Dissolved Ammonia Concentration Research Articles

Monitoring pond water quality to improve the production of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) in Bannu Fish Hatchery of Bannu district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province; An Implications for artificial fish culture.

The water quality parameters of a fish pond are essential to be managing properly under control for successful operations of fish culture. Improper management of pond water quality during the juvenile stages can create stressful conditions to produce various harmful diseases, which may decrease the fish quality and results in low profits. The present study was aimed to monitored important water quality parameters of nursery ponds of Labeo rohita culturing in Bannu fish hatchery. The study duration was 75 days extends from 10th June to 24th August 2019 for the successful culture of this specie which can play a significant role in breeding season. Furthermore, the concentration of some heavy metals like copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) in pond water and fry stages of this species was also determined. The data obtained from all water quality parameters were analyzed expressed as range, mean and standard deviation using MS Excel 2013. The obtained results of 75 days study revealed that the water pH & temperature, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total dissolved oxygen (DO) of pond water samples were found within a tolerable limit except salinity and dissolved ammonia concentration were not permissible for fish growth. The average concentration of heavy metals in pond water exhibited descending order Fe>Ni>Mn>Zn>Cd>Ni, which was found in acceptable ranges. Whereas, the average values of heavy metals in fry stages were in the order of Zn>Fe>Ni>Cu>Cd>Mn, and found within the recommended values of WHO/FAO. Thus, it was concluded from this study that good water quality is a precondition, maintaining balanced levels of water quality parameters is fundamental for both the health and growth of fish culture which is quite necessary for assuring increased fish productivity. It is recommended to monitor and assess water quality parameters on a routine basis for promoting healthy fish culture.

Behavior evaluation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following temperature and ammonia alterations

In the study, we assessed how acute changes in water temperature and dissolved ammonia concentration can affect the swimming behavior pattern of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The behavior was analyzed in three different stages: 1) increase stage, (where temperature and ammonia concentration increase during this step, respectively); 2) unchanged stage, (where levels of both factors do not change during this stage); 3) reduction stage, (where ammonia concentration and temperature during this stage are reduced), respectively. The results showed that both factors significantly changed the swimming pattern of the rainbow trout. There were significant differences in swimming parameters (distance from the center, swimming speed, total movement and the average of angular changes of movement) of treated fish in the comparison between treatments, and with the control group. The changes in the swimming pattern of fish in response to physicochemical parameters of water were confirmed to be a good tool in ecotoxicological studies.

MICROALGAE POTENTIAL TO DECREASING DISSOLVED AMONIA CONCENTRATION (NH3) ON LIQUID WASTE OF UREA FERTILIZER FACTORY

The purpose of this research to analyzing the abilities of microalgae from various water treatment processes to improving chemical properties (pH, dissolved NH 3 , BOD, NO 3 - ) the liquid waste of urea fertilizer factory. The sampling method has used the grab sampling method for a certain period. Microalgae sources are obtained from various water treatment processes and mixed with waste of water at a dose of 300 mg L -1 . The results showed the source of microalgae clarifier was significantly different in reducing dissolved ammonia concentration, pH, and nitrate. Based on the results of regression analysis and correlation showed that the microalgae population was partially correlated with pH, BOD, nitrate, and dissolved ammonia of 1.61%, 87.70%, 55.38%, and 9.63%. While the concentration of dissolved ammonia significantly affected pH, BOD, nitrate, and microalgae biomass growth of 84.40%.

MICROALGAE POTENTIAL TO DECREASING DISSOLVED AMONIA CONCENTRATION (NH3) ON LIQUID WASTE OF UREA FERTILIZER FACTORY

The purpose of this research to analyzing the abilities of microalgae from various water treatment processes to improving chemical properties (pH, dissolved NH3, BOD, NO3-) the liquid waste of urea fertilizer factory. The sampling method has used the grab sampling method for a certain period. Microalgae sources are obtained from various water treatment processes and mixed with waste of water at a dose of 300 mg L-1. The results showed the source of microalgae clarifier was significantly different in reducing dissolved ammonia concentration, pH, and nitrate. Based on the results of regression analysis and correlation showed that the microalgae population was partially correlated with pH, BOD, nitrate, and dissolved ammonia of 1.61%, 87.70%, 55.38%, and 9.63%. While the concentration of dissolved ammonia significantly affected pH, BOD, nitrate, and microalgae biomass growth of 84.40%.

Polyaniline on Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Screen Printed Electrode as Dissolved Ammonia Sensor

Abstract Polyaniline (PANI) is a suitable material to be used as sensor for dissolved ammonia (DA) detection. PANI has conducting properties based on the fact that PANI structure contains pi (π) electron. In this study, polyaniline was synthesized from aniline monomer by cyclic voltammetry method on Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) screen printed electrode (SPE). The optimum concentration of aniline monomer was 0.5 M in 1.0 M sulphuric acid (H2SO4) which gave the highest current density (38 mAcm-2) upon electropolymerization on PEDOT SPE. The deposition of emeraldine salt (ES) of PANI was observed at +0.5 V (oxidation) and -0.2V (reduction). ES was then reacted with DA producing emeraldine blue (EB). The calibration of PANI sensors to DA solution (10 - 250 ppb) showed that the current density increased linearly with the rising trace amount of DA concentration. In terms of reproducibility, PANI sensor showed consistency in DA detection of 7.47 % deviation of mean current density readings towards 10 ppb DA solution. Here, PANI-PEDOT DA sensor was able to detect the trace DA concentration (10 ppb) which Nessler method unable to detect at this very low concentration of DA. Hence, this sensor was applied in DA detection in fish aquarium water samples. Thus, PANI-PEDOT SPE was able to perform as a DA sensor and can be further developed and commercialized for future uses.

A low-cost, portable optical sensing system with wireless communication compatible of real-time and remote detection of dissolved ammonia

A low-cost and portable optical chemical sensor based ammonia sensing system that is capable of detecting dissolved ammonia up to 5 ppm is presented. In the system, an optical chemical sensor is designed and fabricated for sensing dissolved ammonia concentrations. The sensor uses eosin as the fluorescence dye which is immobilized on the glass substrate by a gas-permeable protection layer. A compact module is developed to hold the optical components, and a battery powered micro-controller system is designed to read out and process the data measured. The system operates without the requirement of laboratory instruments that makes it cost effective and highly portable. Moreover, the calculated results in the system can be transmitted to a PC wirelessly, which allows the remote and real-time monitoring of dissolved ammonia.

Exposure to low concentrations of dissolved ammonia promotes growth rate in walleye Sander vitreus

The objective of the current study was to examine whether sublethal (moderate) levels of dissolved ammonia may be beneficial to growth in juvenile walleye Sander vitreus (recent evidence in juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss has shown significant increases in protein synthesis in the presence of moderately elevated concentrations of dissolved ammonia). Moderately elevated dissolved ammonia concentrations between 100 and 300 micromol l(-1) suppressed routine aerobic metabolic activity by 20% during acute trials (2 h), while promoting specific growth rate (>50%) and elevating whole body soluble protein content by 20% in the early stages (14-42 days) in chronic ammonia exposure experiments. Juvenile S. vitreus held at ammonia concentrations between 107.6 +/- 5.5 and 225.5 +/- 4.7 micromol l(-1) (mean +/-s.e.) grew significantly faster than control fish and significantly reduced plasma cortisol levels (<3 microg dl(-1)). Results from this study suggest that chronic exposure to moderate amounts of dissolved ammonia significantly increase growth rates in juvenile S. vitreus by increasing nitrogen accessible for supplementary protein deposition leading to somatic development.

Effect of settled sludge on dissolved ammonia concentration in tanks used to grow abalone (Haliotis midaeL.) fed a formulated diet

The relative contribution that solid waste or ‘sludge’, which accumulates at the bottom of abalone (Haliotis midae L.) tanks, makes to dissolved ammonia has not been established. Sludge was allowed to accumulate in 10 fully stocked abalone tanks, fed a formulated feed (Abfeed®; Marifeed, South Africa), for 24 days. Sludge was subsequently siphoned from five of these tanks. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) production and toxic, free ammonia nitrogen (FAN) were recorded in the tanks from which sludge was removed and compared with those from which sludge was not removed over the subsequent 50 h. Tanks with neither abalone nor sludge present were used as a control. The mean production of TAN (±standard deviation) was an average of 44% higher in tanks from which sludge was not removed compared with those from which it was, indicating that the sludge was a significant contributor to dissolved ammonia in the tanks. The toxic FAN concentrations were correspondingly higher in tanks with sludge present (2.3±0.3 μL−1) compared with cleaned tanks (1.9±0.1 μL−1). Our results indicate that regular removal of sludge from abalone tanks should significantly reduce the dissolved ammonia levels, thereby improving water quality in the culture environment.

Fluorescence sensors for trace monitoring of dissolved ammonia

Even though monitoring of dissolved ammonia is acutely important for environmental studies, fish farms and for industrial surveillance, no system for the performance of online measurements at the concentrations needed exists so far. For many applications it is necessary to detect dissolved ammonia concentrations at sub mg/l-levels, because ammonia is reported to be toxic for aquatic organisms above 25 μg/l. We present new ammonia sensitive materials consisting of fluorescent pH indicators embedded into different cellulose esters. The low p K a value of the indicators and the high solubility of ammonia in the cellulose polymers lead to detection limits below 1 μg/l and a dynamic range between 5 and 1000 μg/l. Response times at these trace concentration levels are in the order of 20–30 min. The sensors are suitable for fresh and sea water monitoring by an additional silicon layer preventing the interference of protons and salinity. The fluorescent indicators Eosin ethylester and 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein methylester (DCF) were investigated to achieve sensors with a dynamic range matching the target concentrations. Sensors with improved performance were obtained by employing cellulose ester nanospheres with incorporated Eosin ethylester. The simple sensor design has a high potential to be applied in miniaturized optical measurement system for online ammonia detection.

Effects of Echerichia coli lipopolysaccharides and dissolved ammonia on immune response in southern white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti

The success of penaeid shrimp aquaculture has been limited by endemic and epidemic infectious diseases around the world and shrimp defense mechanisms are a priority for control, prevention, and diagnosis. The lethal dose (LD50) of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides was calculated and pathogen injection and dissolved ammonia concentration on immune response were evaluated in southern white shrimp Litopenaeus schmitti. The lethal dose of lipopolysacharides was 3.78 mg kg−1 body weight. Injection caused changes in phenoloxidase activity in plasma and nitric oxide and total haemocyte counts within the first 24 h. High concentration of dissolved ammonia caused a decrease in haemocytes by 66% within the first 72 h, when compared to the control. Hemagglutination in plasma was not affected by injection or high concentrations of dissolved ammonia. The results showed that white shrimp recognized the lipopolysacharides and responded to this microbial elicitor, as indicated by a variety of immunological indicators and that increased dissolved ammonia affected the number of circulating haemocytes.

Sediment quality and quantity issues related to the restoration of backwater lakes along the Illinois River waterway

Sedimentation has severely impacted backwater lakes along the Illinois River. The State of Illinois and the US Army Corps of Engineers are currently involved in a joint effort to address ecosystem degradation within the Illinois River Basin, and excessive sedimentation of backwater lakes and side channels is a primary cause of that degradation. Necessary parts of the overall restoration effort are to adequately characterize both the quality and quantity of backwater lake sediments prior to implementing any restoration efforts, and to identify potential beneficial reuses of dredged sediments. This paper summarizes some of our efforts in these areas with an emphasis on Peoria Lake which has received the most attention to date. Sediment characterization has included detailed bathymetric surveys, sediment dating with 137Cs, chemical and mineralogical characterization of sediments to three meters depth, analysis of recent sediments (to 30 cm depth) for acid-volatile sulfide and simultaneously extracted metals, and analysis of ammonia and toxic metals in sediment pore waters. Dredged sediments have also been used in various trial projects to demonstrate potential handling and beneficial reuse strategies. Some significant findings of these studies are: 1) Long-term sedimentation rates are high, and average 1–3 cm y−1; 2) total concentrations of several trace metals (e.g., Pb, Cd, Ni) and PAH compounds sometimes exceed consensus-based probable effect levels for sensitive sediment-dwelling organisms; 3) pore water dissolved ammonia concentrations in Peoria Lake are potentially toxic to sensitive sediment-dwelling species; and 4) weathered sediments can make productive agricultural soils.

Sources of oxygen demand in the lower San Joaquin River, California

Dissolved oxygen concentration below 5 mg l21 has characterized the lower tidal portion of the San Joaquin River downstream of Stockton, California, during the summer and fall for the past four decades. Intensive field research in 2000 and 2001 indicated low dissolved oxygen concentration was restricted to the first 14 km of the river, which was deepened to 12 m for shipping, downstream of Stockton. The persistent low dissolved oxygen concentration in the shipping channel was not caused by physical stratification that prevented aeration from vertical mixing or respiration associated with high phytoplankton biomass. The low dissolved oxygen concentration was primarily caused by nitrification that produced up to 81% of the total oxygen demand. Stepwise multiple regression analysis isolated dissolved ammonia concentration and carbonaceous oxygen demand as the water quality variables most closely associated with the variation in oxygen demand. Between these two sources, dissolved ammonia concentration accounted for 60% of the total variation in oxygen demand compared with a maximum of 30% for carbonaceous oxygen demand. The Stockton wastewater treatment plant and nonpoint sources upstream were direct sources of dissolved ammonia in the channel. A large portion of the dissolved ammonia in the channel was also produced by oxidation of the organic nitrogen load from upstream. The phytoplankton biomass load from upstream primarily produced the carbonaceous oxygen demand. Mass balance models suggested the relative contribution of the wastewater and nonpoint upstream load to the ammonia concentration in the shipping channel at various residence times was dependent on the cumulative effect of ammonification, compo- sition of the upstream load, and net downstream transport of the daily load.

Photooxidation of triglycerides and fatty acids in seawater: Implication toward the formation of marine humic substances

Unsaturated fatty acids rapidly photodecomposed in filtered seawater to aliphatic aldehydes and an ω‐oxocarboxylic acid (CHO‐(CH2)n‐COOH) upon a 5‐h exposure to ambient sunlight. The photoreactivity of fatty acids increased as their degree of unsaturation increased. Palmitic acid displayed no photodegradation while monounsaturated oleic acid photodecomposed to nonanal and 9‐oxononanoic, respectively. Photooxidation of the polyunsaturated linoleic acid produced significantly higher concentrations, primarily hexanal, and a wider variety of aldehydes. The rate of photodegradation was more than 10 times greater for the polyunsaturated fatty acids than for the monounsaturated fatty acids. Photolysis of the triglyceride, trilinolein, gave an aldehyde profile similar to its component fatty acid, indicating each undergoes a similar mechanism of photodegradation. Twenty percent of the initial triglyceride was photodegraded during the 6‐h irradiation. The rapid photoreactivity of unsaturated fatty acids may explain their low in situ levels relative to saturated fatty acids, the latter of which are found in the dissolved phase at relatively higher levels.Fluorescent hydrophobic dissolved organic matter, operationally defined as humic substances, increased after irradiation of trilinolein‐treated seawater over a 14‐d period. The concentraticn of humic products was enhanced by postphotolysis addition of ammonia. Dissolved ammonia concentrations declined as the dissolved organic nitrogen of the extracted humics increased, indicating the added ammonia was becoming incorporated into the organic structure.

Ammonia distributions in the surface waters of Liverpool Bay

Distributions of dissolved ammonia concentrations in the surface waters of Liverpool Bay observed during 6 seasonal cruises in 1975 are presented. A clockwise surface residual circulation, sustained by northerly components of wind stress, led to a marked deterioration in the water quality along the North Wales coast during December, and to a lesser extent in April. In contrast an anticlockwise circulation induced by south to west winds, led to low ammonia concentrations along the North Wales coast and a northerly transport of Mersey effluents along the Lancashire coast during January. During the summer months the ammonia distributions were predominantly biologically rather than physically dependent.