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A wireless sensor network for high-tech agriculture

This paper presents the design of wireless sensor network (WSN) based on low-power wide area network technology for high-tech agriculture. This WSN allows the farmer to collect data such as air temperature, air humidity, soil moisture. The WSN system consists of components: 02 wireless sensor nodes, 01 gateway, 01 cloud server and smartphone app. This WSN tested for data transmission in two zones: zone 1 (dense urban environments) at a distance of 500m and zone 2 (urban environments - less obstacles) at a distance of 1,500m and 1,700m. The data collected at different times of the day and updated every 15 minutes. The results show that the wireless sensor network system operates stably, data constantly updated to LoRa Server and there was not data packet loss. The power consumption of sensor node and gateway determined in three operating modes: transmitting, receiving, turn-off. This shows the advantages of LoRa technology in the development of wireless sensor network which is the distance of data transmission distance and low power consumption. Besides this WSN also tested in the net house of aquaponics of the Research Center for High-tech Application in Agriculture (RCHAA), University of Science, Vietnam National University-HCM. The results show that the WSN system is working reliably and promising which brings significantly benefits to smart agriculture as aquaponics, clean vegetable farms, aquaculture farms…

Evaluación del predio forestal San Vicente con fines de manejo y conservación ubicado en el cantón guano, Ecuador

La presente investigación se basa en la ordenación de los rodales que integran el predio forestal San Vicente, y es complementada por la descripción de su situación actual y el cálculo de indicadores dasométricos. Estos fueron componentes requeridos para la generación de estrategias de manejo técnico, mediante la aplicación del muestreo sistemático al instalar parcelas circulares de 250 m2 para el rodal uno, el censo al rodal 2 y el muestreo exploratorio a los rodales 3, 4 y 5. Según los resultados, el predio San Vicente está caracterizado por un rodal formado por cinco bloques de árboles de Pinus radiata, el rodal dos por árboles de Cupressus macrocarpa, el rodal 3 consta de dos bloques de Eucalyptus globulus en estado latizal bajo, el rodal cuatro o zona de conservación formado por especies arbóreas, arbustivas y herbáceas y un quinto rodal o zona aprovechada. De acuerdo a lo expuesto, se propone aplicar raleo a una intensidad del 20 al 30% para los bloques del rodal uno, actividad de poda a los árboles de Cupresus macrocarpa del rodal dos, el rodal 3 requiere un manejo gradual de los árboles de Eucalyptus globulus en estado de latizal bajo; con fines de madera aserrada y postes se podría dejar entre 1-3 rebrotes por tocón, y para combustible (leña) un número mayor a tres; el rodal cuatro, se dejará como está y que los factores del sitio incidan hasta el próximo monitoreo entre 2-4 años. Finalmente, para el rodal cinco, se plantea reforestar con el uso de plántulas de Pinus radiata a un distanciamiento de 3m x 3 m a fin de establecer nuevamente el sistema de uso del suelo, propiciando la generación de beneficios ecológicos, económicos y sociales al aplicar criterios de manejo sustentable para la gestión de los recursos forestales del predio evaluado.

Determinants of Sanitation and Hygiene Status Among Food Establishments in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Introduction:Despite advancements in food science and technology, foodborne disease remains one of the major public health problems. Poor sanitation and hygiene conditions of food establishments are the major causes for the occurrence of foodborne disease. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate core determinants of sanitation and hygiene status among food establishments.Methods:Institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in Addis Ababa city. A stratified random sampling technique was deployed to select 413 study participants. Data were collected through interview and using observational checklist. Sample size was determined by using a single population proportion formula. To analyze the data, binary logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted. In all analysis, P-value less than .05 were considered statistically significant.Results:The study revealed that 57.4% of the food establishments were under poor sanitation status. In the multivariable analysis, presence of trained managers on hygiene and sanitation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.10 with 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.41-15.45), presence of renewed licenses (AOR = 3.07 with 95% CI: 1.18-7.99), absence of bureaucratic function to obtain permission to renew the food establishment buildings (AOR = 2.43 with 95% CI: 1.25-4.70), and presence of at least 10-m distance between toilet and kitchen (AOR = 9.19, at 95% CI: 5.63-15.02) were associated significantly with sanitation and hygiene status.Conclusions:Above average of the food establishments were found to be in poor sanitation and hygiene state. Many core determinant factors that influence sanitation and hygienic status of food establishments were identified. The researchers suggest that formal training on sanitation and hygiene for managers of food establishments should be provided to reduce the occurrence of foodborne diseases. Moreover, strong food and water safety policy and strategy should be promulgated to improve sanitation and hygiene status of food establishments.

Analysis of The Bahal Temple III Site Using Combination Method of Geophysics

The Bahal III temple is an ancient relics temple of the Hindu Kingdom. The research aims to know the underlayer structure of the Bahal III surface and to determine the minerals contents of the boulder sample in the Bahal III temple in the Portibi region, North Padang Lawas. The research methods are Geoelectric and geomagnetic, and XRD methods. The geoelectric method that used in this research was the Wenner-Schlumberger method in two lines. Line length is 155m with 32 electrodes and 5m distance each. The geomagnetic method was done by using 60 grids. Geoelectricity data processing used Res2Dinvand software while geomagnetic data processing used Mag2DC software. Data processing of layer contouring used surfer11 software. Data processing of the XRD test result used Match3 software. The findings showed that the andesite rock layer was found by using the geoelectric method with resistivity value 950 - 1500 Ωm suspected as the rock of temple forming in-depth 3-12m. Geomagnetic test results showed the susceptibility value 0.034(cgs unit) which is andesite rock. XRD test result for minerals contents of the temple boulder sample was dominated by mineral Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 88.8%, Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 8.9 %, Magnesium oxide (MgO) 1.7% and Titanium dioxide (TiO2) 0.7 %.

Effect of carbon and manganese content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high manganese austenitic steel

In the present work, the influence of carbon and manganese on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of high manganese austenitic steel were investigated. Increased carbon and manganese content increased the grain size and the amount of carbides in the as-cast condition. The solution annealing fully dissolved the carbides in the alloys with lower carbon content (1wt%) and resulted in a homogeneous austenitic microstructure. The yield strength, ultimate strength, Charpy, and elongation were increased by the combination of carbon and manganese. Optimal results were obtained in the solution annealed 1.0C-17Mn alloy, respectively, 415.0?4.1MPa 865.6?1.5 MPa, 65.2?0.8%, and 258?3 J. The wear tests were performed under the loads of 2.5N, 5N, 10N and 15N with a ball-on-disc wear testing machine at constant speed of 0.2 ms-1 for sliding distance of 500m; it was revealed that 1C-21Mn alloy could be applied to relatively high-stress wear conditions while the 1.3C-17Mn alloy could be only used under low-stress wear conditions.

Ball-on-flat reciprocating test to evaluate dry sliding wear behaviour of reinforced polymer composites

This paper presents the results of the tribological investigations on polymeric composite materials reinforced with Cu, Zn, Sn, SiO2 and MoS2 microparticles, used for repairing metal parts made of brass and bronze. The tested material were: three composite materials (products of the company Diamant Metallplastic GmbH, Germany): Multimetall Messing (used for repair of brass parts), Multimetall Bronze (used for repair of bronze parts) and Moglice (for brass and bronze parts). The testing was conducted in dry conditions, in ball on flat configuration, by reciprocating method, on the CETR UMT-2 tribometer (Bruker Corporation) at normal loads 20, 30, 40 and 50N, over a sliding distance of 100m. The paper presents studies of the variations of the friction coefficient, linear wear, volumetric wear parameters, profilometric studies with SEM surface morphologies of the wear tracks. The researches allowed the classification of materials according to their tribological behaviour and the results recommend the tested reinforced composite materials as good candidates for repairing metal parts made of brass or bronzes.

MONITORING VEGETATION COVER CHANGE USING VEGETATION INDICES IN TANGBO RIVER, BARANGAY TANGBO, SAMBOAN

Abstract. Tangbo River is an important resource in Cebu’s southern town of Samboan for being the site of Aguinid Falls, a known tourist destination. Monitoring the changes in the river’s riparian vegetation is important since it has impacts on its ecological role of helping maintain biodiversity and river water quality. This study aims to detect vegetation index changes along the Tangbo River corridor using three vegetation indices: NDVI, EVI, NDMI, and Tasseled Cap indices, specifically for the years 1998, 2004, 2009, 2016, and 2019. It also aims to monitor the changes in NDVI and EVI values alongside tourism arrivals in Aguinid in 2018.Cloudless Landsat 5 (1998, 2004, 2009, and 2016) and Landsat 8 (2019) imagery were selected. Thirty reference points were plotted along the river with a 30-m distance between each point. Vegetation Indices (VI) and Tasseled Cap values were generated using data from these points and were compared for each selected year. NDVI and EVI values from the same reference points used in Landsat were generated from selected cloudless months of 2018 Planetscope imagery. Inbound tourist records were acquired from the tourism office of Samboan and the tourism arrivals for the year 2018 was then graphed with the Planetscope VI values for better visualization.Landsat imagery showed that there was a general upward trend in the vegetation indices from 1998 to 2019. Tasseled Cap Greenness and Wetness showed an increase in values from 1998–2019 while Tasseled Cap Brightness showed the opposite. Results from Planetscope data for the year 2018 showed that there was an inverse pattern between NDVI and tourism arrivals. Tourism arrivals peaked during the months of April and May based on annual records, while VI values dropped. On the other hand, both VI values peaked towards the last quarter of the year while tourist numbers dropped. This suggests that the pattern of VI values and tourism arrivals seemed to be influenced by seasonal changes rather than with each other. Findings from the study shows that further data collection is required to be able to establish a relationship between tourism and vegetation index values.

Spatial variability assessment of La and Nd concentrations in coastal China soils following 1000 years of land reclamation

Rare earth elements (REE) play a prominent role in the understanding of geochemical processes. Lanthanum (La) and neodymium (Nd) are considered as two representative examples of REE. The objectives of this study were to investigate their concentrations and spatial variability in coastal soils and to assess the effect of long-term reclamation. The coastal plain of Cixi City (China) has undergone reclamation for over 1000 years, providing an ideal place to perform such research. In total, 329 soils samples were collected by means of a nested sampling methodology, combined with grid and transect techniques. The total contents, as well as their diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) extractable concentrations, were measured by an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Statistics and geostatistics tools were used to analyze their spatial variability. Combined variogram models were developed to quantitatively describe their spatial structure. Variance components were estimated to assess the proportion of their total variance captured by reclamation history and different sampling stages. Both the La and Nd concentrations showed great variability in space. Reclamation activity accounted for 42–84% of their total variance. There were significant differences in their contents between reclaimed zones (P < 0.05). They exhibited moderate spatial dependence, and the discontinuity in space generally occurred around sea dikes, as indicated by the spherical components of the La and Nd concentration variogram models. A gradually increasing tendency of elemental contents with reclamation time was observed, which was also reflected in the linear component of the variogram models. However, in the areas covered by the 3rd to the 10th zones, intensive application of phosphorus fertilizer, land consolidation, or household appliance factories led to large fluctuations of elemental contents being superimposed on the relatively homogeneous content distributions, thus causing the observed periodic features of their variogram models. Additionally, a 100-m sampling distance was found to be appropriate for future REE investigations. Geostatistical modeling showed a great potential to analyze quantitatively the spatial variability of La and Nd and to assess human forces on soil genesis. The investigation of the spatial distribution of REE identified the prominent role played by the geogenic component. By means of spatial analysis, a time-series of elemental contents on a millennium scale was also reconstructed. Accumulation of their concentrations with time, as well as pollution, occurred in the surface soils. Reclamation history was the most important factor controlling La and Nd spatiotemporal variability.

Dust exposure risk from stone crushing to workers and locally grown plant species in Quetta, Pakistan.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of stone crushing dust pollution on three commonly cultivated fruit plant species (Vitis vinifera L., Morus alba L., and Prunus armeniaca L.) and on the health of workers working at crushing plants. The trial was carried out on fruit plant species grown close to the stone crushing units located near the northwestern (Brewery) bypass of Quetta city, Pakistan, near National Highway NH-25. Plant materials were collected from three polluted sites at a distance of 500, 1000, and 1500m, respectively, away from the stone crushing units and one locality of comparatively clean air considered a control at 4000m away from these crushing components. To know the status of air disorder near the experimental sites, the suspended particulate matters and both oxides of sulfur and nitrogen were also noted during operating hours. Consequences of the study indicated that during the crushing process, a fine aerosol of stone dust is often generated which could cause a significant health hazard to workers and also affect plant productivity due to the smothering of plant stomata. Environmental data designated that the average highest evaluated total suspended particulate matter (TSPM), NOx, and SOx were 7400μg/m3, 803.7μg/m3, and 216μg/m3, respectively, at 500-m distance which gradually decreases as the distance increases-all of these pose a health risk to operators. The maximum deposit dust washed from the plant leaf surface under study was found to be 8.2, 4.6, and 4.4 at the distance of 500m in all the investigated plant species which was highly significantly higher than that of the control site (4000m). Among the plant species, the maximum dust fall was noted on the leaves of Vitis vinifera L., and minimum was on the leaves of Prunus armeniaca. The locations affected by more stone dust pollution (500m) were leading to a reduction in the yield and quality of fruits. The studied stone crushing units had high percentages of closed stomata both on the upper sides (Us) and lower sides (Ls) of leaves at 500-m distance from stone crushing installations. Data regarding workers' health indicated the maximum age distribution among the workers was between the age groups of 20-35years (46.15%). Results also showed that stone crushing workers suffered from symptoms of respiratory diseases (82.17%), allergies (72.13%), headaches (75.09%), coughing (78.36%), and tiredness (92.31%).

PHYSICAL MODELLING OF EXTREME WAVES: GAUSSIAN WAVE GROUPS AND SOLITARY WAVES IN THE NEARSHORE ZONE

Laboratory-scale waves of two distinct types were generated in a two- dimensional wave flume to model the spatial evolution of the frequency spectrum in the nearshore zone. The two generated types are Gaussian wave groups of different spectra widths and solitary waves. In the experiment, the time series of free surface elevation along the flume are obtained along a distance of 10m using wave gauges. For each Gaussian wave train, four regions were defined, namely peak, transfer, high frequency and low frequency region referred to as E1, E2, E3 and E4. The repartition was based on the maximum frequency spectrum situated in E1 at X = 4m. Focusing is a complex process; this is mainly due to nonlinear energy transfer between different frequency ranges. It was concluded that the energy keeps stable in E1 and spreads toward E3 before breaking. The frequency spectrum in E2 has a decreasing trend during the wave train propagation. After the breaking, the frequency spectrum in E2 stops decreasing. It was found also that frequency spectrum increases during the focusing process in E4. Concerning solitary waves, it was found that the frequency spectrum of the main solitary wave decreases as the wave approaches the breaking zone.

Ecological fragmentation effects in mouse lemurs and small mammals in northwestern Madagascar.

Habitat loss and fragmentation are major ecological forces threatening animal communities across the globe. These issues are especially true in Madagascar, where forest loss is ongoing. We examined the effects of forest fragmentation on the distribution and abundance of sympatric, endemic gray, and golden-brown mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus and Microcebus ravelobensis), the endemic western tuft-tailed rat (Eliurus myoxinus), and the invasive black rat (Rattus rattus) in two regions in northwestern Madagascar. We used systematic capture procedures in 40 forest fragments and four continuous forest sites which differed in size, shape, and degree of isolation. With a trapping effort of 11,567 trap nights during two dry seasons (2017-2018), we captured 929 individuals (432 M. ravelobensis, 196 M. murinus, 116 E. myoxinus, and 185 R. rattus). We examined the influence of study region, forest type (fragment vs. continuous), forest size, forest shape, the proportion of 50-m forest edge and distance to continuous forest on the abundance and interaction of the four species. Responses to fragmentation differed strongly between species, but no interaction could be detected between the abundance of the different species. Thus competition within and between native and invasive species may not be regulating abundances in these regions. On the contrary, the abundance of M. ravelobensis and E. myoxinus differed significantly between study regions and was negatively affected by fragmentation. In contrast, there was no evidence of an impact of fragmentation on the abundance of M. murinus. Finally, the invasive R. rattus responded positively to the increasing distance to the continuous forest. In conclusion, the response of small Malagasy mammals to forest fragmentation varies largely between species, and fragmentation effects need to be examined at a species-specific level to fully understand their ecological dynamics and complexity.

The psychophysiological differences between expert and novice rifle shooters during the aiming period

Purpose: Determination of mental status of the rifle shooters during the shooting performance is critical for the development of mental training programs according to their skill levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychophysiological differences of expert and novice rifle shooters. Material: Fourteen expert (age: 28.08±9.12 years, height: 176.12±4.24 cm, weight: 73.56±5.28 kg) and twenty novice shooters (age: 21.08±3.12 years, height: 177.42±3.74 cm, and weight: 71.56±3.57 kg) participated in the current study. The participants performed five shootings from a distance of 10m. The averages of each shooter’s five shooting scores, values of attention and meditation, and heart rate between 5-sec before shooting and shooting moment were obtained. Results: It was determined that shooting scores (10.02 ±0.49 vs. 7.6±2.86, p&lt;0.01, respectively) and meditation level (71.50±21.05 vs. 52.93±20.54, p&lt;0.05, respectively) were significantly higher in the experts while attention level (73.63±21.11 vs. 59.76±21.26, p&lt;0.05, respectively), and heart rate (105.34±12.12 vs. 98.67±7,12 bpm, p&lt;0.05, respectively) were found higher in the novices. Conclusions: The novices and experts present different psychophysiological responses during the aiming period. It is suggested that the psychophysiological differences can be useful to categorize shooters and to provide feedback in training because it is important to develop programs according to group levels, especially in the development of mental training programs. Besides, it is determined that the mobile EEG device is an effective method for determining the mental status of athletes in sports specific activities.

Combating Replay Attacks Against Voice Assistants

Recently, there has been a surge in the popularity of voice-first devices, such as Amazon Echo, Google Home, etc. While these devices make our life more convenient, they are vulnerable to new attacks, such as voice replay. We develop an end-to-end system to detect replay attacks without requiring a user to wear any wearable device. Our system, called REVOLT, has several distinct features: (i) it intelligently exploits the inherent differences between the spectral characteristics of the original and replayed voice signals, (ii) it exploits both acoustic and WiFi channels in tandem, (iii) it utilizes unique breathing rate extracted from WiFi signal while speaking to test the liveness of human voice. After extensive evaluation, our voice component yields Equal Error Rate (EER) of 0.88% and 10.32% in our dataset and ASV2017 dataset, respectively; and WiFi based breathing detection achieves Breaths Per Minute (BPM) error of 1.8 up to 3m distance. We further combine WiFi and voice based detection and show the overall system offers low false positive and false negative when evaluated against a range of attacks.

Importance of Agility Performance in Professional Futsal Players; Reliability and Applicability of Newly Developed Testing Protocols.

The purpose of this study was to determine the inter- and intra-testing reliability of newly developed tests of the change of direction speed (CODS) and reactive agility (RAG) in competitive futsal players. Additionally, the developed tests were evaluated for their validity with regard to the differentiation of two performance-levels. Thirty-two professional male futsal players (age = 26.22 ± 5.22 years; body height = 182.13 ± 5.99 cm, body mass = 77.43 ± 8.00 kg) participated in the study. The sample was divided into two groups based on their level of futsal performance: A top-level-group (n = 12) and a team-level-group (n = 20). The variables included body height, mass, body mass index, a sprint over a 10-m distance (S10M), and eight newly developed futsal specific CODS and RAG tests. The CODS and RAG tests were performed by dribbling the balls (CODS_D and RAG_D) and without dribbling (CODS_T and RAG_T), and the performances on the dominant and non-dominant sides were observed separately. All CODS, and RAG tests performed on dominant side and RAG_T tests performed on the non-dominant side had good inter-testing (CV = 5–8%; ICC = 0.76–0.89) and intra-testing (CV = 4–9%; ICC = 0.77–0.91) reliability. However, RAG_D performed on the non-dominant side was not reliable (ICC = 0.60, CV = 10%). The top-level-players outperformed the team-level-players in the CODS and RAG tests that involved dribbling (t-test: 4.28 and 2.40, p < 0.05; effect sizes (ES): 0.81 and 1.5, respectively), while the team-level players achieved better results in the CODS_T (t-test: 2.08, p < 0.05; ES: 0.60). The proposed CODS and RAG tests that involved dribbling over a 3.2-m distance, especially on the dominant side, appeared to be reliable, as well as valid for distinguishing the performance level in futsal players.

THE RESEARCH OF THE VARIATION LAWS OF SETTLEMENT AND INTERNAL FORCE OF PILE GROUPS OF RAILWAY BRIDGE CAUSED BY PUMPING BRINE

Taking Yingzigou Bridge of Dezhou-Dajiawa railway as the engineering background, the three-dimensional fluid-solid coupling models of pile group caps were established on the basis of five-stage field monitoring data of the settlement and groundwater level drop by using FLAC3D software. On the basis of the field monitoring data checking, the variation of axial force and skin friction of piles at different positions under the condition of water level drop was simulated. The results show that with the underground water level dropped, the axial force of pile along the shaft increased first and then decreased. The cross section of maximum axial force moved down constantly. In the same ground water levels drop, the distance between the maximum axial force and neutral point of each pile and the top of the pile was corner pile &gt; side pile&gt; near borehole center pile &gt; center pile. The size of the pile axial force and negative skin friction resistance was corner pile &gt; side pile&gt; near borehole center pile &gt; center pile. The upper part of the pile was subjected to negative skin friction resistance. The skin friction resistance of each pile along the shaft increased first and then decreased. The lower part of the pile was subjected to positive skin friction resistance. The skin friction resistance of each pile along the shaft increased. The location of the maximum negative friction resistance was about 10m distance from the top of the pile. The maximum negative friction resistance of corner pile was -36.5kPa. The distance of neutral point of center pile from the top was 35.2m. The neutral point of each pile was in accordance with the position of the maximum axial force of the pile. A reliable basis was provided for high-speed railway survey and design and the prevention and control of land subsidence along the railway.

Limited-size aperture effects in an orbital-angular-momentum-multiplexed free-space optical data link between a ground station and a retro-reflecting UAV

In this letter, we experimentally explore the limited-size aperture effects in an orbital-angular-momentum (OAM)-multiplexed free-space optical (FSO) data link for aerial platforms. 200-Gbit/s data transmission is demonstrated between a ground transmitter and a ground receiver via a flying, retro-reflecting unmanned-aerial-vehicle (UAV) over 100-m round-trip distance by multiplexing two OAM beams. Our results indicate that when the receiver aperture size is limited, both power loss and channel crosstalk would increase. With a receiver aperture diameter of >5 cm, bit error rate (BER) mostly below 3.8×10−3 has been achieved for both channels

Hybrid MMW-over fiber/OFDM-FSO transmission system based on doublet lens scheme and POLMUX technique

Abstract A hybrid 60-GHz millimeter wave (MMW) over fiber as well as 500-m/10 Gbps OFDM based free space optical transmission system using doublet lens scheme and POLMUX technique is proposed and demonstrated. In the present paper, 10 Gbps OFDM data stream, 10 Gbps/60-GHz MMW and 10 Gbps base band data signal are transmitted simultaneously over 50-km SMF through an optical wave by employing POLMUX technique which make our system cost effective. 10 Gbps/60-GHz MMW is successfully communicated over 20-m wireless distance with the assistance of 60-GHZ horn antenna at the transmitting and receiving section of the wireless link. Our proposed OFDM-FSO system employing with doublet lens scheme significantly enhances the transmission distance and greatly reduces the multipath fading, and dispersion effect in our FSO link. Excellent bit error rate, good EVM (

EFFICACY OF PENDIMETHALIN AS WEED CONTROL ON IRRIGATED ONION IN LOKO, SONG LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA

Field experiments were conducted in 2013/2014 dry season under irrigation at Loko Fadama area, Song Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria, to determine the effects of Pendimethalin on the performance of onions (Allium Cepa). The experimental plots size were measured 2m x 3m (6m2) and a distance of 1m between replication; and 0.5m between plots with net plot size of 1.6m x 2.2m (3.52m2). The experiment consisted of three different rates of Pendimethalin of 2. 02, 4.77 and 7.33 a.i/ha, along with hoe-weeded and unweeded checks, and replicated three times in Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD). Results revealed that application of 4.77 and 7.33kg a.i/ha Pendimethalin rates significantly reduced weed density at 3, 6 and 9 WAT, but enhanced bulb diameter, bulb weight and yield; and economic returns. However, seedling establishment was not affected by the treatments.

Transient Effect of Blast Loads on RCC Building

The increase in the number of terrorist attacks has shown that the effect of blast loading on structures is a serious matter that should be taken into consideration in the design process. The blast pressure on the structure due to nearby explosion is of very high magnitude and very short duration. Such an impulsive loading requires dynamic time-history analysis. This paper describes the nature of explosion of explosive materials and dynamic pressure developed on the nearby structure in lieu of explosion. Initially, efforts have been made to determine the effect of 1000 kg of C4 explosive material as an equivalent weight of TNT on different surfaces of a building model at a stand-off distance of 22.5m. The intensity of blast load on each surface is analytically determined as a record of pressure time history. Further attempts have been made to determine the effect of distance of blast for the same explosive material on building surfaces at stand-off distance of 10m, 18.5m, 22.5m and 27m. The effect of different explosives, i.e., TNT, C4, RDX and PETN on building surfaces at constant stand-off distance of 22.5m has also been determined. From the analysis, it is observed that the effect of blast load on front and rear surface of the building is critical. For close range explosions, deformations on front surface are more but with increase in stand-off distance, maximum deformations occur in roof surface.

An Evaluation of Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexing Technology

This paper reports our investigation of wireless communication performance obtained using orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing, from theoretical evaluation to experimental study. First, we show how we performed a basic theoretical study on wireless OAM multiplexing performance regarding modulation, demodulation, multiplexing, and demultiplexing. This provided a clear picture of the effects of mode attenuation and gave us insight into the potential and limitations of OAM wireless communications. Then, we expanded our study to experimental evaluation of a dielectric lens and end-to-end wireless transmission on 28 gigahertz frequency bands. To overcome the beam divergence of OAM multiplexing, we propose a combination of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) and OAM technology, named OAM-MIMO multiplexing. We achieved 45 Gbps (gigabits per second) throughput using OAM multiplexing with five OAM modes. We also experimentally demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed OAM-MIMO multiplexing using a total of 11 OAM modes. Experimental OAM-MIMO multiplexing results reached a new milestone for point-to-point transmission rates when 100 Gbps was achieved at a 10-m transmission distance.