Migration Distance Research Articles

Phase‐Field Simulation of Carbon Diffusion during Banded Structure Formation in Low‐Carbon Steel

During the cooling process after rolling, low‐carbon steel frequently develops banded structures, primarily due to the segregation of alloying elements and the uneven diffusion of carbon under a slow cooling rate during phase transformation. The current work integrates experiment and simulation to discuss the influence of various cooling rates on ferrite and pearlite bands in Cr–Mn–Ti low‐carbon steel. Meanwhile, a multicomponent multiphase‐field model is established to quantitatively analyze carbon diffusion behavior during the evolution of austenite–ferrite. The results reveal that low cooling rates and the segregation of Mn, Si, and Cr elements can promote the formation of banded structure. Furthermore, in the solute‐poor regions, slow cooling rates allow sufficient time for carbon diffusion during austenite–ferrite transformation, which leads to the extension in both carbon diffusion distance and interface migration distance, thereby generating severe ferrite bands. Additionally, in the solute‐rich regions, as the cooling rate decreases, C concentrations at Ar3 temperature and Ar1 temperature increase, inhibiting the nucleation and growth of ferrite, thereby resulting in strong pearlite bands. This study further elucidates the formation mechanisms of ferrite and pearlite bands, enhancing the understanding of carbon diffusion behavior during banded structure formation.

Isotope geolocation and population genomics in Vanessa cardui: Short- and long-distance migrants are genetically undifferentiated.

The painted lady butterfly Vanessa cardui is renowned for its virtually cosmopolitan distribution and the remarkable long-distance migrations as part of its annual, multigenerational migratory cycle. In winter, V. cardui individuals inhabit breeding grounds north and south of the Sahara, suggesting distinct migratory behaviors within the species as individuals migrate southward from Europe in the autumn. However, the evolutionary and ecological factors shaping these differences in migratory behavior remain largely unexplored. Here, we performed whole-genome resequencing and analyzed the hydrogen and strontium isotopes of 40 V. cardui individuals simultaneously collected in the autumn from regions both north and south of the Sahara. Our investigation revealed two main migratory groups: (i) short-distance migrants, journeying from temperate Europe to the circum-Mediterranean region and (ii) long-distance migrants, originating from Europe, crossing the Mediterranean Sea and Sahara, and reaching West Africa, covering up to over 4,000 km. Despite these stark differences in migration distance, a genome-wide analysis revealed that short- and long-distance migrants belong to a single intercontinental panmictic population extending from northern Europe to sub-Saharan Africa. Contrary to common biogeographic patterns, the Sahara is not a catalyst for population structuring in this species. No significant genetic differentiation or signs of adaptation and selection were observed between the two migratory phenotypes. Nonetheless, two individuals, who were early arrivals to West Africa covering longer migration distances, exhibited some genetic differentiation. The lack of genetic structure between short- and long-distance migrants suggests that migration distance in V. cardui is a plastic response to environmental conditions.

ECR Spotlight – Louisa Lewicki

ECR Spotlight is a series of interviews with early-career authors from a selection of papers published in Journal of Experimental Biology and aims to promote not only the diversity of early-career researchers (ECRs) working in experimental biology but also the huge variety of animals and physiological systems that are essential for the ‘comparative’ approach. Louisa Lewicki is an author on ‘ A comparison of seasonal flexibility in pectoralis muscle fiber type and enzyme activity in migratory and resident sparrow species’, published in JEB. Louisa conducted the research described in this article while a undergraduate student in Dr Christopher Guglielmo's lab at Western University, Canada. Louisa is now a Graduate Student in the lab of Dr Dean Betts at Western University, Canada, investigating the effects of season and migration distance on muscle fiber, capillary and enzyme activity in three sparrow species.

Spatiotemporal characteristics of human activity and land use on ecosystem service functions in mountainous areas of Northeast Guizhou, Southwest China

With the rapid advancement of urbanization and industrialization, intense land utilization in mountainous areas has led to ecological and environmental issues, and also causing a gradual degradation of ecosystem services. Investigating the spatiotemporal characteristics of human activities on land use and ecosystem services in mountainous areas holds significant practical importance for local ecological conservation and land management. This study utilizes human activity and land use models to evaluate the complex relationship between humans and land in the northeastern Guizhou, employs the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) and the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) models to conduct an in-depth investigation into the spatiotemporal distribution of soil conservation (SC), water yield (WY), carbon sequestration (CS), habitat quality (HQ), and landscape aesthetics (LA). Besides, we utilized the Pearson correlation coefficient and spatial bivariate models to scrutinize the spatial heterogeneity and interactions among these ecosystem services. The results revealed a significant escalation in the intensity of human activity and land use within the study area, with values rising from 0.483 and 316 in 2000 to 0.695 and 351 in 2020, respectively. For 2000–2020, the added value of SC and WY experienced a change of 1.179 t‧hm−2 and 118.503 mm, respectively, while the CS, HQ, and LA have largely remained stable. The spatial distribution of ecosystem service functions exhibited distinct patterns of trade-offs and synergies. The ecosystem's multifunctional benefits were predominantly concentrated in the northern sector of the study area, with the maximum migration distance of class IV hotspots recorded at 70.431 km. Over time, the impact of human activities and land use on ecosystem services has been escalating. Studying the interactions between human activities and land use and their impact on ecosystem services can help us develop land use policies and ecological management strategies.

Uropygial gland microbiota of nearctic-neotropical migrants vary with season and migration distance.

Symbiotic microbiota are important drivers of host behaviour, health, and fitness. While most studies focus on humans, model organisms, and domestic or economically important species, research investigating the role of host microbiota in wild populations is rapidly accumulating. Most studies focus on the gut microbiota; however, skin and other glandular microbiota also play an important role in shaping traits that may impact host fitness. The uropygial gland is an important source of chemical cues and harbours diverse microbes that could mediate chemical communication in birds, so determining the factors most important in shaping host microbiota should improve our understanding of microbially-mediated chemical communication. Hypothesizing that temporal, geographic, and taxonomic effects influence host microbiota, we evaluated the effects of season, migration distance, and taxonomy on the uropygial gland microbiota of 18 passerine species from 11 families. By sampling 473 birds at a single stopover location during spring and fall migration and using 16S rRNA sequencing, we demonstrate that season, followed by migration distance, had the strongest influence on uropygial gland microbial community composition. While statistically significant, taxonomic family and species had only weak effects on gland microbiota. Given that temporal effects on gland microbiota were nearly ubiquitous among the species we tested, determining the consequences of and mechanisms driving this seasonal variation are important next steps.

Analysis on the dust prevention mechanism of air curtain in fully mechanized excavation tunnel

Aiming at reducing the dust pollution during the tunneling process and improving the application efficiency of air curtain dust prevention technology, according to the changes of radial jet velocity (vr), axial extraction velocity (ve) and extraction distance (L) in the formation process of air curtain, the numerical simulation method was used to analyze the rules of airflow structure evolution and the diffusion characteristics of dust particles in fully mechanized excavation tunnel. The results indicate that as vr and ve increase, the migration path of the wall jet of the air curtain changes into an axial direction; as L decreases, the migration distance increases accordingly. These phenomena make the airflow distribution in the working face tends to be uniform. The dust diffusion distance reduces as well, wherein, the range of the discrete area of dust particles decreases sharply, until all dust particles are concentrated in the accumulation area. On this basis, the vr, ve and L were optimized and applied in the 63up08 fully mechanized working face. By the application of the optimal parameters, the average dust removal efficiency at the driver’s position increased by 71%. The dust concentration was reduced and the working environment had been improved effectively.

North American avian species that migrate in flocks show greater long-term non-breeding range shift rates.

Many species are exhibiting range shifts associated with anthropogenic change. For migratory species, colonisation of new areas can require novel migratory programmes that facilitate navigation between independently-shifting seasonal ranges. Therefore, in some cases range-shifts may be limited by the capacity for novel migratory programmes to be transferred between generations, which can be genetically and socially mediated. Here we used 50years of North American Breeding Bird Survey and Audubon Christmas Bird Count data to test the prediction that breeding and/or non-breeding range-shifts are more prevalent among flocking migrants, which possess a capacity for rapid social transmission of novel migration routes. Across 122 North American bird species, social migration was a significant positive predictor for the magnitude of non-breeding centre of abundance (COA) shift within our study region (conterminous United States and Southern Canada). Across a subset of 81 species where age-structured flocking was determined, migrating in mixed-age flocks produced the greatest shifts and solo migrants the lowest. Flocking was not a significant predictor of breeding COA shifts, which were better explained by absolute population trends and migration distance. Our results suggest that social grouping may play an important role in facilitating non-breeding distributional responses to climate change in migratory species. We highlight the need to gain a better understanding of migratory programme inheritance, and how this influences spatiotemporal population dynamics under environmental change.

In Situ Tracking of Nanoparticles During Electrophoresis in Hydrogels Using a Fiber-Based UV-Vis System

Gel electrophoresis is a powerful method for the separation of nanoparticulate suspensions into several fractions with distinct particle properties. To monitor particle migration through the three-dimensional net structure of the gel and gain insights about the separation process, this study introduces a self-designed fiber-based UV-Vis measurement system equipped with five probes for the sequential in situ recording of absorption spectra. The system was employed to investigate the migration and separation of Au and Fe3O4 particles within hydrogels of varying agarose concentrations (0.15–0.50 wt.-%), revealing an increase in scattering with higher agarose content. The identification of specific particle fractions with a spherical or rod-shaped morphology was successfully achieved within the gels due to characteristic absorption peaks, allowing the real-time observation of particle separation. For the separation of a binary mixture, an adequate migration distance is needed according to the difference in the electrophoretic mobility of the two samples. The particle tracking and an additional mathematical deconvolution allowed the analysis of mixed particle samples within the gel so that their weight ratio could be determined. Finally, the system was calibrated for the determination of the particle concentration within the gel matrix, quantitatively revealing the particle concentration at a specific position in the gel.

Migration strategy and constraint in migration behavior vary among shorebird species with different life histories

AbstractMigration strategy is a key behavioral characteristic guiding how migratory species time their annual cycles and use habitat. Understanding variation in migration strategy within and among species and individuals can be useful for understanding how birds navigate energetic trade‐offs and designing or modifying conservation plans meant to benefit multiple species and life histories. We compared migration strategies among three migratory shorebird species with variable life history traits and short, medium, and long migration distances, respectively: American avocets (Recurvirostra americana), black‐bellied plovers (Pluvialis squatarola), and Hudsonian godwits (Limosa haemastica). Avocets (short distance) exhibited the most within‐species variation in migration duration, proportion of migration time spent at stopovers, and stopover duration. Plovers (medium distance) and godwits (long distance) showed less variation in these metrics, but godwits showed the most variation in the number of stopovers used. There were significant differences among species in migration distance, number of stopovers used, proportion of time stopped over, departure and arrival dates, and migration duration, but not mean stopover duration. We also found that avocets spent more time stopped over relative to migration distance than plovers or godwits, indicating that avocets showed the most energy‐minimizing strategy of the three species. Our findings set the stage for future work assessing the effects of climate change and land use on characteristics associated with different migration strategies for additional migratory species.

Gel plugging simulation with a new model and applications

Injecting gel plugs into water-flooded wells can significantly reduce the water cut in wells and extend their operational lifespan. However, critical injection parameters, such as volume and speed, are often based on empirical estimates, leading to many wells being completely blocked following gel injection. This study introduces a new numerical gel component model that accurately simulates the gel flow process, enabling precise calculations of the required injection parameters. For this research, the gel compositional model was applied to two wells in the Tahe Oilfield. A detailed comparison between this new model, traditional polymer models, and historical data was conducted. The results show a 39% increase in oil production and a 19% improvement in water production accuracy. Furthermore, the new gel compositional model shows that gel migration distance and sealing volume strongly correlate with the amount of injected water and the karst background. Therefore, precise calculation of water invasion channels is essential before applying the gel plugging technique. This study shows that the success of gel water-shutoff techniques relies heavily on accurately simulating injection parameters, and the new simulation model provides a valuable reference for such technique applications.

Sensitivity analysis of proppant transportation and settling in a hydraulic fracture

Hydraulic fracturing is the core technology for stimulating unconventional oil-gas reservoirs. The effective placement of proppant is directly linked to the success of the fracturing operation and reservoir productivity. In-depth investigations into the migration and settling behavior of proppant can provide a scientific foundation for optimizing fracturing parameters and fracture conductivity. Numerical simulations were employed to analyze the effects of many factors, such as the fracturing fluid velocity and viscosity, proppant size and density, and fracture surface roughness and injection position, on proppant migration within a planar fracture. Some interesting findings are: ① As the fracturing fluid velocity increases, the maximum height of the sand dune initially increases and then decreases, whereas the horizontal distance between the highest point of the sand dune and the entrance increases. ② Excessively high fracturing fluid viscosity results in a significant portion of the proppant remaining suspended within the fracturing fluid, thereby reducing the settling velocity and causing proppant to travel further. ③ Smaller proppant particles exhibit longer migration distances, making them more likely to travel further before settlement. ④ Proppant with lower densities exhibit superior transportability, with a larger proportion of the proppant remaining suspended in the fluid, resulting in more efficient fracture filling. ⑤ As the roughness of the fracture surface increases, the maximum height of the sand dune also increases, and fractures with rougher surfaces exhibit a greater sand dune area. ⑥ As the injection position decreases, the maximum height of the sand dune increases and then decreases.

TRIB1 facilitates the proliferation and migration of ovarian cancer cells by inducing EMT progression.

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a fatal female malignant tumor that severely impacts the health of women worldwide. Due to the lack of diagnostic biomarkers, 70% of OC patients are considered in the advanced stage at the first diagnosis. Exploring novel biomarkers for OC diagnosis has become an urgent clinical need to address. TRIB1 is a newly discovered oncogene in several malignant tumors, including acute myeloid leukemia, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. However, the biological function of TRIB1 in OC remains uncertain and, therefore, was explored in the present study. Levels of TRIB1 in OC and normal tissues were evaluated in the GEPIA database. TRIB1-KD was constructed in ES-2 cells and TRIB1-OE was constructed in OVCAR3 cells using a siRNA and OE vector, respectively. The proliferation ability was determined using the CCK-8 and clone formation assays. The migration ability was detected using the wound healing and Transwell assays. The expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers was determined using western blotting. TRIB1 was markedly upregulated in OC tissues compared with normal ovarian tissues in the GEPIA database. The TRIB1 level was slightly altered among ES-2, CAOV3, and SKOV3 cells, with the highest expression in ES-2 cells, which was greatly reduced in OVCAR3 cells. In TRIB1-KD ES-2 cells, a remarkably reduced proliferation ability was observed with the CCK-8 and clone formation assays, accompanied by a reduction in migration distance in the Wound healing assay and the number of migrated cells in the Transwell assay. In contrast, in TRIB1-OE OVCAR3 cells, increased proliferation ability was observed, accompanied by increased migration distance and number of migrated cells. Furthermore, EMT progression was markedly repressed in TRIB1-KD ES-2 cells and remarkably enhanced in TRIB1-OE OVCAR3 cells. TRIB1 facilitated the proliferation and migration of OC cells by enhancing EMT progression.

Flowing-water remediation simulation experiments of lead-contaminated soil using UCB technology

The flowing-water remediation of contaminated soil was investigated. Urease combined with biochar (UCB) technology was used to handle the Pb2+-contaminated sand column. The results showed that with the continuous increase of pore volume, the concentration of Pb2+ in the leachate undergoes three stages: slow growth, rapid growth, and steady state. With increasing seepage velocity, the concentration of Pb2+ in leachate increased slightly. The residual amount of each section of the sand column gradually decreased with increasing migration distance. The comparative results indicated that the UCB technology had a good solidification effect on Pb2+. This was due to urease-induced CaCO3 precipitation, cementation, and adsorption of Pb2+. Biochar provided more nucleation sites for urease, and some Pb2+ was adsorbed on its surface or diffused into the pores of biochar, or ions exchanged with functional groups on the surface of biochar, which effectively stabilized the free Pb2+.

Analyzing Multi-Generational Gathering and Dispersion to and from Ten 19th-Century American Cities

Genealogy, with its tying of people to places, allows for the study of migration over multiple generations. In this paper we use family history data from FamilySearch.org to analyze the migration of the ancestors of those born between 1865 and 1875 in ten United States cities followed by the migration of descendants of people born in the same city during that same decade. Other work has followed the ancestors for multiple generations, and we have added in an examination of the migration of descendants from city origins. We calculate a number of statistics and indices and use maps to illustrate the main spatial themes of these migrations and how they vary among the cities. We find that cities have their own unique mixes of migrants that lead to differences in how often the generations were stable in a community; that descendants of those born in our study cities tended to stay close to the city for some time; that the ancestors of migration funneling into a city were more spread out than the descendants of those born in the city; that migration generally proceeded from east to west from the great-great-grandparents to the children, but that the center of migration was more random for the descendants; and that the distance of migration between ancestral generations was highly affected by the share of European ancestors and the regional location of the city. The value of this approach is that genealogical migration research can examine a large number of historical migration questions within one unified framework, which has not been carried out in other studies.

Engineering yolk-double-shell Au@CN@ZnIn2S4 architecture with enhanced photocatalytic properties.

The efficient utilization of light and the prolonged lifetime of photo-induced charge carriers are essential elements that contribute to superior photocatalytic activity. Yolk-shell nanostructures with porous shells and mobile cores offer significant structural advantages in achieving these goals. However, designing yolk-shell multicomponent nanocomposites with diverse architectures remains a persistent challenge. The present study involves the utilization of zinc indium sulfide (ZnIn2S4) flakes, which are uniformly incorporated into the yolk-shell Au@CN structure. The inclusion of ZnIn2S4 flakes in carbon nitride (CN) significantly enhances the performance of the overall system, allowing for efficient and rapid charge transfer. The uniform distribution of ZnIn2S4 flakes throughout the yolk-shell matrix ensures the catalytic activity is maximized, resulting in superior performance compared to conventional systems. The designed photocatalyst has a hollow interior which strengthens light absorption, a thin shell that shortens the electron migration distance, tight adhesion between shells, which makes it easier to separate and transfer carriers, and a movable Au core with localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) which can facilitate additional charge carrier generation for CN and ZnIn2S4. The yolk-shell microsphere composite of Au@CN@ZnIn2S4 shows a TC photodegradation rate of 72% within 2h, which is more than double the photodegradation rate of hollow CN and ZnIn2S4. The present study's experimental demonstrations valuable insights into the rational design of sophisticated metal-semiconductors double yolk-shell nanocrystals, particularly those composed of metal sulfides cocatalyst, for superior photocatalytic applications.

Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Using a Portable Nucleic Acid Test with Distance-Based Readout.

Rapid and accurate diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) infection in resource-limited settings is critically needed to stop the spread of the disease but remains difficult to achieve. Herein, we report a fast, inexpensive nucleic acid test with distance-based readout (FINDR) for TB. Based on the unique chromatographic behavior of DNA intercalating dye on unmodified cellulose paper, our FINDR platform converted the amplicons of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) into the migration distance on a paper-based analytical device. A suite of innovations were further introduced to enhance the accessibility of FINDR, including (1) screening optimal LAMP primers for distance-based readout; (2) developing a chip-on-cover design capable of streamlining LAMP amplification and distance-based detection in a fully sealed FINDR chip with a simple hand-based swirling for liquid transfer; and (3) integrating FINDR with an upstream portable pipetting-free DNA extractor and a downstream smartphone app to simplify sample processing and data interpretation. With these innovations, FINDR demonstrated a high clinical sensitivity (96.6%) and specificity (100%) upon validation against clinical sputum samples. Successful clinical validation was also achieved when FINDR was deployed as a point-of-care test for detecting TB under resource-limited conditions.

Topical dexamethasone decelerates epithelial migration on the canine tympanic membrane.

Epithelial migration (EM) is integral to normal ear structure and function. Glucocorticoids are considered the first-line therapy for various external ear disorders; however, their effects on EM on the tympanic membrane (TM) and the external auditory canal (EAC) are understudied. To test the hypothesis that topical dexamethasone decelerates EM on the TM, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of topical dexamethasone on EM on the TMs of dogs. Seven ears of four healthy dogs. The migration distance of an ink drop deposited on the posterior quadrant of the pars tensa (TM EM rate) of dogs was calculated over 3 weeks from images captured with a video-otoscope. The results were compared by paired Student's t-test to those obtained from a subsequent experiment in which the same dogs were administered a fresh ink drop at the same position as previously (control group), yet additionally administered 0.1% dexamethasone (0.2 mL/ear) daily for the first 14 days (treatment group). One of eight ears was excluded because of an anatomical problem. The TM EM rate of the remaining seven ears decreased by 46.74% in the treatment group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Topical dexamethasone decelerates EM on the TM of normal dogs' ears. In turn, it is extrapolated that debris removal from the EAC may be slowed, negatively impacting the EAC environment. Consequently, when dogs with otitis receive topical dexamethasone treatment, additional treatment, such as ear canal cleaning, may be required to minimise the effects of impaired TM EM.

Intensity of &lt;em&gt;Haemoproteus&lt;/em&gt; spp. blood infection differs between wild birds captured using different trapping methods

Infection with haemoparasites (Haemosporida spp.) is common within wild birds’ populations and has been associated with adverse effects on birds’ fitness and life performance. Existing literature suggests a hypothesis that birds infected with haemosporidians and exhibiting high parasitemia levels may demonstrate reduced activity, potentially leading to their underrepresentation in captures which use stationary traps, such as mist nets. However, there are limited studies demonstrating this phenomenon in wild birds. To study the possible under representation of highly parasitized birds, captured with commonly used stationary mist nets, we compared parasitemia levels of haemosporidian parasites in wild birds captured during spring migration using both actively startling of birds and birds trapped passively into the mist nets. Utilizing cumulative link mixed models, we assessed the influence of trapping methods on parasitemia scores, controlling for factors such as species identity, season progression, and migration distance. Our dataset comprised 1815 individuals of 60 species, including 142 actively captured and 1673 passively captured ones. Although the number of infected individuals was higher in passively caught birds (24 % in active vs 43 % in passive), the study revealed a significant difference between infected birds within two capture methods: despite challenges in balancing sample sizes, and trapping dates, the findings affirm the underestimation of birds having high parasitemia levels with prevalent mist net techniques. We highlight the importance of considering potential biases in trapping methods when studying haemosporidian parasites in avian hosts during migration.

Paleoparasitological analysis of a 15th-16th c. CE latrine from the merchant quarter of Bruges, Belgium: Evidence for local and exotic parasite infections.

Paleoparasitological studies have made important contributions to our understanding of the past epidemiology of parasites, infection in past populations and lifestyle in the past. In some cases, these ancient parasites can also provide evidence for long distance travel or migration of people in the past. Three sediment samples from a 15th–16th c. CE latrine from the Spanish nation house in Bruges, Belgium were analysed for preserved helminth eggs using microscopy. Bruges was a major trading centre in medieval Europe, thus it was home to a large merchant population with extensive trading networks. Paleoparasitological analysis revealed a preserved parasite egg from Schistosoma mansoni, which causes intestinal schistosomiasis. Roundworm, whipworm, liver fluke and Taenia tapeworm eggs were also found in the latrine which is consistent with parasites previously found in the local population in the medieval period. These new data provide direct evidence for the movement of S. mansoni outside of its endemic area. Today the vast majority of S. mansoni infections occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, with additional endemic areas in the Arabian peninsula and South America. The introduction of S. mansoni into South America is proposed to have occurred relatively recently in human history, as the result of forced movement of people from Africa to the Americas with the Atlantic slave trade. Thus, this infection may have occurred in a merchant who acquired the parasite during trade voyages to Africa or in an individual living in Africa who migrated to Bruges.

Pore-scale modelling of particle migration in loose sandstone

During the development of loose sandstone reservoirs, the issue of production decline and bottomhole pressure reduction caused by particle migration is widespread, directly impacting well productivity. Understanding the mechanism of particle migration in sandstone and determining the main factors affecting this process are crucial for improving oilfield development. This study focuses on an offshore oilfield and utilizes real digital core models constructed through CT scanning technology. Numerical simulations of fluid-solid coupling were conducted using Fluent and EDEM software to establish a coupled particle-oil-water flow model. This model was employed to investigate particle blockage modes and the effects of particle size, concentration, and injection rate on particle migration in the reservoir. The results indicate that particle migration primarily occurs in two blockage modes: pinhole blockage and bridging blockage. In sandstone, particle retention rates are primarily controlled by particle size, with larger pore-to-particle size ratios leading to higher retention rates. Particle concentration and injection rate have relatively minor effects on the final retention rate. As for migration distance, particle size significantly influences migration, with larger pore-to-particle size ratios resulting in shorter migration distances. Under low concentration conditions, concentration has a minimal effect on migration distance. However, as the injection rate increases, migration distance also increases. In summary, this study clarifies the particle migration mechanisms and the key factors controlling migration in sandstone formations, providing valuable theoretical support for oilfield development.