Directional Distance Research Articles

A good medicine tastes bitter: Environmental regulation that shapes China's green productivity

This study scrutinizes the effect of the Sewage Charges System (SCS) reform on the green total factor productivity (GTFP) across China's provinces. Employing the global Luenberger productivity indicator based on a non-radial directional distance function, we observe an upward trend in China's GTFP during the study period. However, the SCS reform precipitates a contraction in the GTFP, particularly pronounced in low-income and resource-based provinces of China. Empirical findings withstand a battery of robustness checks of self-selection and placebo tests. Further mechanistic tests suggest that the SCS reform influences the GTFP by escalating pollution treatment costs, curtailing R&D investment, and undermining the quality of green innovation via crowding-out effects. Overall, the SCS reform is effective in curbing SO2 emissions, but it reduces economic efficiency. Therefore, how to synergize emission reduction and economic growth is an important issue to be addressed in the area of environmental policy design in China.

Boundary-oriented optimization of semi-rigid connections in steel frames using BNSGA

In recent decades, scholars have focused their research on optimizing semi-rigid frame structures. However, in most studies, semi-rigid connections are commonly treated as design variables without undergoing optimization during their construction phase. Considering that connection design encompasses multiple parameters, incorporating these design parameters as structural optimization variables could exponentially expand the search domain. To address the abovementioned issues, this study introduces a pre-optimization method for semi-rigid connections based on the boundary-oriented non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (BNSGA). By adopting the Eurocode 3 (EC3) component method to calculate the moment-rotation curve of connections and utilizing cost as the objective function, the distribution of connection boundary surfaces in the initial stiffness-bearing capacity-lowest cost objective space is determined using the BNSGA. Through the maximum direct distance strategy (MDDS), typical connection points are selected from the fitting points on the boundary surface based on construction parameters and performance metrics. The effectiveness of this approach in generating a connection database is further validated by analyzing two structural optimization examples.

Marine fishery carbon emission reduction and changing factors behind marine fishery eco-efficiency growth in China

The accurate assessment of marine fisheries' carbon emissions (MFCE) and the identification of spatial and temporal variation in marine fisheries eco-efficiency (MFEE) and its drivers under the carbon emission reduction constraint can facilitate high-quality development and the achievement of the ‘carbon neutrality’ goal. Current assessments of MFEE exclude carbon emissions and focus on single-factor methodologies, which limit their utility in guiding emission reduction strategies. In this study, using provincial data on carbon emissions from marine fisheries from 2008 to 2021, we constructed a model of undesired output emission efficiency through a directional distance function to determine the undesired output emission reduction potential of each province. The global Malmquist–Luenberger (GML) model was also used to explore the spatial and temporal trends of MFCE and MFEE in China and the drivers influencing MFEE growth. Different mechanisms underlying the MFEE growth in three major marine economic zones were investigated. The results show that (1) MFCE is declining, with carbon sources from marine fisheries showing a decline and carbon sinks showing rapid growth. The year 2015 was an important turning point for carbon emissions from marine fisheries. (2) The level of carbon emission potential of marine fisheries differed among Chinese coastal provinces and cities during the study period, and the three major marine economic circles belonged to different types of carbon emission reduction potential. Under the carbon emission reduction constraint, the MFEE values showed a fluctuating upward trend with significant differences in growth rates and power sources, while pure technical efficiency drove the optimal development of eco-efficiency. (3) The marine economy, resource use, industrial structure, environmental regulation, and science and technology improve MFEE, whereas the degree of openness to the outside world negatively impacts MFEE; the trend of high-quality development of marine fisheries under the carbon emission reduction constraint is positive.

The Spread Distance of Local Anesthetics in the Rectus Sheath Block in Children Aged 0-8 Years: A Retrospective Study.

Background The spread distance of local anesthetic (LA) in the rectus sheath block (RSB) should cover the planned surgical incision. However, there is limited data regarding the spread distance that can be covered by a certain volume in children. In this study, we aimed to investigate the spread distance of a particular volume of LA from a single injection point. Methodology This study included children aged 0-8 years (n = 41) who underwent umbilical or epigastric hernia repair, laparoscopic surgery, and surgeries via small midline incisions. The spread distances, which were measured via ultrasound guidance immediately after the block to ensure coverage of the entire planned surgical incision, were obtained from prospectively collected data about RSB. The spread distances in the craniocaudal direction on the right and left sides were compared and assessed for correlations with age, weight, LA volume, and sex. The need for a supplemental dose of LA in case of an incision exceeding the spread distance was also obtained from the records. Results The spread distances in the cranial and caudal directions from the injection point were 3.28 ± 1.04 cm and 3.74 ± 1.35 cm on the right (p = 0.066) and 3.44 ± 1.02 cm and 3.44 ± 1.33 cm on the left (p > 0.999), respectively. The total spread distances in the craniocaudal direction on the right and left were 5.55 ± 0.95 cm and 5.72 ± 1.28 cm in patients aged 0-2 years and 7.25 ± 1.92 cm and 7.39 ± 1.81 cm in patients aged at 2-8 years, respectively. The increase in the spread distance correlated with age, weight, and LA volume. None of the patients required a supplemental dose of LA, as the single-point injections covered the planned surgical incisions in all patients. Conclusions Similar spread distances in the cranial and caudal directions from a single injection point can be obtained with 0.5 mL/kg of the LA in 0-8-year-old children. The total spread distance in the craniocaudal direction was approximately 5 cm and 7 cm in children aged 0-2 years and 2-8 years, respectively.

The wireless communications systems in subterahertz frequency range

Background. The subterahertz and terahertz frequency ranges are very promising for development of high speed wireless communications systems because of possibility to get the bandwidth about some tens of GHz, which provides the high channel capacity. However fast signal attenuation at its propagation in atmosphere complicate the operation of communications systems in these ranges.
 Aim. Use of fixed narrow-beam antennas with high antenna power gain allows to provide the direct surface communications distance to some kilometers. The communications distance limitation can be partially removed decreasing the frequency down to 200 GHz and narrowing the channel bandwidth down to some GHz.
 Methods.The model of transmitter-receiver system (200-220 GHz) based of modern semiconductor devices is described in the manuscript. Results. The possibility of digital signals transmission with speed up to 1 Gbit/s at the distance of 1 km is experimentally shown.
 Conclusion. According to calculations the output power of transmitter about some hundreds mW is enough for data transmission at the distance up to 1.5 km with antenna power gain of no less than 50 dB.

The sex effect on balance control while standing on vestibular-demanding tasks with/without vestibular simulations: implication for sensorimotor training for future space missions.

Background: Anatomical differences between sexes in the vestibular system have been reported. It has also been demonstrated that there is a sex difference in balance control while standing on vestibular-demanding tasks. In 2024, NASA expects to send the first female to the Moon. Therefore, to extend the current knowledge, this study attempted to examine whether different sexes respond differently to vestibular-disrupted and vestibular-demanding environments. Method: A total of fifteen males and fifteen females participated in this study. The vestibular function was quantified through different SOT conditions (SOT1: baseline; SOT5: vestibular demanding by standing with blindfolded and sway reference surface). The vestibular stimulation (VS) was applied either unilaterally or bilaterally to vestibular system to induce the sensory-conflicted and challenging tasks. Thus, a total of 6 conditions (2 SOT conditions X 3 VSs: no-VS, unilateral VS, and bilateral VS) were randomly given to these participants. Three approaches can be quantified the balance control: 1) the performance ratio (PR) of center of gravity trajectories (CoG), 2) the sample entropy measure (SampEn) of CoG, and 3) the total traveling distance of CoG. A mixed three-way repeated ANOVA measure was used to determine the interaction among the sex effect, the effect of SOT, and the effect of VS on balance control. Results: A significant sex effect on balance control was found in the PR of CoG in the anterior-posterior (AP) direction (p = 0.026) and in the SampEn of CoG in both AP and medial-lateral (ML) directions (p = 0.025, p < 0.001, respectively). Also, a significant interaction among the sex effect, the effect of SOT, and the effect of VS on balance control was observed in PR of CoG in the ML direction (p < 0.001), SampEn of CoG in the AP and ML directions (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, respectively), and a traveling distance in AP direction (p = 0.041). Conclusion: The findings in the present study clearly revealed the necessity to take sex effect into consideration while standing in vestibular-perturbed or/and vestibular demanding tasks. Also, the results in the present study could be a fundamental reference for future sensorimotor training.

Environmental performance evaluation of electric enterprises during a power crisis: Evidence from DEA methods and AI prediction algorithms

With the continuous occurrence of power crisis events worldwide, meeting society's demand for electricity has kept coal-fired power generation high, which leads to a large amount of carbon dioxide emissions and environmental pollution problems. Therefore, improving the environmental performance of thermal power plants under the background of a power crisis has become particularly important. This research provides a new path for production optimization and environmental performance improvement of electric power enterprises from the perspective of combining prediction algorithms and DEA methods. We apply the modified non-radial directional distance function (MNDDF) method to a set of panel data containing 16 different cogeneration units and 27 different periods in eastern China and construct the grey prediction model to predict the future environmental performance of these units. Empirical analysis shows that our model has high prediction accuracy and offers a reasonable basis for future production decision-making adjustments for electric power enterprises. Based on the results herein, we present valuable suggestions for thermal power plants to improve their environmental performance during a power market crisis, including optimizing resource utilization, improving management level and operating conditions, strengthening technological innovation, and enhancing production factor allocation.

Evaluation for the effect of low-carbon city pilot policy: evidence from industry in China.

The investigation of the implementation effect of the low-carbon city pilot (LCCP) policy in promoting industrial low-carbon development is important for economic growth and carbon reduction in China. This paper takes the industry sector as an independent investigation object, and aims to examine the effectiveness of the policy in improving industrial low-carbon development. The industrial total factor carbon emission efficiency index (ITFCEE) is constructed to measure the level of industrial low-carbon development by the global frontier directional distance function. From the perspective of the multiple participants of the policy, we analyze the mechanisms of the policy, and construct the time-varying difference-in-difference model to test how LCCP policy impacts the ITFCEE. We conclude that (1) LCCP policy improves significantly the ITFCEE. (2) Heterogeneity analysis results show that the positive influence of LCCP policy is significant in cities with high industrial carbon emission intensity, high industrial structure upgrading, and high government expenditure. (3) The result of the mechanism analysis is that LCCP policy can benefit the ITFCEE by promoting enterprise green technology innovation, public environment concern, government technology support, and administrative regulation.

Impact of Irrigation Dams on Fish Diversity of Budhikhola in Bardiya, Lumbini Province of Nepal

This extensive study describes the current status of freshwater fish diversity in the Budhikhola which is an important branch of the Karnali River that runs through the western region of the Bardiya district covering about 30 km distance in the north-south direction. To examine the effects of irrigation dams on habitat modification and fish variety, fish were collected from the entire Budhikhola stretch, with four sampling stations established depending on habitat structure. The freshwater system of the Budhikhola harbors a diverse and ecologically complex fish community comprising 41 species from 6 orders and 13 families. The dominance of the Cyprinidae family, represented by Barilius barna, Chanda nama, Chagunius chagunio, etc., highlights its ecological significance. On the other hand, the loss of important fish species is proof that the building of irrigation dams has had significant ecological effects. Human-induced hazards such as damming and overexploitation, have adversely impacted the river environment, resulting in reduced water depth, habitat structure changes, and restricted nutrient flow. The majority of the riverbed had been observed to be silt-covered. Significant fish species loss indicates ecological instability brought on by human activity. Changes in the distribution of fish sizes and spatial differences between upstream and downstream areas highlight the complex link between habitat modifications and community functioning. The catch-per-hour seasonal tendency, which peaks in September and falls in March, is correlated with fishing patterns, environmental factors, or breeding seasons. The evenness value (0.96) and high Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H'= 3.57) show a diverse and harmonious fish community. The relevance of family-level distinctions in implementing effective conservation and management measures is highlighted by major differences among family groups (p&lt;0.001). As the findings make clear, the long-term survival of the diversified fish ecosystem of the Budhikhola depends on addressing and reducing anthropogenic stressors. This study provides valuable insights for informed conservation efforts in the aquatic ecosystems of Nepal.

Spatial-temporal differences and convergence analysis of residential building carbon emission efficiency in China.

Data indicate that carbon dioxide emissions from residential buildings in China constitute 60% of the country's total, making carbon reduction efforts in residential construction crucial for achieving dual carbon goals. From the perspective of eight major economic regions, this paper selects energy consumption, per capita residential area, and residential population as input indicators, per capita disposable income as the output indicator, and carbon dioxide emissions as the undesired output indicator. It employs the super-efficiency model based on the directional distance (super-DDF) function and the Malmquist-Luenberger (ML) index to measure the static and dynamic carbon emission efficiencies of residential buildings (RBCEE) during their operational phase from 2010 to 2020. After analyzing the differences and equity in RBCEE among regions using the Theil index and Gini coefficient, the σ-convergence, absolute β-convergence, and conditional β-convergence methods are utilized to explore the changing trends of RBCEE across the eight major economic regions. Results show that the static RBCEE in China is at a medium level; dynamic efficiency has improved across all eight regions, though at varying rates; overall, RBCEE exhibits poor equity and significant differences, with intra-group differences being a major cause. In terms of convergence, all eight economic regions display significant absolute β-convergence and conditional β-convergence. Finally, based on the research findings, this paper proposes corresponding emission reduction recommendations for the eight major economic regions.

Oblique, forward, and lateral directions reach test distances in young adults, and concurrent validity of these tests with the center of pressure excursion in assessing the limits of stability

BackgroundLimits of stability is required to perform functional activities and other advanced tasks of life without losing balance, and assessment of limits of stability is essential in clinical practice. Forward, Lateral, and Oblique direction reach tests are clinical balance tests that assess limits of stability, and these reach distances in various directions may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. The aim was to establish the symmetry between various reach distances on three reach tests and to establish the concurrent validity of oblique, forward, and lateral direction reach test distances with limits of stability measured by the Iso Free machine of TecnoBody company. Methods: The measurements of oblique, forward, and lateral reach tests and limits of stability excursions of center of pressure were taken in eight directions on Iso Free machine of Techno Body in fifty typical college-going young adults who were recruited through convenience sampling. Pearson correlation test was used to find the relationship between forward, lateral, and oblique direction reaches and limits of stability in forward, lateral, and oblique directions. Regression analysis was used to find the factors influencing the forward, lateral, and oblique reach tests. Results: The reach distances were symmetrical, and out of the three tests, the lateral and oblique direction reach tests have a moderate positive correlation with limits of stability test in lateral and oblique directions with an r-value of 0.569 (p < 0.001) and 0.50 (p < 0.001) respectively. A Significant standardized beta value of 0.49 (p < 0.05) for the oblique direction reach test with total stability limits. Conclusions: The oblique and lateral direction reach tests are correlated with their respective center of pressure excursion. However, the oblique direction reach test moderately correlated with the total limits of stability scores. Forward reach distances were more in number followed by oblique and lateral reach distances among young Saudi adults.

Decreased diaphragm moving distance measured by ultrasound speckle tracking reflects poor prognosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

ObjectiveDecreased cephalocaudal diaphragm movement may indicate respiratory dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We aimed to evaluate diaphragm function in ALS using ultrasound speckle tracking, an image-analysis technology that follows similar pixel patterns. MethodsWe developed an offline application that tracks pixel patterns of recorded ultrasound video images using speckle-tracking methods. Ultrasonography of the diaphragm movement during spontaneous quiet respiration was performed on 19 ALS patients and 21 controls to measure the diaphragm moving distance (DMD) in the cephalocaudal direction during a single respiration. We compared respiratory function measures and analyzed the relationship between the clinical profiles and DMD. ResultsDMD was significantly lower in ALS patients than in the control group (0.6 ± 1.4 mm vs 2.2 ± 2.2 mm, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with phrenic nerve compound motor action potential amplitude (R = 0.63, p = 0.01). DMD was negatively correlated with the change in the ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised scores per month after the exam (R = −0.61, p = 0.02), and those with a larger rate of decline had a significantly lower DMD (p = 0.03). ConclusionsDiaphragm ultrasound speckle tracking enabled the detection of diaphragm dysfunction in ALS. SignificanceDiaphragm ultrasound speckle tracking may be useful for predicting prognosis.

Diverse foraging strategies of breeding Swinhoe's Storm-petrel in the productive marginal sea of the Northwest Pacific

Understanding the foraging behavior is essential for investigating seabird ecology and conservation, as well as monitoring the well-being of the marine environment. Breeding seabirds adopt diverse foraging strategies to maximize energy gains and cope with the intensified challenges of parenting and self-maintenance. Such trade-off may stem from the heterogeneity of food resources and the constraints of central place foraging. Nevertheless, abundant marine productivity could alleviate the energy limitation for seabirds, resulting in a consistent foraging approach. Here, we investigated the foraging strategy during the breeding season of a cryptic small-sized seabird, Swinhoe's Storm-petrel (Hydrobates monorhis), in the Yellow Sea, a productive marginal sea of the Northwest Pacific. Using GPS tracking, we evaluated habitat preference, quantified the foraging strategy, and tested if environmental conditions and individual traits influence foraging trips. We found that Swinhoe's Storm-petrels preferred nearshore areas with shallow water and engaged in primarily short foraging trips. Distinctive southeastward and southwestward strategies emerged when combining trip metrics, including foraging direction, duration, and maximum distance. The bathymetry, proximity to the coastline, and sea surface temperature differed in two foraging strategies. Foraging strategies exhibited flexibility between individuals, potentially explained by wing morphology, in which longer-winged birds are more likely to embark on longer-distance foraging trips. These findings highlight the impact of environmental factors and individual traits on seabirds' foraging decisions in productive marginal sea ecosystems. Our study also provides valuable insights into the foraging ecology of this Asian endemic storm-petrel.

Route choice model using angular indicators

The geometry of the road network significantly affects drivers’ route choice behavior. Among indicators of road network geometry, the lengths of links and connection relations have been widely focused on. On the other hand, indicators related to angles have not received much attention so far. The directional change between neighboring links may affect the route choice behavior among the angular indicators. For example, a route that is similar to a U-turn with a large angle right/left turn is less likely to be desired by drivers. On the other hand, routes that require large detours to reduce the directional change and increase the travel distance are also undesirable. The importance of the angular indicator in route choice behavior can be measured by determining the effect of the directional change on drivers’ route choices. This research examines how directional changes at intersections within the road network affect driver route choice behavior. Initially, we develop a discrete choice model that incorporates both directional changes and travel distance as components within the utility function. Subsequently, we estimate the model's parameters using actual route choice data to ascertain the influence of angular indicators on route selection behavior. In the case study, we observe that directional changes significantly affect route choice behavior, with a single left or right turn equivalent to an additional travel distance of approximately 1 kilometer.

Interpretable temporal degradation state chain based fusion graph for intelligent bearing fault detection

Machine fault detection is a crucial task in prognostics health management (PHM), while most of the data-driven methods lack model interpretability and transparency. Aiming at promoting reliability, transparency, and anomaly detection performance, an interpretable temporal degradation state chain based fusion graph model is proposed to realize intelligent fault detection in this study. Based on fusion direction distance (FDD), a life-cycle fusion graph is first constructed with a temporal degradation state chain of vibration data. Along with preserving time information, the fusion graph can also comply with the irreversible degradation principle. Once the fusion graph is well developed, the degeneration track of the test sample can be located in the graph and the health status can be predicted, according to a mapping rule and a label determination rule developed in this paper. The anomaly detection accuracy achieves more than 97.8% on XJTU-SY bearing datasets and 92.8% on a NASA bearing dataset. Except for normal and abnormal states, the transition state can also be monitored by the proposed framework, in which incipient faults are initiated. Besides, a hyper-parameter selection method is generated based on Silhouette Coefficient. Moreover, experimental studies have shown the superiority, interpretability, and visibility of this proposed method.

Centralized allocation of flexible measures: A non-radial directional distance function DEA approach

Centralized allocation of flexible measures: A non-radial directional distance function DEA approach

Re-measurement of agricultural carbon emission rates: Drivers, regional differences and dynamic evolution.

This research paper introduces a novel approach by combining a Backpropagation (BP) neural network with a non-angular and non-radial directional distance function to construct a BPNN-DDF model. This innovative model evaluates, decomposes, and analyzes China's agricultural sector's carbon emission rate across nine key subregions between 2010 and 2021. The key findings of this study are that China's agricultural carbon emission rate is decreasing, primarily due to technological advancements rather than technological efficiency. Subregions with robust economies and stable climates exhibit higher carbon emission efficiency, whereas those with underdeveloped economies, low agricultural technology, and volatile climates show relatively lower efficiency. The Dagum Gini coefficient analysis reveals a widening disparity in carbon emission rates among agricultural subregions, escalating from 0.174 in 2010 to 0.425 in 2021, indicating a growing gap between subregions that demands immediate attention. The kernel density distribution demonstrates an overall upward trend in China's carbon emission efficiency but also highlights an increasing divergence among subregions, particularly between the South China Area, the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, and other regions. Therefore, this paper posits that strategies focusing on technological progress, sustainable agricultural development, regional development initiatives, and addressing inter-subregional imbalances will be crucial pathways for China's future low-carbon agricultural development.

Economic and Environmental Decomposition of Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen Total Factor Productivity Indicator: Empirical Analysis of Chinese Textile Firms With a Focus on Reporting Infeasibilities and Questioning Convexity

We discuss an environmental Luenberger&#x2013;Hicks&#x2013;Moorsteen (LHM) total factor productivity (TFP) indicator and its decomposition that incorporates a negative externality into the measurement of economic performance. Special cases of a generalized environmental directional distance function are involved in the definition of this LHM indicator and its proposed decomposition. We also seek to test whether changes in the convexity assumption provoke differences in the TFP measures. We apply two specifications of the by-production nonparametric environmental technology to implement this LHM TFP. This LHM TFP indicator decomposes into three terms representing technical change, technical inefficiency change, and scale inefficiency change. The changes in the environmental TFP for China&#x0027;s textile industry is then estimated for the period from 2001 to 2010. We report infeasibilities and we show the differences of the proposed framework for the decomposition of the LHM indicator depending on the convexity assumption. The results suggest there has been an increase in the TFP of China&#x0027;s textile industry: the amount depends on the convexity or not of the technology. The environmental performance is poorer than the economic one. Moreover, contradictions between convex and nonconvex LHM indicators for individual observations appear for a substantial part of the sample.

Study on the Role of Government Auditing in Promoting Green Accounting and Sustainable Development

Abstract Since the reform and opening up more than forty years ago, China has become the second-largest economy in the world. The rapid economic growth has brought the bitter fruits of an industrialized economy, resulting in serious environmental pollution and over-exploitation of resources, etc. The severe environmental conditions and economic downward pressure have forced the Chinese government and people to pay attention to the sustainable development issue. This paper focuses on the role of government audit in green accounting and sustainable development and proposes two research hypotheses, respectively, that government audit is conducive to enhancing sustainable development and that government audit promotes sustainable development by improving the development of green accounting in enterprises. This paper’s explanatory variables are set by constructing the domain-wide productivity index of the SBM directional distance function. The benchmark regression model and the mediation effect model are both used to test the two hypotheses. The two research hypotheses are verified individually using the empirical analysis method. Combined with the impact of government auditing to promote sustainable development, the role played by the government as a facilitator is analyzed. The correlation coefficient between government auditing and the level of sustainable development is 0.0275, which is significant at the 5% level. And government auditing expenditures can promote the level of sustainable development, which is consistent with hypothesis 1. At the same time, when the intensity of government auditing is less than the threshold value of 2.1525, the impact coefficient of green accounting on sustainable development is −0.0753. When the intensity of government auditing is greater than the threshold value of 2.1525, the impact coefficient is 0.2458, which indicates that when the intensity of government auditing is greater, the regulatory function can play a good role, so the impact of green accounting on the sustainable development of the region plays the incremental dynamic regulatory role, hypothesis 2 is valid.

Estimating the GHGs and the MAC of Agricultural Production Systems in China

As the second largest source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the agricultural system has an arduous task of reducing emissions. There is an urgent need to think about how to achieve the goal of peaking carbon emissions in agricultural production at the lowest cost. This paper applied the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) factor method to calculate the GHG emissions of China’s agricultural production systems and deconstruct it into the crop farming and animal husbandry sectors. Input–output indicators based on parametric directional distance functions were constructed to assess the green production efficiency (GPE) of different agricultural sectors and scientifically quantify the marginal abatement costs (MACs) of different GHGs. The results showed the following: (a) During 2000 to 2020, GHG emissions from China’s agricultural production systems averaged 87.73 million tons of CO 2 -eq and showed a fluctuating downward trend. CH 4 emissions accounted for the largest average proportion of 55%, mainly animal enteric fermentation and rice methane emissions. (b) The average level of agricultural GPE in China is 0.79, and 0.76 for crop farming is slightly higher than 0.67 for animal husbandry. (c) The average MAC is 1,861.71 yuan/ton CO 2 -eq, and it is increasing year by year. The shadow price is positively correlated with the efficiency level. The “high-efficiency–low-cost” areas are key areas for agricultural emission reduction, such as Henan and Shandong provinces. Formulate emission reduction strategies according to the characteristics of regional GHG emissions to promote the realization of the “dual carbon” goal of agriculture.