from the digitized images.ResultsLight intensity was highly non‐uniform for both endoscopes. The brightest area of the field of view was at the center for the 0° endoscope and at about 20% of the image diameter proximally from the center for the 30° endoscope. For the 0° endoscope with a maximum value of about 230 GLI (90% of white saturation) at the center the minimum value was about 100 GLI at the periphery. The 30° endoscope with a similar maximum GLI value of 226 had a minimum of under 50 GLI at the most distant periphery, too dark for clear grid line definition.ConclusionThere are wide variations in light intensity across the image circle and much reduced illumination of the field edge. Surgeons should be aware of this fact so that accommodation can be made when surgical manipulation is performed away from the center of the endoscope field. This is especially relevant in angled cavities such as the frontal sinus recess, where the degree of angulation necessitates “edge of field” surgery.

Inscriptions without boundaries: how action at a distance is enabled on social media

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the role of inscriptions on social media in enabling action at a distance. The purpose is addressed by investigating how and by what mechanisms inscriptions on social media can shape action at a distance.Design/methodology/approachWe conduct a qualitative analysis of the Facebook page of a crowdfunded grassroots initiative, where the founders and their stakeholders interact.FindingsWe identify two mechanisms by which inscriptions on social media can shape action at a distance: a flow of micro-level inscriptions and a joint stabilisation of inscriptions. By signalling achievement, creating a sense of closeness and highlighting powerful explanations, these mechanisms guide what action at a distance is taken and by whom. Action thereby becomes a mutual exercise between centres of calculation and distant peripheries, highly intertwined with the stability of inscriptions. The two mechanisms indicate the importance of the boundaryless nature of the inscriptions in shaping action at a distance.Originality/valueOur findings indicate new forms of inscriptions and, consequently, of novel conditions for action at a distance. These insights add to the literature on Web 2.0 and accounting, which has mainly revolved around the relationship between centres of calculation and distant peripheries that act upon each other rather than around the inscriptions that enable such action.

Do Our Universities Need Philosophy?

Without any allusion to the times when philosophy was an intellectual dominant of university education, there is no way to consider the present stage of philosophy in universities satisfying. It is supplanted to a distant periphery at a modern university and ends up in a deep shadow of science. As it is demonstrated in the article, such a situation results from misunder standing of the essence and perspective of philosophical knowledge, as well as from the dominant position of science in modern culture. Philosophy is a reflection and a “philosophizing”; as it was determined by M. Heidegger, it is an individual’s and cultural identity. As such, it appears as the main form of subject’s identification and adaptation to the changes taking place in the scientific knowledge and in the world in general.

THE SEMANTIC CATEGORY OF ANOMALY IN THE NOVEL “THE MAN WHO MISTOOK HIS WIFE FOR A HAT” BY OLIVER SACKS

Purpose of the study: This research was conducted with the aim of considering the linguistic means of expressing the core of the semantic field (SF) of the mental component of the category of an anomaly in the literary work “The man who mistook his wife for a hat” by Oliver Sacks in the English language.
 Methodology: The method of conceptual analysis of the means of expressing the core of the SF of the mental component of the category of the anomaly was used. Lexical units were also analyzed from the point of view of a method of analysis of vocabulary definitions and a contextual method.
 Main Findings: The category of an anomaly in the novel under study includes mental and physiological components. This mental unit is a semantic field with a core, near and distant peripheries. The core of the SF of the mental component within the novel under study includes lexical units representing neutral bookish style and medical terms in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases.
 Applications of this study: The results of this paper will be helpful for lecturers of cognitive linguistics, lexicology, lexicography, stylistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, country study. The information given in this article can be useful for the preparation and correction of the information about lexical units in the dictionaries or it can function as a basis for further analysis and creation of special corpora.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: The linguistic means of expressing the SF of the mental component of the category of an anomaly in this novel were analyzed in terms of cognitive linguistics and lexicography. Lexemes and collocations in a special context reflecting different sides of the mental anomaly from the point of medicine in English were considered.

Spatial shrinking and polarization of rural space in the Republic of Tatarstan in the context of population depopulation

The article analyzes the directions and intensity of rural population depopulation from the standpoint of its influence on the transformation of settlement in the Republic of Tatarstan from the 1970s to the present. Three periods of changes in the distribution of the rural population were identified: soviet (1970–1991), de-urbanization (1991–2000) and suburbanization (weakly expressed in the 2000s and clearly pronounced since the 2010s). The first period under consideration fell on the peak of the decline in the rural population, but the pole near the regional center depopulated less intensively than the distant periphery. The de-urbanization period did not have clear territorial trends in changes in the number of inhabitants. In the 2010s. There is a steady increase in the population in the areas of neighbors of the largest cities of the republic. A more detailed study showed that this increase is largely associated with the settlement of urban-type residential complexes. 1970 to 2019 the share of rural residents living in areas bordering the city of Kazan and Naberezhnye Chelny increased from 15.1 to 25%. Similar polarization processes are taking place at the municipal level. The period considered from 2002 to 2019 showed the process of increasing the share of the population of the administrative center from the total population of the district. In more than half of the cases, this process took place due to population growth in the centers of municipalities and the decline of the rest of the population. The population in other municipalities decreased in the administrative centers less intensively than outside them.

ВЕРБАЛИЗАЦИЯ КОНЦЕПТА FAMILY В РОМАНЕ ДЖЕЙН ОСТИН «ДОВОДЫ РАССУДКА»

The article is devoted to analysing the peculiarities of FAMILY concept verbalization in the novel “Persuasion” by the British authoress Jane Austen. The paper aims to identify the whole amount of the English lexical units participating in the verbalization of FAMILY concept in Jane Austen’s novel “Persuasion”. The originality of the study lies in the fact that the authors for the first time provide a detailed analysis of the linguistic means realizing FAMILY concept in Jane Austen’s novel, examine its structural field. The findings indicate that the English family of the mentioned epoch played the key role in a human’s life and had patriarchal nature, because the nucleus of the structural field is the lexeme “father” and near and distant peripheries are represented by the lexemes denoting family members and servants.

Inferring Road Networks and Socio-Political Change through Elite Monuments of the Golconda Kingdom

In the study of medieval and early modern South Asia, archaeologists, historians, and art historians have studied selected monuments in depth or surveyed regions for monumental ruins and other features, but have less commonly studied their datasets as a group to infer processes of socio-political change. Using the example of the Golconda kingdom of India’s Deccan plateau, this study describes the evidence of the kingdom’s physical presence across a wide area, and shows how by combining the distribution across space with evidence of changes over time, aspects of the kingdom’s socio-political evolution can be inferred, from the development of the capital to the kingdom’s changing relationship with its more distant peripheries. Some overlooked monuments, when placed in this context, critically suggest the early formative stages of central political authority; others point to a growing culture of elite wealth, patronage, and competition during the era of increased international trade.

ЗАСОБИ ІНТЕНСИФІКАЦІЇ ЕМОТИВНОГО КЛАСУ СЛІВ

The article is devoted to the study of linguistic means of realizing pejoration in the novels by S. Mayer. The topicality of the study is caused by scholarly necessity and importance of studying pejoration from anthropocentric viewpoint, since this vocabulary is rapidly developing and requires analysis and research from different positions. Moreover, the emotive component and the evaluative category in pejoratives have been insufficiently studied. The following definition of pejoratives has been put forward: they are lexemes that have negative, emotionally loaded expressive evaluation and create preconditions for the achievement of an illocutionary goal. They belong to the low style, have a synonym in neutral vocabulary register, have denotative and connotative components of meaning, are prone to change the sign of evaluation, in terms of hybrid semantics have both truth-conditional and use-conditional components and are contextually preconditioned. Vocabulary, the pejorative meaning of which is denotatively registered in lexicographic sources is determined as absolute. Pejoratives, whose meaning is not lexicographically registered, are classified as relative. Semantic field of pejorative vocabulary corpus consists of the nucleus, close and distant periphery. All means of distant periphery serve as intensifiers of pejorative meaning. On the semantic level pejoratives may function as a metaphor, epithet, oxymoron, hyperbole, litote, metonymy, simile, irony and sarcasm. On the syntactic level pejorative vocabulary is integrated into interrogative constructions, inversions, syntactic reductions, stylistic repetitions, antithesis, and word-play. The degree of expressiveness of pejorative meaning has been estimated by means of Likert scale, and it includes the following items: punctuation, semantic and stylistic means, syntactic and stylistic means, graphic symbols, nonce-words and adj/adv + n structure. Pragmatic analysis has yielded the following result: pejoratives are potentially manipulative linguistic means.

Innocent III et la violence dans le Midi. Entre justice et miséricorde

Innocent III and violence in the south of France. Between justice and mercy. The attitude of Innocent III towards violence in the south of France is examined, starting with his letters and sermons, which show the principal scriptural models to which is referred his management of events occurring in a distant periphery and controlled with difficulty through the legates, with a return to the beginnings, seeking to limit anachronistic temptations. For him, analysis is theological, and his discourse knows only violence, which, multiform in nature, strikes the Church. All the rest is riposte, justified by the establishment of Church law of which he has charge. Thus he perceives private wars as obstacles to holy war against the Saracens, and he often reacts blow by blow to events transmitted to him by the legates. Without ever forgetting the Holy Land, he develops his action in the frame of his own comprehension as lieutenant of Christ the Judge, and as faithful steward preparing the return of the Master. As regards his unmanageable interlocutors, he has recourse repeatedly to the parables of the sterile tree and of the Samaritan in order to illustrate his policy, between justice and mercy, notably towards Raymond VI of Toulouse.

ПСИХОЛИНГВИСТИЧЕСКОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ КОНЦЕПТА «МОРАЛЬ»

Мета статті: У статті представлені результати вільного асоціативного експерименту, спрямованого на вивчення вербалізуваного концепту «мораль» в повсякденній мовній свідомості. Методи і вибірка: Вибірку склали 524 осіб, носіїв російської та української мов (15-67 років) в рівному співвідношенні чоловічої і жіночої статі. У статті наводиться аналіз частот першої реакції на слово-стимул віра і п'яти реакцій разом, наведені результати кластеризації високочастотних асоціацій. Психолінгвістичне значення концепту моралі розглядалося нами як впорядкована єдність всіх семантичних компонентів лексеми «мораль», реально пов'язаних з даною звуковою оболонкою в свідомості носіїв російської та української мови. Результати: У дослідженні показано, що концепт «віра» виражається в асоціаціях «правила», «совість», «чесність», «принципи», «закон», «правда», «справедливість». Результати експерименту дозволяють стверджувати, що асоціативне поле концепту «мораль» представлено морально-етичними семами, відбитими в периферійних психолінгвистичних значеннях. Висновки: В цілому отримані нами результати знаходять своє підтвердження в роботах як зарубіжних, так і вітчизняних вчених, присвячених аналізу та опису концепту «мораль», який характеризується кількома семантичними рівнями, амбівалентністю, високочастотними асоціатами теологічної і морально-етичної семантики, наявністю метафоричних і емотивних значень. Ключові слова: мораль, концепт, психолінгвістичний експеримент, вільний асоціативний експеримент, мовна свідомість. The Aim of the study: The article presents the results of a free associative experiment aimed at studying the verbalized concept of «morality» in the ordinary linguistic consciousness. Methodology: The sample consisted of 524 people, speakers both of Russian and Ukrainian languages (15-67 years old) in an equal ratio of male and female. The article provides an analysis of the frequencies of the first reaction to the word-stimulus «morality» and the five reactions together, and the results of the clustering of high-frequency associations. The psycholinguistic meaning of the concept of was considered by us as an ordered unity of all the semantic components of the lexeme “morality”, which are really connected with this sound form in the consciousness of the speakers of the Russian and Ukrainian languages. Results: The study shows that the concept of faith is expressed in the associations of rules, conscience, honesty, principles, law, truth, justice. The verbalized concept of morality in the ordinary language consciousness is expressed in connection with the associates of the near (the rule) and the distant periphery (conscience, honesty, principle, behavior, fable, Truth, conclusion, man, value). The results of the experiment allow us to assert that the associative field of the concept morality is represented by moral and ethical semes reflected in peripheral psycholinguistic meanings. Conclusions: In general, our results are confirmed in the works of both foreign and domestic scientists devoted to the analysis and description of the concept of «morality», which is characterized by several semantic levels, ambivalence, high-frequency associates of theological and moral semantics, the presence of metaphorical and emotive values. Keywords: morality, concept, psycholinguistic experiment, free associative experiment, linguistic consciousness.

НОМІНАТИВНЕ ПОЛЕ СУБКОНЦЕПТУ SANITAS В ЛАТИНСЬКІЙ МОВІ

The article is devoted to the investigation of the nominative field of the subconcept SANITAS in the Latin language, which has a complex character due to the integration in its structure lexical field, phraseological field and synonymic sets. The essence of the nominative field in the system of language has been analyzed with regard to the specifics of nominative units – its verbalizers; kernel and prekernel zones, near and far peripheries have been defined; the means of microfields verbalization of the prekernel zone of subconcept SANITAS as well as the list of lingual units verbalizing the concept HEALTH have been investigated. It has been defined that nominative field structure of the HEALTH concept is represented as core and pre-core zones consisting of some microfields as well as close and distant peripheries of SALUS, SANITAS, VALETUDO subconcepts. The semantic field of the SANITAS subconcept has been built up due to the principle of semantic proximity / difference basing on the integral seme and frequency of acquiring certain meanings by the concepts’ names. It has been defined that the SALUS, SANITAS, VALETUDO subconcepts share the common slots «being (somatically and/or mentally) healthy» and «providing somatic and/or mental health». It has also been emphasized that the SANITAS subconcept substantially integrated the semes of HEALTH concept that led to its dominant role in nominating both somatic and mental health states in the lingual world model of the ancient Romans, while the sanitas lexeme and co-root words appear to be the fundamental means that verbalize the HEALTH concept in the Latin language. Therefore, the article contributes to the development of the theoretical principles of ancient languages concepts’ research as well as to the development of cognitive linguistics, linguistic culturology, axiological linguistics, etc. It enables to find out the specific dimensions of ancient Romans’ mode of thinking and their world outlook.

Nuances of development contexts for ICT4D research in least developed countries: An empirical investigation in Haiti

While technology and internet has a riveting presence for most in the urban settings and developed areas, it remains at a distant periphery for many in the under-served pockets of the world. To link the appropriation of ICT for development (ICT4D) in least developed countries (LDCs) and its achievement of the development goals, we propose a citizen-centric capacity development (CCD) framework. We use the framework to guide the design, implementation, and evaluation of ICT for education (ICTE) artifacts in Haiti. To understand the contextual factors influencing participant’s intentions to use ITCE, we develop an integrated theoretical model that draws upon a popular information systems (IS) theory (UTAUT) and a behavior change model (HBM) from the public health domain. Data from 222 users is used to assess individual perceptions of ICTE benefits and barriers, and personal motivations to use ICTE. Compared to UTAUT, the results of our model better explain variations in behavior intentions of ICTE use. For practitioners, the study offers insights on what drives ICT use in LDCs. For researchers, the study generates discussion on the importance of understanding interdependencies between technology and development context. We argue that understanding these interdependencies are crucial if ICT4D interventions are to be meaningful and impactful.

The Midwest and Early American History

The Midwest and Early American History Donald R. Hickey David Preston, Braddock’s Defeat: The Battle of the Monongahela and the Read to Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. 460pp. $29.95. Colin Calloway, The Victory with No Name: The Native American Defeat of the First American Army. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. 214pp. $24.95. [End Page 147] Patrick Bottiger, The Borderland of Fear: Vincennes, Prophetstown, and the Invasion of the Miami Homeland. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2016. 244pp. $50.00. Mary Elise Antoine, The War of 1812 in Wisconsin: The Battle for Prairie du Chien. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2016. 287pp. $29.95. David Andrew Nichols, Engines of Diplomacy: Indian Trading Factories and the Negotiation of American Expansion. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. 254pp. $32.95. John Reda, From Furs to Farms: The Transformation of the Mississippi Valley, 1762–1825. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2016. 201pp. $38.00. Peter Shrake, The Silver Man: The Life and Times of Indian Agent John Kinzie. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2016. 165pp. $14.95. Gregory Evans Dowd, Groundless: Rumors, Legends, and Hoaxes on the Early American Frontier. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015. 391pp. $34.95. Scholarly interest in the history of the Midwest originated in the late nineteenth century, stimulated in part by the enormous influence of Frederick Jackson’s Turner’s seminal paper, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” which he delivered in 1893 at the annual conference of the American Historical Association in Chicago. “The true point of view in the history of this nation,” he said in that paper, “is not the Atlantic coast, it is the great West.” Turner’s call coincided roughly with the publication of Theodore Roosevelt’s popular 4-volume work, The Winning of the West (1889–96), which was devoted almost entirely to the Trans-Appalachian West and especially the Midwest. Turner’s pronouncement was followed by the proliferation of PhD programs at midwestern universities, where faculty and students, using readily accessible local sources, produced a growing body of monographs exploring the local, state, and sectional history of the region. Most of these works are still serviceable today. Of special note are two broad studies of the Old Northwest that represent a kind of culmination of this phase of the [End Page 148] historiography: Beverly W. Bond Jr., The Civilization of the Old Northwest: A Study of Political, Economic, and Social Development, 1788–1812 (1934), which makes good use of contemporary newspapers; and R. Carlyle Buley, The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period, 1815–1840 (two volumes, 1950), which is full of valuable information. Seeking a greater voice in the profession, historians in the region in 1914 established an association that produced a journal, the Mississippi Valley Historical Journal. Although the field of midwestern history was well-established by World War II, thereafter it went into eclipse. The huge growth of graduate programs in other parts of the nation, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, coupled with the emergence of new fields of study, pushed midwestern history into the background. In truth, the elite schools in the East had never lost their dominant position nor their interest in eastern history. Students of colonial and early national America who practiced the newer forms of history—quantitative history in the 1970s and the history of race, class, ethnicity, and gender more recently—have had no trouble finding congenial topics in the East. Reflecting these changes, the Mississippi Valley Historical Review in 1964 was retitled the Journal of American History. Recently, midwestern history has enjoyed something of a revival. One reason is a growing belief that events in the West shaped broader government decisions. As François Furstenberg has put it, “rather than imperial capitals imposing their will on the populations of distant peripheries, the actors on those peripheries impose their will on policymakers in the center” (Furstenberg, “The Significance of the Trans-Appalachian Frontier in Atlantic History,” American Historical Review 113 [June 2008], 653). Some of the credit for this revival must also go to historian Jon Lauck. An indefatigable advocate of the history of the Midwest, Lauck is the author of several books on the...

The Semantic Field of Physical Constituent within Deviation Category in English

Objectives: This article deals with the semantic field of biological part of physical aspect within deviation category. Methods/Analysis: All the information about the language expression means is classified in accordance with the elements distinguished in the semantic field of the above mentioned mental unit. The biological component of physical origin is presented as the semantic field with the core, near periphery and distant periphery. Findings: The core of this constituent is formed by means of special medical terms describing illnesses. This part includes the list of the official names of medical terms that are classified by WHO, the terms that belong to the neutral-bookish style class of words denoting some physical ailments, the third component of the core includes the words that are considered as the words meaning the physical aberrations and they are of neutral-bookish style too. The near periphery of physical component stands as the semantic frame with the words denoting informal style, the distant periphery is occupied by the words that are used as the euphemisms in the language. On the basis of this research the new Concise English-Russian Dictionary of Biological Deviations that includes mental and physical ailments and all the words of semantic domain within deviation has been published. Novelty/Improvement: The author uses two new terms “border-line word” and “trans-segment word” to denote some linguistic peculiarities of the words functioning in several frames of the mental unit.

Pharmacological inhibitors of c-KIT block mutant c-KIT mediated migration of melanocytes and melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo.

Mutations in the receptor tyrosine kinase c-KIT (KIT) are frequent oncogenic alterations in melanoma and are predominantly detected in tumors of acral, mucosal, and chronically sun-damaged skin. Research indicates that melanocytes with aberrant KIT signaling can be found in the distant periphery of the primary tumor; However, it is hitherto unknown whether KIT might confer a migratory advantage, thereby enabling genetically abnormal cells to populate a distal area. In this study, we investigated the role of mutant KIT in melanocyte- and melanoma cell migration using KIT mutant lines as well as genetically manipulated murine and primary human melanocytes. Our results revealed that melanocytes, stably transduced with mutant KIT closed a gap inflicted on cell monolayers faster than wild-type controls. Similarly, KIT mutant human melanoma lines were able to populate a larger area in a 3D in vitro skin model compared to KIT wild type and BRAF mutant lines. Genomic profiling revealed that genes associated with increased cell-dispersal of KIT mutant variants were linked to a statistically significant up-regulation of 60 migratory genes (z-score 1.334; p=0.0001). In addition, in vivo experiments harnessing a mouse xenograft model of early melanoma development demonstrated rapid lateral migration of KIT mutant cells compared to respective controls. The specific kinase inhibitors imatinib and nilotinib, could abrogate this migratory advantage in vitro and in vivo. Our work suggests that KIT inhibition might help to target migratory active, KIT mutant melanoma cells, thus representing a potential strategy to reduce spread and local recurrence.